The general strike of 1913 (French: grève générale de 1913, Dutch: algemene staking van 1913) was a major general strike in Belgium. It was the third general strike aimed at forcing electoral reform and, like the general strike of 1902, was particularly aimed at ending the system of plural voting. It officially lasted between 14 and 24 April and brought out between 300,000 and 450,000 workers on strike.[1] Despite its large participation, it was relatively peaceful.[2]
Planning
editUnlike the poorly organised 1902 strike, the general strike of 1913 was led by the Belgian Workers' Party (POB-BWP) and meticulously planned. The POB-BWP spent ten months in planning during the aftermath of the 1912 election and instructed workers to put aside money in advance. The party was also able to maintain control throughout the strike, preventing flare-ups of violence between strikers and police.[3] The magnitude of the strike varied by economic sector and company but was strongest among coal miners in Wallonia.[1] It was supported financially by a number of leading Belgians Liberals, including Émile Francqui and Raoul Warocqué, who believed that the only way to stop continued Catholic Party dominance was to end the plural voting system.
Outcome
editThe failure of the 1902 general strike had partly been due to the consensus between Catholic and Liberal politicians to block further electoral reform. In 1913, however, there was no such agreement between these parties; and the Catholic prime minister, Charles de Broqueville, was willing to compromise.[4][2]
A commission was created, officially to review the franchise for municipal and provincial elections, in the expectation that it would recommend the suppression of plural voting. The German invasion of Belgium in August 1914 and the subsequent occupation delayed the implementation of the commission's proposal. In 1918, King Albert forged a post-war "Government of National Union" in the "Loppem Agreements" which brought the POB into power for the first time and paved the way for the abolition of plural suffrage. The last restrictions on women's voting were not lifted until 1948.[5][6]
See also
edit
- General strikes in Belgium
- Belgium in the long nineteenth century
- 1913 Exposition universelle et internationale at Ghent which began on 6 April
References
edit- ^ a b Dumoulin 2010, p. 90.
- ^ a b Witte, Craeybeckx & Meynen 2009, p. 108.
- ^ Strikwerda 1997, pp. 337–9.
- ^ Dumoulin 2010, pp. 90–1.
- ^ Meier, Petra. "Report from Belgium". European Database – Women in Decision-making. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ^ "The First Feminist Wave in Belgium" (PDF). RoSa. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
Bibliography
edit- Dumoulin, Michel (2010). L'Entrée dans le XXe Siècle, 1905-1918. Nouvelle Histoire de Belgique. Brussels: Cri Éd. ISBN 978-2-8710-6545-6.
- Strikwerda, Carl (1997). A House Divided: Catholics, Socialists, and Flemish Nationalists in Nineteenth-century Belgium. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780847685271.
- Witte, Els; Craeybeckx, Jan; Meynen, Alain (2009). Political History of Belgium from 1830 Onwards (New ed.). Brussels: ASP. ISBN 978-90-5487-517-8.
Further reading
edit- Flagothier-Musin, L. (1983). "La grève générale de 1913 dans l'arrondissement de Liège : analyse quantitative". Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis. 13 (2/3): 313–38.
- Liebman, M. (1967). "La pratique de la grève generale dans le Parti ouvrier belge jusqu'en 1914". Le Mouvement Social (58): 41–62. doi:10.2307/3777236. JSTOR 3777236.