Barnaul (Russian: Барнау́л, IPA: [bərnɐˈul]) is the largest city and administrative centre of Altai Krai, Russia, located at the confluence of the Barnaulka and Ob Rivers in the West Siberian Plain. As of the 2021 census, its population was 630,877,[14] making it the 20th-largest city in Russia and the fourth-largest in the Siberian Federal District.[citation needed]
Barnaul
Барнаул | |
|---|---|
 Barnaul as seen from the Nagorny Park | |
.jpg) Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Anthem: None[2] | |
Location of Barnaul  | |
  Barnaul Location of Barnaul  Barnaul Barnaul (Altai Krai) | |
| Coordinates: 53°20′55″N 83°46′35″E / 53.34861°N 83.77639°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Altai Krai[1] |
| Established | 1730[3] |
| City status since | 1771[4] |
| Government | |
| • Body | City Duma[5] |
| • Head[6] | Vyacheslav Frank |
| Area | |
| • Total | 940 km2 (360 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 180 m (590 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 612,401 |
| • Estimate (2018)[9] | 632,372 (+3.3%) |
| • Rank | 21st in 2010 |
| • Density | 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi) |
| • Subordinated to | City of krai significance of Barnaul[1] |
| • Capital of | Altai Krai,[10] City of krai significance of Barnaul[1] |
| • Urban okrug | Barnaul Urban Okrug[11] |
| • Capital of | Barnaul Urban Okrug[11] |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (MSK+4  [12]) |
| Postal code(s)[13] | 656000, 656002–656004, 656006, 656008, 656010–656012, 656015, 656016, 656018, 656019, 656021, 656023–656025, 656031, 656033, 656035–656039, 656043–656045, 656048–656050, 656052–656060, 656062–656068, 656700, 656880, 656890, 656899, 656905, 656960, 656961, 656963–656966, 656998, 656999, 901024, 901213 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 3852 |
| OKTMO ID | 01701000001 |
| City Day | One of the weekend days in August or September[3] |
| Website | barnaul |
Located in the south of western Siberia on the left bank of the Ob River, Barnaul is a major transport, industrial, cultural, medical and educational hub of Siberia. Barnaul was founded by the wealthy Demidov family, who intended to develop the production of copper and silver, which continued after the factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became a major centre of silver production in Russia. Barnaul was granted city status in 1771.[citation needed]
Administrative and municipal status
editBarnaul is the administrative centre of the krai.[10] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with the work settlement of Yuzhny and twenty-four rural localities, incorporated as the city of krai significance of Barnaul – an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Barnaul is incorporated as Barnaul Urban Okrug.[11]
Geography
editBarnaul is located in the forest steppe zone of the West Siberian Plain, on the left bank of the Ob River, at its confluence with the Barnaulka.
The border with Kazakhstan is 345 km (210 mi) to the south, which makes Barnaul the closest major city to the Altai Mountains. The city is also situated relatively close to the Russian border with Mongolia and the border with China.
History
editAncient history
editThe area around the city has been inhabited by modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans, for hundreds of thousands of years. They settled here to take advantage of the confluence of the rivers, used for transportation and fishing. In the late BC millennia, the locality was a centre of activity for Scythian and various Turkic peoples.[15]
Russian Empire
editWhile 1730 is considered Barnaul's official establishment date, its first mention dates back to 1724.[3] It was granted city status in 1771.[4] Chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, it was founded by the wealthy Demidov family.[4] The Demidovs wanted to develop the copper in the mountains, and soon found substantial deposits of silver as well. In 1747, the Demidovs' factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became the centre of silver production of the Russian Empire.[16]
In 1914, Barnaul was the site of the largest conscription riot in Russia during World War I. There were more than 100 casualties from the fighting.[17]
Mary 'Marie' 'Maria' Stepanovna Zudilova Tatuloff Zacharenko Gurdin (1908–1998) was reputedly born in this city.[18] She later became the mother of American actresses Natalie and Lana Wood. Her father Stepan was reputedly killed in the 1918 street fighting between the Whites and Reds following the Revolution. Afterward her mother took Mary and her siblings as refugees to Harbin, China. Mary married Alexander Tatuloff there in 1925, and they had a daughter Olga together. Mary eventually immigrated to the United States, where she divorced Alexander in 1936 and later married Nicholas Zacharenko, from Ussuriysk, and had two daughters with him.[citation needed]
World War II
editOver half of the light ammunition used by the Soviet Union in World War II is estimated to have been manufactured in Barnaul.[19]
Recent history
editIn 2012, when residents of Barnaul were denied a permit for a street protest, they ingeniously circumvented the restriction by staging a demonstration with toys such as teddy bears, Lego figures, and toy soldiers holding signs denouncing electoral corruption. The photos of these rebellious figurines quickly spread across Russia, prompting others to replicate the protest. Faced with an awkward dilemma, Putin's government decided to ban the toy protests, asserting that toys, not being Russian citizens, were ineligible to participate in public gatherings, as explained by a government official.[20]
Demographics
editAs of 2021, the ethnic composition of Barnaul was:[21]
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Russians | 492,285 | 95.9% |
| Tajiks | 2,701 | 0.5% |
| Germans | 2,644 | 0.5% |
| Ukrainians | 1,759 | 0.3% |
| Armenians | 1,668 | 0.3% |
| Other Ethnicities | 12,398 | 2.4% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 21,073 | — |
| 1926 | 73,206 | +247.4% |
| 1939 | 148,162 | +102.4% |
| 1959 | 305,046 | +105.9% |
| 1970 | 439,134 | +44.0% |
| 1979 | 533,263 | +21.4% |
| 1989 | 601,811 | +12.9% |
| 2002 | 600,749 | −0.2% |
| 2010 | 612,401 | +1.9% |
| 2021 | 630,877 | +3.0% |
| Source: Russian Census | ||
Economy
editBarnaul is an important industrial centre of Western Siberia. There are more than 100 industrial enterprises in the city, employing approximately 120,000 people. Leading industries include diesel and carbon processing; as well as production of heavy machinery, tyres, furniture and footwear.[22] The Barnaul Cartridge Plant, a major manufacturer of small-arms ammunition, is located in the city.
Transportation
editBarnaul is located on the South Siberian, Turk–Sib and Omsk–Barnaul railway lines.[23]
Barnaul has public transport of Buses, Minibuses, Trolleybuses, Trams and Taxies. Intercity bus routes are operate to Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Biysk, Rubtsovsk and other cities. Also there are bus routes to Kazakhstan cities Oskemen, Pavlodar.
Barnaul International Airport is located 16 kilometres West of the city center. It is served by airlines such as Aeroflot, S7, Nordwind, Iraero and Ural Airlines. It has regular flights to Moscow, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Surgut etc.
Climate
editThe humid continental climate of Barnaul (Köppen Dfb) is defined by its geographical position at the southern end of the Siberian forest steppe: it is subject to long winters, with an average of −15.5 °C (4.1 °F) in January, but also enjoys a short warm season in the summer with an average temperature of 19.9 °C (67.8 °F) in July. Temperatures can vary in the extreme, from below −45 °C (−49 °F) in the winter to above 35 °C (95 °F) in the summer.
The climate is relatively dry. The average precipitation in the area is 433 mm (17.0 in) per year, 75% of which occurs during the region's warmer season. This means snow packs can be quite moderate in spite of the cold temperatures.
| Climate data for Barnaul (1991–2020, extremes 1838–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
16.4 (61.5) |
32.3 (90.1) |
37.4 (99.3) |
38.5 (101.3) |
37.9 (100.2) |
38.3 (100.9) |
34.4 (93.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
38.5 (101.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −11.4 (11.5) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
20.2 (68.4) |
24.8 (76.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
24.5 (76.1) |
17.6 (63.7) |
9.6 (49.3) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
8.7 (47.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −16.2 (2.8) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
5.0 (41.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.6 (63.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
2.8 (37.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −20.7 (−5.3) |
−18.7 (−1.7) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
6.4 (43.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
11.8 (53.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−17.6 (0.3) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −48.2 (−54.8) |
−46.1 (−51.0) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
−27.6 (−17.7) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
2.9 (37.2) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−42.8 (−45.0) |
−43.9 (−47.0) |
−48.2 (−54.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 23 (0.9) |
18 (0.7) |
19 (0.7) |
28 (1.1) |
41 (1.6) |
54 (2.1) |
72 (2.8) |
45 (1.8) |
36 (1.4) |
35 (1.4) |
40 (1.6) |
32 (1.3) |
443 (17.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 38 (15) |
47 (19) |
45 (18) |
6 (2.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
8 (3.1) |
23 (9.1) |
47 (19) |
| Average rainy days | 0.4 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 16 | 14 | 6 | 1 | 118 |
| Average snowy days | 22 | 20 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 18 | 24 | 122 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78 | 76 | 74 | 63 | 55 | 64 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 73 | 79 | 79 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 77 | 112 | 178 | 218 | 272 | 315 | 320 | 265 | 199 | 109 | 75 | 64 | 2,204 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[24] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun only, 1961–1990)[25] | |||||||||||||
Notable people
edit- Alexander von Bunge, botanist, worked in Barnaul
- Maria Butina, alleged agent of the US, and member of the State Duma
- Aleksey Chuklin, racing driver
- Pyotr Kozmitch Frolov, scientist and inventor
- Valery Kopytov, serial killer
- Tatyana Kotova, Olympic champion in long jump
- Kirill Marchenko, NHL professional ice hockey player
- Julia Neigel, singer, songwriter
- Ivan Nifontov, World champion and Olympic medalist in Judo
- Alexey Novikov-Priboy, writer
- Ivan Polzunov, inventor, creator of the first two-cylinder engine in the world
- Anastasiia Salos, European and world medalist rhythmic gymnast
- Konstantin Scherbakov, pianist
- Sergey Shubenkov, track and field athlete, 2015 world champion[26]
- Nadezhda Shuvayeva-Olkhova, Olympic champion in basketball
- Alexey Smertin, former captain of the Russia national football team
- Rita Streich, coloratura soprano
- Andrei Svechnikov, professional NHL ice hockey player
- Evgeny Svechnikov, professional NHL and KHL ice hockey player
- Nikolai Yadrintsev, explorer and archeologist, discoveries include the Orkhon script, Genghis Khan's capital, Karakorum
- Mikhail Yakubov, NHL and KHL professional ice hockey player
- Mikhail Yevdokimov, comedian and former governor of Altai Krai
- Maxim Zimin, racing driver
- Maria Zudilova, mother of Natalie Wood
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Law #28-ZS
- ^ According to Article 5 of the Charter of Barnaul, the official symbols of the city Archived 24 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine include only a flag and a coat of arms.
- ^ a b c Charter of Barnaul, Article 4
- ^ a b c Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. pp. 36–38. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ Charter of Barnaul, Article 37
- ^ Charter of Barnaul, Article 46
- ^ a b Official website of Barnaul. Geography Archived 2 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180726010024/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b Charter of Altai Krai, Article 6
- ^ a b c Law #144-ZS
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Minns, Ellis Hovell (13 January 2011). Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-02487-7. Retrieved 1 January 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Пятые Бородавкинские чтения". new.hist.asu.ru. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- ^ Sanborn, Josh. "The Mobilization of 1917 and the Question of the Russian Nation." Slavic Review, Vol. 59, No. 2: pp. 267-89.
- ^ Tatuloff, Alexander (17 September 1934). Declaration of Intention, no. 89199. U.S. District Court Naturalization Index, 1852–1989.
- ^ "Барнаульские патроны". Archived from the original on 15 January 2000.
- ^ VanHise, James L. (21 September 2021). "Dilemma Actions: The Power of Putting your Opponent in a Bind". The Commons Social Change Library. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
- ^ "Национальный состав населения". Rosstat. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ "Власть". Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ^ "Barnaul". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
- ^ "Weather And Climate – Climate Barnaul" (in Russian). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Climate Normals for Barnaul". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
- ^ "Сергей Шубенков выиграл "золото" на Чемпионате мира по лёгкой атлетике в Пекине". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- ^ "США, Испания и Китай: в каких еще странах у Барнаула есть города-побратимы?". tolknews.ru (in Russian). Tolk. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "Град Шумен – Как да ни намерите". tourism-shumen.com (in Bulgarian). Tourism Shumen. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
Sources
edit- Барнаульская городская Дума. Решение №789 от 20 июня 2008 г. «Устав городского округа — города Барнаула Алтайского края», в ред. Решения №766 от 31 марта 2017 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав городского округа — города Барнаула Алтайского края (в ред. Решения от 16.12.2016 №706)». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (15 июля 2008 г.) (за исключением отдельных положений, вступивших в силу в иные сроки). Опубликован: "Вечерний Барнаул", №103, 15 июля 2008 г. (Barnaul City Duma. Decision #789 of June 20, 2008 Charter of the Urban Okrug—the City of Barnaul of Altai Krai, as amended by the Decision #766 of March 31, 2017 On Amending the Charter of the Urban Okrug—the City of Barnaul of Altai Krai (rev. #706 of December 16, 2016). Effective as of the day of the official publication (July 15, 2008) (with the exception of clauses which take effect on different dates).).
- Алтайское краевое Законодательное Собрание. №3-ЗС 5 июня 1995 г. «Устав (основной закон) Алтайского края», в ред. Закона №118-ЗС от 1 декабря 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав (Основной Закон) Алтайского края». Опубликован: "Алтайская правда", №100, 14 июня 1995 г. (Altai Krai Legislative Assembly. #3-ZS June 5, 1995 Charter (Basic Law) of Altai Krai, as amended by the Law #118-ZS of December 1, 2015 On Amending the Charter (Basic Law) of Altai Krai. ).
- Алтайский краевой Совет народных депутатов. Закон №28-ЗС от 1 марта 2008 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Алтайского края», в ред. Закона №16-ЗС от 4 апреля 2017 г. «О присоединении станции Железнодорожная Казарма 572 км к посёлку Октябрьскому Октябрьского сельсовета Кулундинского района Алтайского края и внесении изменений в отдельные законы Алтайского края». Вступил в силу 8 марта 2008 г. Опубликован: "Алтайская правда", №67, 8 марта 2008 г. (Altai Krai Council of People's Deputies. Law #28-ZS of March 1, 2008 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Altai Krai, as amended by the Law #16-ZS of April 4, 2017 On Merging the Station of Zheleznodorozhnaya Kazarma 572 km into the Settlement of Oktyabrsky in Oktyabrsky Selsoviet of Kulundinsky District of Altai Krai and on Amending Various Laws of Altai Krai. Effective as of March 8, 2008.).
- Алтайское краевое Законодательное Собрание. Закон №144-ЗС от 27 декабря 2008 г. «О статусе и границах муниципального и административно-территориального образования город Барнаул Алтайского края», в ред. Закона №44-ЗС от 2 июля 2009 г «О внесении изменений в Приложение 1 к Закону Алтайского края "О статусе и границах муниципального и административно-территориального образования город Барнаул Алтайского края"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Алтайская правда", №5–6, 15 января 2009 г. (Altai Krai Legislative Assembly. Law #144-ZS of December 27, 2008 On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal and the Administrative-Territorial Formation of the City of Barnaul of Altai Krai, as amended by the Law #44-ZS of July 2, 2009 On Amending Appendix 1 of the Law of Altai Krai "On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal and the Administrative-Territorial Formation of the City of Barnaul of Altai Krai". Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the day of the official publication.).
External links
edit
Barnaul travel guide from Wikivoyage- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.
- Official website of Barnaul (in Russian)
- Directory of organizations in Barnaul (in Russian)
