230s

The 230s decade ran from January 1, 230, to December 31, 239.

Events

230

By place

Roman Empire

Emperor Alexander Severus decides that Thessaly should be a separate province from Macedonia. He increases taxes, in order to maintain the war against the Sassanids, and strengthen the defenses of the Roman Empire.

Persian Empire

King Ardashir I of the Persian Empire invades the Roman province of Mesopotamia, and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town of Nisibis (Turkey). His army threatens the border outposts of Syria and Cappadocia.
Alexander Severus assembles the Roman army, and establishes his headquarters at Antioch. He attempts a diplomatic solution, but the Persians decline and choose war.

Korea

Jobun becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.^[1]

By topic

Religion

July 21 – Pope Pontian succeeds Pope Urban I, as the 18th pope of Rome.
Patriarch Castinus succeeds Ciriacus I as patriarch Constantinople.
Seventy bishops hold the council of the Christian Church of Africa.

231

By place

Roman Empire

Emperor Alexander Severus accompanies his mother Julia Mamaea to Syria, and campaigns against the Persians. Military command rests in the hands of his generals, but his presence gives additional weight to the empire's policy.

China

March–August – Battle of Mount Qi: The Chinese state of Shu Han gains a tactical victory, and the state of Cao Wei a strategic victory.

By topic

Religion

Origen, disciple of Ammonius Saccas, founder of Neoplatonism, is exiled in Caesarea.

232

By place

Roman Empire

Roman–Persian Wars: Emperor Alexander Severus launches a three-pronged counterattack against the Persian forces of King Ardashir I, who have invaded Mesopotamia. However, the Roman army advancing through Armenia is halted. Alexander gives the order to march to the capital at Ctesiphon, but the Romans are defeated, and withdraw to Syria. The result is an acceptance of the status quo, and after heavy losses on both sides, a truce is signed.

By topic

Religion

Relics of St. Thomas are brought to Edessa from India.
Origen founds a school of Christian theology in Palestine.
Pope Heraclas of Alexandria is the first Bishop of Alexandria to use the appellation of "Pope".

233

By place

Roman Empire

Emperor Alexander Severus celebrates a triumph in Rome to observe his "victory" the previous year over the Persians (in reality, Severus Alexander advanced towards Ctesiphon in 233, but as corroborated by Herodian, his armies suffered a humiliating defeat against Ardashir I). He is soon summoned to the Rhine frontier, where the Alamanni invade what is now modern-day Swabia. German tribes destroy Roman forts, and plunder the countryside at the Limes Germanicus.

234

By place

Roman Empire

Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea move to Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), the capital of Germania Superior. His generals have planned a military offensive and built a bridge across the Rhine. Alexander prefers to negotiate for peace by buying off the Alemanni. This policy outrages the Roman legions and he loses the trust of the troops.

China

Battle of Wuzhang Plains between the Chinese states of Shu Han and Cao Wei: The army of Shu Han retreats, following an inconclusive result.

Korea

Saban becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje. He is succeeded by Goi of Baekje later in the same year.^[2]

235

By place

Roman Empire

March 22 – Emperor Severus Alexander and his mother Iulia Mamaea are murdered by their own soldiers. The soldiers proclaim Maximinus Thrax as emperor. The Severan dynasty ends, marking the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century.^[3]

By topic

Religion

September 28 – Pope Pontian resigns, the first to abdicate, because he and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians.^[4]
November 21 – Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope of Rome.^[5]

236

By place

Roman Empire

Emperor Maximinus Thrax and Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus become Roman consuls.
The Roman Senate appoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus.
Maximinus campaigns against Dacians and Sarmatians from his supply depot at Sirmium.

By topic

Religion

January 10 – Pope Fabian succeeds Pope Anterus as the twentieth pope.
Fabian separates Rome into seven deaconships.
Fabian sends seven missionaries to Gaul to evangelize in the large cities.

237

By place

Roman Empire

Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns on the rivers Danube and Rhine in Germania, defeating the Alemanni, and never visits Rome. He is accepted by the Roman Senate, but taxes the rich aristocracy heavily, and engenders such hostility among them, that they plot against him.

Persia

King Ardashir I of Persia renews his attacks on the Roman province of Mesopotamia.

By topic

Religion

Patriarch Eugenius I succeeds Patriarch Castinus as Patriarch of Constantinople.
Saint Babylas becomes Patriarch of Antioch.

238

By place

Roman Empire

Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against the Carpians on the Danube in Moesia (Balkans). In spite of the payment of a tribute, the Romans fail to persuade the Goths and the Germanic tribes.
c. March – Roman subjects in Africa revolt against Maximinus. The elderly Gordian yields to public demand that he succeed Maximinus and rules jointly with his 46-year-old son Gordian II.
c. April – Battle of Carthage: Numidian forces loyal to Maximinus invade Africa with support of Legio III Augusta.^[6] Gordian II is killed and after a siege, Gordian I commits suicide by hanging himself with his belt.
c. May – The Senate outlaws Maximinus for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Ancient Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne.
Maximinus advances to the town Aquileia in northern Italy; his army suffers from famine and disease, while the city is besieged. Soldiers of Legio II Parthica kill him in his tent, along with his son Maximinus (who is appointed co-emperor). Their corpses are decapitated and their heads carried to Rome.
c. August – The Praetorian Guard storms the palace and captures Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged naked through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same day Gordian III, age 13, is proclaimed the new emperor.^[7] Timesitheus becomes his tutor and advisor.
Future Emperor Valerian becomes princeps senatus.
The Colosseum is restored after being damaged.
The Goths, coming from Ukraine, cross the Danube and devastate the Roman Empire up to the border with Anatolia.
In North Africa, Legio III Augusta is dissolved. Until its reconstitution in 253, Africa is defended by auxiliary forces only.

China

Sima Yi, a Chinese general of the Cao Wei state, destroys the outlying northeastern warlord Gongsun Yuan in the Liaodong campaign.

By topic

Commerce

The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 28 percent under Emperor Gordian III, down from 35 percent under Alexander Severus.

239

By place

Asia

Cao Fang succeeds his adoptive father Cao Rui as emperor of the Cao Wei state, in the Three Kingdoms period of China.^[8]
A Chinese expeditionary force from the Eastern Wu state discovers the island of Taiwan.^[9]
Queen of Yamataikoku (Japan), Himiko was given Golden signature stamp by Wei Empire (China)

By topic

Religion

Origen publishes the Old Testament in five languages (approximate date).

Significant people

Births

230

Gaius Vibius Volusianus, Roman emperor (d. 253)
Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (d. 283)

231

Cao Xun, Chinese prince of the Cao Wei state (d. 244)

232

August 19 – Marcus Aurelius Probus, Roman emperor (d. 282)
Cao Fang, Chinese emperor of the Cao Wei state (d. 274)
Sun Chen (or Zitong), Chinese general and regent (d. 259)
Zhang Hua, Chinese official, scholar and poet (d. 300)

233

Chen Shou, Chinese historian and writer of the Records of the Three Kingdoms (d. 297)

234

Porphyry, Phoenician Neoplatonic philosopher (d. c. 305)
Wang Rong, Chinese general and politician (d. 305)

235

Sun Xiu, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (d. 264)^[10]

236

Wu of Jin (Sima Yan), Chinese emperor (d. 290)
Zhang Ti, Chinese official and chancellor (d. 280)
Zhou Chu, Chinese general and politician (d. 297)

237

Alexander of Constantinople, patriarch of Constantinople
Guo Huai (or Yuhuang), Chinese noblewoman (d. 296)
Philip II (the Younger), Roman emperor (d. 249)

238

Wen Yang (or Ciqian), Chinese general (d. 291)
Yang Yan (or Wuyuan), Chinese empress (d. 274)

Deaths

230

May 23 – Urban I, bishop of Rome (b. 175)
July 9 – Bian, Chinese empress dowager (b. 159)
Go Uru, Korean prime minister
Liang Xi, Chinese official and politician
Marius Maximus, Roman consul and biographer
Naehae of Silla, Korean ruler^[1]
Wu Zhi, Chinese official and general (b. 177)
Zhang Wen, Chinese official and politician (b. 193)
Zhang Yi, Chinese official and politician (b. 167)
Zhong Yao, Chinese official and calligrapher (b. 151)

231

Cao Zhen, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state^[11]
Li Hui (or De'ang), Chinese official and politician
Zhang He, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state

232

January 30 – Hua Xin, Chinese official and politician (b. 157)^[12]
October 22 – Demetrius I, patriarch of Alexandria (b. 127)
December 27 – Cao Zhi, Chinese prince and poet (b. 192)
Cao Hong, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state
Sun Lü, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state
Tiberius Julius Sauromates III, Roman client king

233

June 13 – Cao Rui, Chinese imperial prince of the Cao Wei state
Liu Ji, Chinese official and politician of the Eastern Wu state (b. 185)^[13]
Yu Fan, Chinese official and politician of the Eastern Wu state (b. 164)

234

April 21 – Xian of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (b. 181)
Li Miao (or Hannan), Chinese official and politician
Li Yan (or Li Ping), Chinese general and politician
Liu Yan (or Weishuo), Chinese general and politician
Liu Ye (or Ziyang), Chinese court adviser and politician
Pan Zhang (or Wengui), Chinese general and politician
Sun Huan (or Jiming), Chinese nobleman and general
Wei Yan (or Wenchang), Chinese general and politician
Xiahou Hui (or Yuanrong), Chinese noblewoman (b. 211)
Zhuge Liang, Chinese statesman and strategist (b. 181)

235

March 22 – Severus Alexander, Roman emperor (b. 208)^[3]
Cao Gun, Chinese imperial prince^[14]
Cassius Dio, Roman historian^[15]
Chen Zhen (or Xiaoqi), Chinese official and politician^[16]
Gaius Petronius Magnus, Roman consul and usurper^[17]
Guo Nüwang, Chinese emperres^[14]
Hippolytus, Christian theologian and writer (b. 170)
Julia Avita Mamaea, mother of Severus Alexander (b. 180)
Tiberius Julius Cotys III (or Kotys), Roman client king
Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis IV, Roman client king
Titius Quartinus, Roman governor and usurper
Xin Pi (or Zuozhi), Chinese official and politician
Yang Yi (or Weigong), Chinese official and adviser

236

January 3 – Anterus, bishop of Rome
July 4 – Dong Zhao, Chinese official and politician (b. 156)
Zhang Zhao, Chinese general and politician (b. 156)^[18]

237

February 7 – Chen Qun, Chinese official and politician
September 22 – Mingdao (or Mao), Chinese empress
Wu Yi (or Ziyuan), Chinese general of the Shu Han state
Zhang (or Jing'ai), Chinese empress of the Shu Han state

238

April 10 – Han Ji (or Gongzhi), Chinese politician
April 12
- Gordian I, Roman emperor (b. 159)
- Gordian II, Roman emperor (b. 192)
July 29
- Pupienus, Roman emperor (b. 165)
- Balbinus, Roman emperor (b. 178)
Bu Lianshi, Chinese noblewoman and concubine
Gongsun Yuan (or Wenyi), Chinese warlord
Maximinus Thrax, Roman emperor (b. 173)
Maximinus the Younger, Roman emperor
Zhu Huan (or Xiumu), Chinese general (b. 177)

239

January 22 – Cao Rui (or Yuanzhong), Chinese emperor (b. 206)^[8]
Lu Mao (or Zizhang), Chinese official and politician
Pan Jun (or Chengming), Chinese official and general

References

^ ^a ^b "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
^ "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
^ ^a ^b Monumenta Graeca et Romana: Mutilation and transformation : damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture. Brill Publishers. 1 January 2004. p. 157. ISBN 90-04-13577-4.
^ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911). "Pope St. Pontian" in The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Shahan, Thomas (1907). "Pope St. Anterus" in The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Meckler, Michael A. (26 June 2001). "Gordian I (238 A.D.)". Die Imperatoribus Romanis. Salve Regina University. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
^ Drinkwater, John (2007). "Maximinus to Diocletian and the 'Crisis'". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: The crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337. Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139054393.
^ ^a ^b Crespigny, Rafe de (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). BRILL. p. 47. ISBN 9789047411840.
^ Cooper, John C. (June 6, 2021). "Taiwan". Britannica. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
^ Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484. ISBN 9780810860537.
^ Crespigny, Rafe de (2010). Imperial Warlord: A Biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. BRILL. p. 459. ISBN 9789004188303.
^ Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7.
^ de Crespigny, Rafe (December 2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 519. ISBN 9789047411840.
^ ^a ^b Rafe de Crespigny (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Brill. pp. 42, 279. ISBN 9789047411840.
^ "Cassius Dio". Encyclopædia Britannica. January 1, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.
^ Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature. Vol. 1. BRILL. 2010. p. 383. ISBN 9789047444664.
^ "Maximinus Thrax". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
^ Xiong, Victor Cunrui (6 April 2017). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-7616-1.

[met-1] "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 21 April 2019.

[2] "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 20 April 2019.

[Monumenta2-3] Monumenta Graeca et Romana: Mutilation and transformation : damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture. Brill Publishers. 1 January 2004. p. 157. ISBN 90-04-13577-4.

[ce2-4] Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911). "Pope St. Pontian" in The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[ce-5] Shahan, Thomas (1907). "Pope St. Anterus" in The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[Meckler-6] Meckler, Michael A. (26 June 2001). "Gordian I (238 A.D.)". Die Imperatoribus Romanis. Salve Regina University. Retrieved 1 August 2012.

[7] Drinkwater, John (2007). "Maximinus to Diocletian and the 'Crisis'". In Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: The crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337. Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139054393.

[Crespigny-8] Crespigny, Rafe de (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). BRILL. p. 47. ISBN 9789047411840.

[9] Cooper, John C. (June 6, 2021). "Taiwan". Britannica. Retrieved June 9, 2021.

[10] Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484. ISBN 9780810860537.

[11] Crespigny, Rafe de (2010). Imperial Warlord: A Biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. BRILL. p. 459. ISBN 9789004188303.

[12] Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-8108-6053-7.

[13] Crespigny, Rafe (December 2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 519. ISBN 9789047411840.

[:0-14] Rafe de Crespigny (2006). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Brill. pp. 42, 279. ISBN 9789047411840.

[15] "Cassius Dio". Encyclopædia Britannica. January 1, 2024. Retrieved February 24, 2024.

[16] Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature. Vol. 1. BRILL. 2010. p. 383. ISBN 9789047444664.

[17] "Maximinus Thrax". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2022.

[18] Xiong, Victor Cunrui (6 April 2017). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-7616-1.

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