Wikipedia

1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 1, 1868, and August 2, 1869. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before or after the first session of the 41st United States Congress convened on March 4, 1869. They coincided with the 1868 United States presidential election, which was won by Ulysses S. Grant. Elections were held for all 243 seats, representing 37 states. All of the former Confederate states were represented in Congress for the first time since they seceded from the Union.

1868–69 United States House of Representatives elections
← 1866 & 1867 June 1, 1868 – August 2, 1869[a][b] 1870 & 1871 →
All 243[c] seats in the United States House of Representatives
122 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader James Blaine Michael Kerr
Party Republican Democratic
Leader's seat Maine 3rd Indiana 3rd
Last election 175 seats 47 seats
Seats won 171 67
Seat change Decrease 4 Increase 20
Popular vote 3,050,307 2,598,042
Percentage 51.81% 44.13%
Swing Decrease 3.55% Increase 3.44%
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Conservative Independent
Last election 2 seats 2 seats
Seats won 5 0
Seat change Increase 3 Decrease 2
Popular vote 187,553 58,332
Percentage 3.19% 0.99%
Swing Increase 1.19% Decrease 0.77%
Map of U.S. House elections results from 1868 elections for 41st Congress
Speaker before election

Theodore M. Pomeroy
Republican

Elected Speaker

James Blaine
Republican

The Democrats gained 20 seats, but Grant's Republican Party retained a commanding majority in the Reconstruction era following the American Civil War, holding onto a firm legitimacy through an association with victory. As more Southern states exited Reconstruction, more Democratic seats appeared in the South. However, Democratic gains in the South were limited, as the Republican power-brokers of Reconstruction held a great deal of influence. The small Conservative Party of Virginia also picked up several seats in Virginia, as it had support among wealthy Southern leaders who wanted to increase the region's power.

Election summary

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Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia were readmitted during this Congress, leaving Congress without vacant State delegations for the first time since 1860. Georgia had been partially readmitted in the previous Congress, but was not initially admitted to the 41st Congress. With Georgia's final readmission in 1870, all former Confederate states were once more represented in Congress.

↓
67 5 171
Democratic [d] Republican
State Type Total
seats 		Democratic Conservative Republican
Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change
Alabama[e] District 6 2   2 0   4   2
Arkansas District 3 1   1 0   2   1
California District 3 2   0   1  
Connecticut[e] District 4 1   2 0   3   2
Delaware At-large 1 1   0   0  
Florida[f] At-large 1 0   0   1  
Georgia[g] District 7[h] 4   2 0   3   1
Illinois District
+ 1 at-large 		14 4   1 0   10   1
Indiana[f] District 11 4   1 0   7   1
Iowa[f] District 6 0   0   6  
Kansas At-large 1 0   0   1  
Kentucky District 9[h] 9   2 0   0   1
Louisiana District 5 0   1 0   5   1
Maine[f] District 5 0   0   5  
Maryland District 5 5   2 0   1 0   1
Massachusetts District 10 0   0   10  
Michigan District 6 0   0   6  
Minnesota District 2 1   1 0   1   1
Mississippi[g] District 5 0   0   5   5
Missouri District 9 2   1 0   7   1
Nebraska[f] At-large 1 0   0   1  
Nevada At-large 1 0   0   1  
New Hampshire[e] District 3 0   0   3  
New Jersey District 5 3   1 0   2   1
New York District 31 12   2 0   19   2
North Carolina District 7 1   1 0   1 6  
Ohio[f] District 19 6   3 0   13   3
Oregon[f] At-large 1 1   1 0   0   1
Pennsylvania[f] District 24 6   0   18  
Rhode Island District 2 0   0   2  
South Carolina District 4 0   0   4  
Tennessee District 8 0   0   8  
Texas[g] District 4 1   1 0   3   3
Vermont[f] District 3 0   0   3  
Virginia[g] District 8 0   5   5 3   3
West Virginia[f] District 3 0   0   3  
Wisconsin District 6 1   0   5  
Total[c] 243 67
27.6% 		  22 5
2.1% 		  3 171
70.4% 		  6
 
Results shaded according to winning candidate's share of vote
Popular vote
Republican
 
 51.81%
Democratic
 
 44.13%
Conservative
 
 3.19%
Independent
 
 0.99%
Others
 
 0.00%
House seats
Republican
 
 70.08%
Democratic
 
 27.46%
Conservative
 
 2.46%

Election dates

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Mississippi held rejected elections on July 1, 1868. New (accepted) elections were held December 1, 1869.

In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing presidential electors. This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the States moved their congressional elections to that date. 1868 was the first year in which the majority of States (20 of 37) held their elections on that date. There were still 9 states which held elections before that date and 4 that held regular elections after that date, in addition to 4 readmitted states that held elections after that date.

Special elections

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See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

There were special elections in 1868 and 1869 to the 40th United States Congress and 41st United States Congress.

Special elections are sorted by date then district.

40th Congress

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Readmission of state are treated here as regular (late) elections, not special elections.

District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates
Ohio 8 Cornelius S. Hamilton Republican 1866 Incumbent died December 22, 1867.
New member elected January 27, 1868.
Republican hold.
Winner was later re-elected to the next term; see below.
Pennsylvania 9 Thaddeus Stevens Republican 1848 Incumbent died August 11, 1868.
New member elected October 13, 1868.
Republican hold.
Winner was also elected to the next term; see below.
Pennsylvania 20 Darwin A. Finney Republican 1866 Incumbent died August 25, 1868.
New member elected October 13, 1868.
Republican hold.
Winner was not a candidate for the next term; see below.
Missouri 5 Joseph W. McClurg Republican 1862 Incumbent resigned in July 1868.
New member elected November 3, 1868.
Republican hold.
Winner was not a candidate for the next term; see below.
Arkansas 2 James M. Hinds Republican 1868 Incumbent died October 22, 1868.
New member elected on an unknown date.
Republican hold.
Winner was not elected to the next term; see below.

41st Congress

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Readmission of state are treated here as regular (late) elections, not special elections.

District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 7 George S. Boutwell Republican 1862 Incumbent resigned March 12, 1869, after being appointed Secretary of the Treasury.
New member elected November 2, 1869.
Republican hold.
Illinois 3 Elihu B. Washburne Republican 1852 Incumbent resigned March 6, 1869, to become U.S. Secretary of State.
New member elected December 6, 1869.
Republican hold.

Alabama

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See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama and 1868 United States Senate elections in Alabama

1868 elections to finish the term

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1869 elections to the next term

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Arkansas

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See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas and 1868 United States Senate elections in Arkansas
District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates[7]
Arkansas 1 None State readmitted.
Republican gain.
Arkansas 2 None State readmitted.
Democratic gain.
Arkansas 3 None State readmitted.
Republican gain.

California

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California elections
 
← 1867 November 3, 1868 1871 →
All 3 seats
  Majority party Minority party
 
Party Democratic Republican
Last election 2 1
Seats won 2 1
Seat change    
Popular vote 54,548 53,873
Percentage 50.3% 49.7%
 
  Democratic hold
  Republican hold
Main article: 1868 United States House of Representatives elections in California
See also: List of United States representatives from California and 1868 United States Senate election in California

California's delegation remained at two Democrats and one Republican.

District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates
California 1 Samuel Beach Axtell Democratic 1867 Incumbent re-elected.
California 2 William Higby Republican 1863 Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.
  • ▌ Y Aaron A. Sargent (Republican) 54.7%
  • ▌James W. Coffroth (Democratic) 45.3%
California 3 James A. Johnson Democratic 1867 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y James A. Johnson (Democratic) 50.4%
  • ▌Chancellor Hartson (Republican) 49.6%

Colorado Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

Dakota Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

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See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[8]
Connecticut 1 Richard D. Hubbard Democratic 1867 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
Connecticut 2 Julius Hotchkiss Democratic 1867 Incumbent retired.
Republican gain.
Connecticut 3 Henry H. Starkweather Republican 1867 Incumbent re-elected.
Connecticut 4 William Barnum Democratic 1867 Incumbent re-elected.

Delaware

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See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware, 1869 United States Senate election in Delaware, and 1869 United States Senate special election in Delaware

Florida

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United States House of Representatives elections in Florida, 1868[9]
 
← 1865 May 5, 1868 and
December 29, 1868		 1870 →
Florida's single seat in the U.S. House of Representatives
  Majority party Minority party Third party
 
Party Republican Democratic Independent
Seats won 1 0 0
Popular vote 14,108 7,915 2,276
Percentage 58.1% 32.6% 9.4%
Main article: 1868 United States House of Representatives elections in Florida
See also: List of United States representatives from Florida and 1868 United States Senate elections in Florida

Florida had been unrepresented in Congress since January 21, 1861, when its sole member and both senators withdrew from Congress following the secession of Florida from the Union. Following the end of the Civil War, an election had been held in 1865, but it was rejected by Congress. In 1868, Congress readmitted Florida following Reconstruction.

Election to the current term

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The first election, for the duration of the 40th congress, was held May 5, 1868.[10]

District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates
Florida at-large None State readmitted.
New member elected May 5, 1868 to finish the term and seated July 1, 1868.
Republican gain.[11]
Winner was later re-elected to the next term.
  • ▌ Y Charles M. Hamilton (Republican) 58.1%
  • ▌John Friend (Democratic) 32.6%
  • ▌Liberty Billings (Independent) 9.4%

Hamilton was seated on July 1, 1868,[11] during the 2nd session of the 40th Congress.

Election to the next term

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Florida elected its one at-large member on December 29, 1868, re-electing Hamilton, who had just been elected in May to finish the current term.[12]

District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates
Florida at-large Charles M. Hamilton Republican 1868[i] Re-elected
  • ▌ Y Charles M. Hamilton (Republican) 56.4%
  • ▌W. D. Barnes (Democratic) 38.5%
  • ▌William U. Saunders (Independent) 5.1%

Georgia

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See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia

Idaho Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

Illinois

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See also: 1869 Illinois's 3rd congressional district special election and List of United States representatives from Illinois

Indiana

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See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana and 1868 United States Senate election in Indiana

Iowa

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See also: List of United States representatives from Iowa

Kansas

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See also: List of United States representatives from Kansas

Kentucky

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See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky and 1868 United States Senate special election in Kentucky

Louisiana

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See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana and 1868 United States Senate elections in Louisiana

Maine

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See also: List of United States representatives from Maine and 1869 United States Senate election in Maine

Maryland

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See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland and 1868 United States Senate special election in Maryland

Massachusetts

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See also: 1869 Massachusetts's 7th congressional district special election, List of United States representatives from Massachusetts, and 1869 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 1 Thomas D. Eliot Republican 1858 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • ▌ Y James Buffinton (Republican) 78.82%
  • ▌Philander Cobb (Democratic) 21.18%
Massachusetts 2 Oakes Ames Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Oakes Ames (Republican) 71.80%
  • ▌Edward Avery (Democratic) 28.20%
Massachusetts 3 Ginery Twichell Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 4 Samuel Hooper Republican 1861 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Samuel Hooper (Republican) 56.87%
  • ▌Peter Harry (Democratic) 43.13%
Massachusetts 5 Benjamin Butler Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 6 Nathaniel P. Banks Republican 1865 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 7 George S. Boutwell Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 8 George F. Hoar Republican 1862 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • ▌ Y George F. Hoar (Republican) 74.20%
  • ▌Henry H. Stevens (Democratic) 25.80%
Massachusetts 9 William B. Washburn Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 10 Henry L. Dawes Republican 1856 Incumbent re-elected.[13]

Michigan

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See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan and 1869 United States Senate election in Michigan

Minnesota

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See also: List of United States representatives from Minnesota and 1869 United States Senate election in Minnesota

Mississippi

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See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi

1868 rejected elections

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Mississippi elected its members July 1, 1868, but that election was later rejected by the House.

District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates
Mississippi 1 None, seat not admitted New member elected, but election rejected by the House.
Mississippi 2 None, seat not admitted New member elected, but election rejected by the House.
Mississippi 3 None, seat not admitted New member elected, but election rejected by the House.
Mississippi 4 None, seat not admitted New member elected, but election rejected by the House.
Mississippi 5 None, seat not admitted New member elected, but election rejected by the House.

1869 accepted elections

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Mississippi then held new elections December 1, 1869 both: to finish the term in the 40th Congress and to the next term (starting in 1871) in the 41st Congress. Both elections had the same vote totals and were accepted by the House. The new members were seated in 1870.

District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates
Mississippi 1 None, seat not admitted New member elected to finish the term and to the next term.
Republican gain.
Mississippi 2 None, seat not admitted New member elected to finish the term and to the next term.
Republican gain.
Mississippi 3 None, seat not admitted New member elected to finish the term and to the next term.
Republican gain.
Mississippi 4 None, seat not admitted New member elected to finish the term and to the next term.
Republican gain.
Mississippi 5 None, seat not admitted New member elected to finish the term and to the next term.
Republican gain.

Missouri

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See also: 1868 Missouri's 5th congressional district special election, List of United States representatives from Missouri, and 1868 United States Senate election in Missouri

Montana Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

Nebraska

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See also: List of United States representatives from Nebraska and 1869 United States Senate election in Nebraska
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Nebraska at-large John Taffe Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected.

Nevada

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See also: List of United States representatives from Nevada and 1869 United States Senate election in Nevada

New Hampshire

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See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire

New Jersey

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See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey and 1869 United States Senate election in New Jersey

New Mexico Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

New York

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See also: List of United States representatives from New York and 1869 United States Senate election in New York

North Carolina

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See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina and 1868 United States Senate elections in North Carolina

Ohio

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See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio, 1868 Ohio's 8th congressional district special election, and 1868 United States Senate election in Ohio
District Incumbent This race
Representative Party First elected Results Candidates[30]
Ohio 1 Benjamin Eggleston Republican 1864 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Ohio 2 Samuel F. Cary Ind-Republican 1867 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Republican hold.
Ohio 3 Robert C. Schenck Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 4 William Lawrence Republican 1864 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 5 William Mungen Democratic 1866 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y William Mungen (Democratic) 59.3%
  • ▌Thomas E. Grissell (Republican) 40.7%
Ohio 6 Reader W. Clarke Republican 1864 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
Ohio 7 Samuel Shellabarger Republican 1864 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • ▌ Y James J. Winans (Republican) 50.2%
  • ▌John H. Thomas (Democratic) 49.8%
Ohio 8 John Beatty Republican 1868 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y John Beatty (Republican) 52.0%
  • ▌John H. Benson (Democratic) 48.0%
Ohio 9 Ralph P. Buckland Republican 1864 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
Ohio 10 James M. Ashley Republican 1862 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Ohio 11 John Thomas Wilson Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 12 Philadelph Van Trump Democratic 1866 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 13 Columbus Delano Republican 1866[j] Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
Ohio 14 Martin Welker Republican 1864 Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio 15 Tobias A. Plants Republican 1864 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
Ohio 16 John Bingham Republican 1864 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y John Bingham (Republican) 50.8%
  • ▌Josiah M. Estep (Democratic) 49.2%
Ohio 17 Ephraim R. Eckley Republican 1862 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • ▌ Y Jacob A. Ambler (Republican) 56.4%
  • ▌Daniel T. Lawson (Democratic) 43.6%
Ohio 18 Rufus P. Spalding Republican 1862 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
Ohio 19 James A. Garfield Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.

Oregon

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See also: List of United States representatives from Oregon

Pennsylvania

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See also: 1868 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election, 1868 Pennsylvania's 20th congressional district special election, List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania, and 1869 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

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See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island and 1868 United States Senate election in Rhode Island

South Carolina

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See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina and 1868 United States Senate elections in South Carolina

Tennessee

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See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Tennessee 1 Roderick R. Butler Republican 1867 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 2 Horace Maynard Republican 1865 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 3 William B. Stokes Republican 1865 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 4 James Mullins Republican 1867 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
Tennessee 5 John Trimble Republican 1867 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • ▌ Y William F. Prosser (Republican) 56.05%
  • ▌Joseph Motley (Democratic) 25.64%
  • ▌Samuel C. Mercer (Independent) 17.55%
  • ▌G. M. Garrett (Unknown) 0.77%[35]
Tennessee 6 Samuel M. Arnell Republican 1865 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 7 Isaac R. Hawkins Republican 1865 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 8 David A. Nunn Republican 1867 Incumbent lost re-election as an Independent Republican.
Republican hold.

Texas

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See also: List of United States representatives from Texas

Utah Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont

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See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont and 1868 United States Senate election in Vermont
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[39]
Vermont 1 Frederick E. Woodbridge Republican 1863 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
Vermont 2 Luke P. Poland Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected
  • ▌ Y Luke P. Poland (Republican) 73.7%
  • ▌Charles M. Chase (Democratic) 26.1%
Vermont 3 Worthington C. Smith Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected.

Virginia

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See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[40]
Virginia 1 None State readmitted.
Republican gain.
Virginia 2 None State readmitted.
Republican gain.
Virginia 3 None State readmitted.
Republican gain.
Virginia 4 None State readmitted.
Conservative gain.
Virginia 5 None State readmitted.
Conservative gain.
Virginia 6 None State readmitted.
Conservative gain.
Virginia 7 None State readmitted.
Conservative gain.
Virginia 8 None State readmitted.
Conservative gain.

Washington Territory

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See non-voting delegates, below.

West Virginia

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See also: List of United States representatives from West Virginia
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
West Virginia 1 Chester D. Hubbard Republican 1864 Incumbent lost renomination.
Republican hold.
West Virginia 2 Bethuel Kitchen Republican 1866 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
West Virginia 3 Daniel Polsley Republican 1866 Incumbent retired.
Republican hold.
  • ▌ Y John Witcher (Republican) 56.39%
  • ▌Charles P. Moore (Democratic) 43.61%[43]

Wisconsin

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See also: List of United States representatives from Wisconsin

Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 3, 1868.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[44]
Wisconsin 1 Halbert E. Paine Republican 1864 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 2 Benjamin F. Hopkins Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 3 Amasa Cobb Republican 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Amasa Cobb (Republican) 61.6%
  • ▌John H. Passmore (Democratic) 38.4%
Wisconsin 4 Charles A. Eldredge Democratic 1862 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 5 Philetus Sawyer Republican 1864 Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin 6 Cadwallader C. Washburn Republican 1866 Incumbent re-elected.

Non-voting delegates

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Colorado Territory

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See also: List of United States representatives from Colorado
District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Colorado Territory at-large George M. Chilcott Independent
Republican 		1866 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost renomination.
Republican gain.

Montana Territory

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The election date is speculative.[46]

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Montana Territory at-large James M. Cavanaugh Democratic 1868 Incumbent re-elected.

Idaho Territory

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District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Idaho Territory at-large Edward D. Holbrook Democratic 1864 Incumbent retired.
New delegate elected August 10, 1868.
Democratic hold.
  • ▌ Y Jacob K. Shafer (Democratic) 57.63%
  • ▌T. J. Butler (Republican) 41.19%
  • ▌J. J. May (Independent) 1.17%[47]

Wyoming Territory

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On July 25, 1868, an act of Congress gave Wyoming Territory the authority to elect a congressional delegate, although the first delegate did not take his seat until 1869.[48]

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Wyoming Territory At-large None, new district. Territory organized in previous congress.
New delegate elected December 6, 1869.
Democratic gain.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Excludes states readmitted after the start of Congress.
  2. ^ The majority of States held elections on November 3, 1868 (i.e. "Election Day") for the first time.
  3. ^ a b Including late elections.
  4. ^ Conservatives won 5 seats.
  5. ^ a b c Elections held late.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Elections held early.
  7. ^ a b c d Readmitted state.
  8. ^ a b Previous election had one vacancy.
  9. ^ Late election to 40th Congress.
  10. ^ Columbus Delano lost election in 1866 to George W. Morgan, contested the election and was seated June 1868.

References

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  1. ^ "Our Campaigns - OH District 08 - Special Election Race - Jan 27, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  2. ^ "Our Campaigns - PA District 9 - Special Election Race - Oct 13, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  3. ^ "Our Campaigns - PA District 20 - Special Election Race - Oct 13, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  4. ^ "Our Campaigns - MO District 5 - Special Election Race - Nov 03, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  5. ^ "Our Campaigns - MA District 7 - Special Election Race - Nov 02, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  6. ^ "Our Campaigns - IL District 3-Special Race - Dec 06, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  7. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1042. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
  8. ^ "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results". State of Connecticut Elections Database. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  9. ^ May results shown here, see article for December election results
  10. ^ "Our Campaigns - FL At Large Race - May 05, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  11. ^ a b "40th Congress membership roster" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  12. ^ "Our Campaigns - FL At Large Race - Dec 29, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  13. ^ a b Ben. Perley Poore (1869). "Massachusetts". Congressional Directory for the First Session of the Forty-First Congress (2nd ed.). Washington DC: Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081796686.
  14. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 01 Race - Jun 30, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  15. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 02 Race - Jun 30, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  16. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 03 Race - Jun 30, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  17. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 04 Race - Jun 30, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  18. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 05 Race - Jun 30, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  19. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 01 - Special Election Race - Nov 30, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  20. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 01 Race - Nov 30, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  21. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 02 Race - Nov 30, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  22. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 02 Race - Nov 30, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  23. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 03 Race - Nov 30, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  24. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 03 Race - Nov 30, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  25. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 04 Race - Nov 30, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  26. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 04 Race - Nov 30, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  27. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 05 Race - Nov 30, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  28. ^ "Our Campaigns - MS - District 05 Race - Nov 30, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  29. ^ "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Oct 13, 1868". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
  30. ^ Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 258, 259.
  31. ^ "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  32. ^ "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  33. ^ "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  34. ^ "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  35. ^ "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  36. ^ "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  37. ^ "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  38. ^ "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  39. ^ "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  40. ^ "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
  41. ^ "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  42. ^ "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  43. ^ "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  44. ^ "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
  45. ^ "Our Campaigns - CO Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 03, 1868".
  46. ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 02, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  47. ^ "ID Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
  48. ^ "House History". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
  49. ^ "Our Campaigns - WY Territorial Delegate - Initial Election Race - Sep 02, 1869". www.ourcampaigns.com.

Bibliography

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