The Baron Hirsch Synagogue (also Baron Hirsch Congregation), is a Modern Orthodox Jewish congregation and synagogue located at 400 South Yates Road, Memphis, Tennessee, in the United States. Founded in c. 1862 – c. 1864,[2][3] the congregation underwent tremendous growth in the first half of the 20th century, emerging, in the 1950s, as the largest Orthodox congregation in North America, a position it still holds.[4][5]
| Baron Hirsch Synagogue | |
|---|---|
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Modern Orthodox Judaism |
| Ecclesiastical or organizational status | Synagogue |
| Leadership | Rabbi Ian Lichter |
| Status | Active |
| Location | |
| Location | 400 South Yates Road, Memphis, Tennessee |
| Country | United States |
  Location in Tennessee | |
| Geographic coordinates | 35°07′14″N 89°52′27″W / 35.1205°N 89.8741°W |
| Architecture | |
| Date established | c. 1862 – c. 1864 (as a congregation) |
| Completed |
|
| Website | |
| baronhirsch | |
Baron Hirsch Synagogue | |
 Baron Hirsch Synagogue, in the 1950s | |
| Location | 1740 Vollintine Ave., Memphis, Tennessee |
| Built | 1950–52 and 1955–57 |
| Architect | George Awsumb |
| Architectural style | International Style |
| Part of | Vollintine Hills Historic District (ID07000684) |
| MPS | Memphis MPS |
| Designated CP | July 11, 2007[1] |
Its former building, located at 1740 Vollintine Avenue, is an impressive International Style structure built in the 1950s. The building is a U.S. Historic District Contributing Property and the centerpiece of the Vollintine Hills Historic District, a cohesive collection of 78 post-World War II Minimal Traditional and ranch-style houses built around the former synagogue by members of the congregation.[6][7]
History
edit1860s–1910
editThe nucleus of the Jewish community in Memphis formed in the downtown area north of Adams Street commonly known as the "Pinch" or "Pinch District".[8] The Pinch was the center of, and traditionally associated with, immigration and immigrant communities in Memphis.[9]
Having no permanent place of worship at its initial organization in the 1860s, around 1884, a group of Jewish immigrants who wished to follow religious Orthodoxy began to pray together in rooms above various downtown Memphis stores, at private homes, and on the second floor of a modest hotel.[3][4][5] Rabbi I. Myerowitz was the congregation's first spiritual leader, serving from 1891 to 1893.
In about 1890 or 1892, the group was chartered as the Baron Hirsch Benevolent Society,[3] named in honor of the famed French Jewish philanthropist, Baron Moritz de Hirsch.[10][11]
That same year they purchased a former African American church at 4th Street and Washington Avenue, in the Pinch, for use as a synagogue, moving in 1912.[3][4][5] A contemporary account gives membership in 1904 as eighty-five.[3]
1910–1920s
editThe Baron Hirsch congregation continued to grow and soon tore down their old building and built a new synagogue, at a cost of $35,000 ($1,054,000 in current dollar terms), on the same site in 1915. The new synagogue's sanctuary could hold over 700 worshippers. Still located in the downtown Pinch district, the congregation built the Menorah Institute next to the synagogue in 1928, providing classrooms and space for the congregation's social activities.[5] This building was razed after the congregation relocated in the 1950s.[12]
The total Jewish population in Memphis in 1920 was approximately 7,000 persons.[11]
1930s–1940s
editIn the 1930s, the Memphis Jewish community continued the move eastward from the Pinch and other downtown neighborhoods that had begun in the 1920s to the new subdivisions in northern Midtown around the Vollintine-Evergreen area[13] and many members began keeping Sabbath apartments downtown in order to attend synagogue.[2] The congregation struggled somewhat in the Depression years. However, by 1941, Baron Hirsch had 500 member households and 300 children in its religious school.[5]
During World War II, it opened the Menorah Institute to soldiers stationed in the area, converting part of the building to a USO Center with sleeping quarters. The outside area between the synagogue and the Menorah Institute was paved for use in USO dances.[5]
1950s
edit
Flourishing in the post-War years under the leadership of Rabbi Isadore Goodman, by the late 1950s, it had grown to over 1000 households and 500 children in its school. This dramatic increase in membership coupled with the movement of Jews out of the downtown Pinch area, spurred the congregation to begin planning for a new synagogue.
Built in two phases — 1950–52 and 1955–57 — on a 12.4-acre (50,000 m2) plot,[7] the enormous new synagogue rose on the site of a former golf course at Vollintine Avenue and Evergreen Street in midtown Memphis (in what is now the Vollintine Hills Historic District). It was built with 2200 permanent seats in the sanctuary and accommodation for an additional 1000 worshippers.[4][5] When it was completed in 1957, the main sanctuary of the synagogue was the largest in the United States, according to the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America.[14]
The $1,600,000 rectilinear International Style building was designed by architect George Awsumb with powerful gray limestone wall cladding enhancing its clean modern lines. Artisan Jack Grue designed the stained glass windows.[2]
Construction of this new synagogue, along with a significant amount of new housing for members of the congregation that was within walking distance of the synagogue, created a clearly definable geographic area, readily distinguishable from other areas, which has now been placed on the National Register of Historic Places and called the Vollintine Hills Historic District.[6][7]
The congregation's membership doubled in the new synagogue, emerging as the largest Orthodox congregation in the United States.[5] Explanations for this strong growth vary: A claim has been made that it is a "testament to the strength of orthodox Judaism in Memphis;"[5] other sources attribute it as something of a hallmark or local trait, that is, the tendency at that time for both Jews and Christians in Memphis to be affiliated with a religious institution.[15] In the United States in the 1950s, there was a national trend towards increased affiliation with both church and synagogue membership rising in an unprecedented fashion.[15] The country experienced a 40% rise in population from the 1930s to the 1950s but a 50% increase in church and synagogue affiliation.[16]
Recent changes
editContinual neighborhood transitions and the ongoing movement of members toward the east-lying Memphis suburbs, meant that the congregation again needed to find an additional location to remain within walking distance of most of its members.[5] Under the leadership of the late Rabbi Rafael G. Grossman the congregation began a transition from its edifice in midtown Memphis.
Baron Hirsch acquired the estate of musician Isaac Hayes and converted the mansion for its use as a satellite campus. By the mid-1980s, almost all Baron Hirsch members were in this area and it was determined that the entire synagogue complex would have to move as well. Additional land was purchased next to the satellite site, another building campaign was undertaken, and the large new synagogue and campus on South Yates Road was completed in 1988.[4][5]
Current status
editAlthough it has declined somewhat from its post-World War II peak, Baron Hirsch continues to flourish as a Modern Orthodox Zionist congregation.[5]
The congregation is currently led by Senior Rabbi Ian Lichter, and the weekly services are led by Cantor Ricky Kampf.[17]
The Baron Hirsch Synagogue continues to add to the community around it. In recent years it added a large outdoor space, the Mendelson Park and Playground. The synagogue also undertook a large building campaign to improve its facilities which was completed in 2022, and constructed the new Memphis Mikvah at Baron Hirsch, also completed in 2022.
References
edit- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
- ^ a b c Johnson, Judith. "The Art of Architecture: Modernism In Memphis 1890 – 1980". MemphisHeritage.org. Memphis Heritage, Inc. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Adler, Cyrus; Samfield, Max. "Memphis: Orthodox Congregation Formed". Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e "About Us". , The Baron Hirsch Congregation web site. Baron Hirsch Congregation. Archived from the original on April 29, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "History of the Orthodox Congregations of Memphis". Goldring-Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life web site. Goldring-Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. Archived from the original on November 5, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
- ^ a b [1] State of Tennessee, Environment and Conservation Newsroom News Release, September 21, 2007. Accessed 2008-08-22.
- ^ a b c "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Vollintine Hills Historic District, Memphis, TN" (PDF). Vollintine Hills Historic District (PDF). January 7, 2007. pp. Section 7, p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Vollintine Hills Historic District, Memphis, TN" (PDF). Vollintine Hills Historic District (PDF). January 7, 2007. pp. Section 8, p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
- ^ Nickas, Lauren Elizabeth (1998). "Pinch District". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. Archived from the original on June 10, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
- ^ [2] Archived 2008-08-28 at the Wayback Machine "The Three Barons", The Jerusalem Post, January 13, 2006. "Perhaps Baron Hirsch’s most lasting memorial in the world to his efforts to solve the “Jewish problem” in Europe is the magnificent large synagogue and community of the Baron Hirsch Congregation in Memphis, Tennessee. It is one of the largest Orthodox synagogues and communities in the United States."
- ^ a b Marcus, Jacob Rader (1989). United States Jewry: 1776–1985. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. p. 95.
- ^ Shankman, Sam (1957). Baron Hirsch Congregation: From Ur to Memphis. Memphis, Tennessee: Baron Hirsch Synagogue, p. 18. Cited in [3] National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Vollintine Hills Historic District, Memphis, TN. January 2, 2007, Section 8, page 16.
- ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Vollintine Hills Historic District, Memphis, TN" (PDF). Vollintine Hills Historic District (PDF). January 7, 2007. pp. Section 8, p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
- ^ “Orthodox Synagogue to Be Dedicated November 28–30.” Memphis Commercial Appeal, October 21, 1957.
- ^ a b Lewis, Selma S. (1999). A Biblical People in the Bible Belt: The Jewish Community of Memphis, Tennessee, 1840s–1960s. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. p. 179.
- ^ Yearbook of American Churches, 1950, quoted in Hebrew Watchman, September 19, 1957, and cited in Lewis, A Biblical People in the Bible Belt: The Jewish Community of Memphis, Tennessee, 1840s–1960s, p. 179.
- ^ "Clergy/Leadership".
External links
edit