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Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples

On 13 February 2008, the Parliament of Australia issued a formal apology to Indigenous Australians for forced removals of Australian Indigenous children (often referred to as the Stolen Generations) from their families by Australian federal and state government agencies. The apology was delivered by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, and is also referred to as the National Apology, or simply The Apology.

Kevin Rudd (on a big screen in Federation Square, Melbourne) apologising to the Stolen Generations
Crowds viewing a public broadcast of the federal parliament's apology in Elder Park, Adelaide
Copy of the apology speech, Parliament House, Canberra

Background

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Howard government

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The Bringing Them Home (1997) report commissioned by the Keating Labor Government recommended an official apology be offered by the Australian Government for past government welfare policies which had separated children from their parents on racial grounds. Keating's Liberal successor John Howard received the report, but eschewed use of the term "sorry", believing a Parliamentary "apology" would imply "intergenerational guilt". He instead moved to draft a Parliamentary "Motion of Reconciliation", in consultation with Democrat Senator Aden Ridgeway, the only Aboriginal person then sitting in the federal parliament.[1][2]

On 26 August 1999, Howard moved the Motion of Reconciliation expressing "deep and sincere regret that indigenous Australians suffered injustices under the practices of past generations, and for the hurt and trauma that many indigenous people continue to feel as a consequence of those practices" and dedicating Parliament to the "cause of reconciliation" for historic mistreatment of Indigenous Australians as the "most blemished chapter" in Australian history.[3]

From the outset, the Labor opposition, led by Kim Beazley, argued the need for an "apology". Following Howard's Motion of Reconciliation, Beazley moved to replace the motion of regret with an unreserved apology, but was unsuccessful.[3] The Liberal-National Howard government maintained its opposition to an "apology" for the remainder of its term in office (1996-2007).

Rudd government

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After the 2007 election of the Rudd government, Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd announced on 11 December 2007 that the government would make an apology to Indigenous Australians, the wording of which would be decided in consultation with Aboriginal leaders.[4]

The Liberal Party opposition was split on the issue. Its leader, Brendan Nelson, initially said that an apology would risk encouraging a "culture of guilt" in Australia. However, support for an apology was expressed by other senior Liberals, such as Malcolm Turnbull, Peter Costello, Bill Heffernan, and former Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser.[5] Former Liberal minister Judi Moylan said: "I think as a nation we owe an apology. We shouldn't be thinking about it as an individual apology — it's an apology that is coming from the nation state because it was governments that did these things".[6] Nelson later said that he supported the government apology.[7] Following a party meeting, the Liberal Party as a whole expressed its support for an apology, and it achieved bipartisan consensus. Nelson stated, "I, on behalf of the Coalition, of the alternative government of Australia, are [sic] providing in-principle support for the offer of an apology to the forcibly removed generations of Aboriginal children".[8]

Lyn Austin, chairwoman of Stolen Generations Victoria, expressed why she believed an apology was necessary, recounting her experiences as a stolen child:

I thought I was being taken just for a few days. I can recall seeing my mother standing on the side of the road with her head in her hands, crying, and me in the black FJ Holden wondering why she was so upset. A few hundred words can't fix this all but it's an important start and it's a beginning[...] I see myself as that little girl, crying myself to sleep at night, crying and wishing I could go home to my family. Everything's gone, the loss of your culture, the loss of your family, all these things have a big impact.[9]

Details

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Prime Minister Kevin Rudd offered the apology on behalf of the nation.

On 13 February 2008, Rudd presented the apology to Indigenous Australians as a motion to be voted on by the house.[10] It has since been referred to as the National Apology,[11] or simply The Apology.[12]

The apology read as follows:[10][13]

I move:

That today we honour the Indigenous peoples of this land, the oldest continuing cultures in human history.
We reflect on their past mistreatment.
We reflect in particular on the mistreatment of those who were Stolen Generations—this blemished chapter in our nation's history.
The time has now come for the nation to turn a new page in Australia's history by righting the wrongs of the past and so moving forward with confidence to the future.
We apologise for the laws and policies of successive Parliaments and governments that have inflicted profound grief, suffering and loss on these our fellow Australians.
We apologise especially for the removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families, their communities and their country.
For the pain, suffering, and hurt of these Stolen Generations, their descendants and for their families left behind, we say sorry.
To the mothers and the fathers, the brothers and the sisters, for the breaking up of families and communities, we say sorry.
And for the indignity and degradation thus inflicted on a proud people and a proud culture, we say sorry.
We the Parliament of Australia respectfully request that this apology be received in the spirit in which it is offered as part of the healing of the nation.
For the future we take heart; resolving that this new page in the history of our great continent can now be written.
We today take this first step by acknowledging the past and laying claim to a future that embraces all Australians.
A future where this Parliament resolves that the injustices of the past must never, never happen again.
A future where we harness the determination of all Australians, Indigenous and non-Indigenous, to close the gap that lies between us in life expectancy, educational achievement, and economic opportunity.
A future where we embrace the possibility of new solutions to enduring problems where old approaches have failed.
A future based on mutual respect, mutual resolve and mutual responsibility.

A future where all Australians, whatever their origins, are truly equal partners, with equal opportunities and with an equal stake in shaping the next chapter in the history of this great country, Australia.

— Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister of Australia, 13 February 2008, at a sitting of the Parliament of Australia.

The text of the apology did not refer to compensation to Aboriginal people as a whole, nor to members of the Stolen Generations specifically. Rudd followed the apology with a 20-minute speech to the house about the need for this action.[14][15]

Opposition leader's reply

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Opposition Leader Brendan Nelson offered bipartisan support for the apology.

Liberal Opposition Leader Brendan Nelson rose to offer bipartisan support for the apology:

In rising to speak strongly in support of this motion I recognise the Ngunnawal, first peoples of this Canberra land. Today our nation crosses a threshold. We formally offer an apology. We say sorry to those Aboriginal people forcibly removed from their families through the first seven decades of the 20th century. In doing so, we reach from within ourselves to our past, those whose lives connect us to it, and in deep understanding of its importance to our future. We will be at our best today and every day if we pause to place ourselves in the shoes of others, imbued with the imaginative capacity to see this issue through their eyes with decency and respect.

— Brendon Nelson, Parliamentary Hansard, 13 Feb 2008

Nelson's speech also expressed empathy for how the often "good intentions" of the public servants who carried out the removal of children had led to unintended consequences.[16][17]

It is reasonably argued that removal from squalor led to better lives: children fed, housed and educated for an adult world which they could not have imagined. However, from my life as a family doctor and knowing the impact of my own father’s removal from his unmarried, teenage mother, I know that not knowing who you are is the source of deep, scarring sorrows, the real meaning of which can be known only to those who have endured it [...] Our generation does not own these actions, nor should it feel guilt for what was done in many, but certainly not all, cases with the best of intentions. But in saying we are sorry, and deeply so, we remind ourselves that each generation lives in ignorance of the long-term consequences of its decisions and actions. Even when motivated by inherent humanity and decency to reach out to the dispossessed in extreme adversity, our actions can have unintended outcomes. As such, many decent Australians are hurt by accusations of theft in relation to their good intentions.

— Brendon Nelson, Parliamentary Hansard, 13 Feb 2008

His speech also referred to the "under-policing" of child welfare in Aboriginal communities, as well as a host of social ills blighting the lives of Aboriginal people.

The Alice Springs Crown Prosecutor Nanette Rogers with great courage revealed to the nation in 2006 the case of a four-year-old girl drowned while being raped by a teenager who had been sniffing petrol. She told us of the two children – one a baby – sexually assaulted by two men while their mothers were off drinking alcohol. Another baby was stabbed by a man trying to kill her mother.[18]

After the ceremony, the House of Representatives unanimously adopted the proposed apology motion. Six members of Nelson's opposition caucus—Don Randall, Sophie Mirabella, Dennis Jensen, Wilson Tuckey, Luke Simpkins, and Alby Schultz—left the House in protest at the apology.[19] Peter Dutton was the only Opposition front bencher to abstain from the apology.[20] Dutton apologised for boycotting the apology in 2023, after becoming opposition leader.[21]

Reaction

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A crowd in Canberra turn their backs part way through Brendan Nelson's apology reply.[19]

The conclusion of Nelson's speech was met with applause from Members and the public gallery and further bipartisan scenes as the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition met with representatives of Australia's Indigenous peoples in the distinguished visitors gallery.[17] Former prime ministers Gough Whitlam, Malcolm Fraser and Paul Keating all expressed appreciation for Nelson's role. Whitlam called the speech "very good" and Keating said Nelson "picked up the spirit of the day".[16]

However, outside the chamber, reactions were less bipartisan and Nelson's speech received mixed reactions and some criticism. In the Great Hall of Parliament, members of the audience (including Kevin Rudd's Press Secretary and Media Advisor) began a slow clap and turned their backs during Nelson's speech (Rudd later instructed his advisors to apologise to Nelson).[16] In Melbourne's Federation Square, Labor's Barry Jones joined others in turning their backs.[16] In Perth, people booed and jeered until the screen was switched off. There were similar reactions and walk-outs in Sydney and elsewhere.[19] Academic Lowitja O'Donoghue objected to Nelson's discussion of domestic violence and paedophilia, and said "I think Brendan Nelson actually spoilt it today", and Olympian (and future Labor Senator) Nova Peris also expressed disappointment.[16]

Reception and response

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The government's apology and his speech were widely applauded among both Indigenous Australians and the non-indigenous general public.[22][23] A Newspoll released the week after the apology found 69% of the country supported it. However, the poll also found that only 30% of the population supported government compensation to the victims.[24] This represented a significant shift in public opinion since 2000, with one poll finding 57% of Australians against an apology.[25]

Tom Calma, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner of the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, gave a speech formally responding to the government's apology.[26] Calma thanked the Parliament for acknowledging and paying respects to the Stolen Generations, stating that "By acknowledging and paying respect, Parliament has now laid the foundations for healing to take place and for a reconciled Australia in which everyone belongs".[26] However, Calma did note that there were many recommendations in the Bringing Them Home report that (as of 2009) had not yet been implemented.[27]

Professor Alice MacLachlan has criticized this apology of the Australian government as it has apologised for a specific policy, "avoiding the broader question of apologizing for a much longer history of genocidal appropriation and displacement".[28]

Senate consideration

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Later that day, the Senate considered a motion for an identical apology. The Leader of the Greens, Senator Bob Brown, attempted to amend the motion to have it include words committing parliament to offering compensation to those who suffered loss under past indigenous policies, but was opposed by all the other parties. The original motion was passed unanimously.[29][30]

In film

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Eualeyai/Kamillaroi writer and academic Larissa Behrendt (along with Michaela Perske as writer and producer)[31] made the documentary film After the Apology,[32][33] which had its world première on 9 October 2017 at the Adelaide Film Festival.[34] The film focuses on a group of grandmothers (Grandmothers Against Removals) taking on the system over the increase in Indigenous child removal in the years following the apology.[35] It won Best Direction of a Documentary Feature Film from the Australian Directors Guild in 2018 and was nominated in three categories in the 2018 AACTA Awards.[36][37]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Brennan, Frank (21 February 2008). "The history of apologies down under". Thinking Faith. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  2. ^ Wright, Tony; MacDonald, Janine (25 August 2021). "From the Archives, 1999: Howard sends his regrets". The Age. Retrieved 10 October 2021. First published in The Age on August 27, 1999.
  3. ^ a b "House of representatives Hansard Thursday 26 August 1999" (PDF). Parliament of Australia, Hansard. 26 August 1999. p. 152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2006.
  4. ^ Peatling, Stephanie (11 December 2007). "How to say sorry and heal the wounds". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  5. ^ Lewis, Steve (1 February 2008). "Liberals ready to think about saying sorry". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008.
  6. ^ Schubert, Misha (30 January 2008), "Liberal division grows on apology", The Age.
  7. ^ Gartrell, Adam (8 February 2008). "Howard will not attend apology". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009.
  8. ^ Hoare, Daniel (7 February 2008). "Opposition joins rush to say sorry". ABC News. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  9. ^ Cooke, Dewi (1 February 2008), "'Sorry' statement should acknowledge cultural loss, says state leader", The Age.
  10. ^ a b Lo, Ping (12 February 2008). "The words Rudd will use to say 'sorry'". abc.net.au. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  11. ^ "National apology". Canberra: National Museum of Australia. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  12. ^ Daley, Paul (13 February 2018). "The Apology 10 years on". Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  13. ^ Welch, Dylan (13 February 2008). "Kevin Rudd says sorry". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010.
  14. ^ "Video: Watch Kevin Rudd's full apology". Retrieved 14 February 2008.
  15. ^ "Full text of Kevin Rudd's speech". News Limited. 13 February 2008. Archived from the original on 17 February 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
  16. ^ a b c d e Rudd staff rebuked for shunning Nelson; www.theage.com.au; Feb 14, 2008
  17. ^ a b Parliamentary Hansard, 13 Feb 2008
  18. ^ The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  19. ^ a b c "Fury over Nelson's 'sorry' response". The Age. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  20. ^ "To some he's the messiah, to others a duplicitous polly". The Age. 6 October 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  21. ^ Evans, Jake (13 February 2023). "Peter Dutton apologises for boycotting apology to Stolen Generations". ABC News.
  22. ^ "Thunderous applause in Sydney for Rudd's speech", Australian Associated Press, The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 2008.
  23. ^ McKenny, Leesha, "Speech gets standing ovation in Redfern", The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 2008.
  24. ^ Shanahan, Dennis (19 February 2008). "Rudd sets record as Mr 70 per cent". The Australian. ProQuest 356976002 – via Proquest.
  25. ^ Grattan, Michelle (8 March 2000). "Senate dumps on PM over reconciliation". Sydney Morning Herald. ProQuest 363682933 – via Proquest.
  26. ^ a b "Response to government to the national apology to the Stolen Generations". Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  27. ^ "Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples". Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  28. ^ MacLachlan, Alice (2013). Government Apologies to Indigenous Peoples. In: MacLachlan, A., Speight, A. (eds) Justice, Responsibility and Reconciliation in the Wake of Conflict. Boston Studies in Philosophy, Religion and Public Life, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. Page 189. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5201-6_11
  29. ^ "Senate: Official Hansard, No. 1, 2008" (PDF). Parliament of Australia, Hansard. 13 February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2012.
  30. ^ Crawshaw, David (13 February 2008). "Brown defeated in 'sorry' compo bid". news.com.au. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008.
  31. ^ "Michaela Perske". Ronin Films. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  32. ^ "Female Producer and Director Team Receive $738,000 to Make Landmark Documentary About Child Removal". Adelaide Film Festival. 19 August 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  33. ^ "Female producer and director team receive funding to make landmark documentary about child removal". Screen Australia. 19 August 2016. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  34. ^ "World Premiere of After the Apology". Better Care Network. 15 October 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  35. ^ "Director Larissa Behrendt - After the Apology- a landmark documentary about child removal". Screen NSW. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  36. ^ "After The Apology". Adelaide Film Festival. 5 July 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  37. ^ "After the Apology (2017)". Screen Australia. Retrieved 11 September 2020.

Further reading

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