The Columbine Mine massacre occurred in 1927, in the town of Serene, Colorado. In the midst of the 1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike across the state, workers had been picketing one of the few remaining operating mines, in Serene. A fight broke out between Colorado state militia and a group of striking coal miners, during which the unarmed miners were attacked with firearms. The miners testified that machine guns were fired at them, which the state police disputed. Six strikers were killed, and dozens were injured.[2][3][4]
| Columbine Mine massacre | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Coal Wars | |||
| Date | November 21, 1927 | ||
| Location | Serene, Colorado, United States 40°01′31″N 105°01′38″W / 40.02528°N 105.02722°W | ||
| Parties | |||
| Lead figures | |||
Adam Bell; Jesse F. Welborn; | |||
| Casualties and losses | |||
| |||
Background
editThe company town of Serene, Colorado, nestled on a rolling hillside, was the home of the Columbine mine. The strike was five weeks old, and strikers had been conducting morning rallies at Serene for two weeks, for the Columbine was one of the few coal mines in the state to remain in operation.[5]
On November 21, 1927, five hundred miners, some accompanied by their wives and children, arrived at the north gate just before dawn. They carried three United States flags.
That morning, the recently disbanded state police known as the Colorado Rangers were recalled to duty and would meet the picketers and bar their path.[6] The miners were surprised to see men dressed in civilian clothes but armed with pistols, rifles, riot guns and tear gas. The Rangers were backed up by rifle-toting mine guards stationed on the mine dump. The Head of the Rangers, Louis Scherf, shouted to the strikers, "Who are your leaders?" "We're all leaders!" came the reply. Scherf announced that the strikers would not be allowed into the town, and for a few moments, the strikers hesitated outside the fence. There was discussion, with many strikers asserting their right to proceed. They argued that Serene had a public post office, and some of their children were enrolled in the school in Serene. One of the Rangers reportedly taunted, "If you want to come in here, come ahead, but we'll carry you out".
Strike leader Adam Bell stepped forward and asked for the gate to be unlocked. As he put his hand on the gate, one of the Rangers struck him with a club. A sixteen-year-old boy stood nearby and was holding one of the flags. The banner was snatched from him, and in the tug of war that followed, the flagpole broke over the fence.[3] The miners rushed toward the gate, and suddenly the air was filled with tear gas launched by the police. A tear gas grenade hit Mrs. Kubic in the back as she tried to flee. Some of the miners threw the tear gas grenades back.[3]
The miners in the front of the group scaled the gate, led by Adam Bell's call of "Come on!" Three policemen pulled Bell down, viciously clubbed on the head, he fell unconscious to the ground. A battle raged over his prostrate form, the miners shielding him from the Rangers. Mrs. Elizabeth Beranek, the mother of 16 children and one of the flag-bearers, tried to protect him by thrusting her flag in front of his attackers. The police turned on her, bruising her severely. Rangers reportedly seized Mrs. Beranek's flag too.
Police admitted to using clubs in the skirmish. Scherf said, "We knocked them down as fast as they came over the gate". Miners would later say that the clubs were lengths of gas pipe. A striker belted one Ranger in the face, breaking his nose. A pocketknife-wielding miner cut another on the hand while other strikers pelted the Rangers with rocks. Blood gushed from a cut above one Ranger's eye when a rock found its mark, the police then retreated.
Massacre
editEnraged, the strikers forced their way through the wooden gate. Jerry Davis grabbed one of the fallen flags as hundreds of angry miners surged through the entrance, others scaled the fence east of the gate.[2][3]
The police retreated, forming two lines at the water tank; 120 yards (110 m) inside the fence. Louis Scherf fired two .45 caliber rounds over the heads of the strikers. His men responded with deadly fire directly into the crowd. The miners scattered, twelve remained on the ground, some dead, some injured.[2][3]
At least two, and possibly three, machine guns were available at the mine. Miners later claimed that their ranks were decimated by a withering crossfire from the mine tipple – a structure where coal was loaded onto railroad cars – and from a gun on a truck near the water tank.
Five died initially, on the day of the massacre.[2] John Eastenes, 34, of Lafayette, married and father of six children, died instantly. Nick Spanudakhis, 34, of Lafayette, lived only a few minutes. Frank Kovich of Erie, Rene Jacques, 26, of Louisville, and 21-year-old Jerry Davis died hours later in the hospital. The Flag of the United States Davis carried was riddled with seventeen bullet holes and stained with blood. Mike Vidovich of Erie, 35, died a week later of his injuries.[7]
Aftermath
edit
The state police later testified that they had not used machine guns in the fight. The miners and some witnesses testified that machine guns were used. Some witnesses identified a mine guard who had climbed the tipple and may have operated the machine gun mounted there, providing one possible explanation for the discrepancy in testimony. However, one of Scherf's men reportedly operated the machine gun near the water tank.[8]
See also
edit
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Schreck, Christopher J. "The Strike of 1927". Retrieved 6 November 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "State Troops Keep order in Colorado; Striking Coal Miners are Quiet". The New York Times. 1927-11-23. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-03-05.
- ^ a b c d e f Meyer, Irwin F. (February 15, 1928). "Six Killed, Twenty Wounded – A Case Study of Industrial Conflict". The Survey. Vol. LIX. Prelinger Library. East Stroudsburg, Pa.: Survey Associates Inc. and Charity Organization Society of the City of New York. pp. 644–646.
- ^ Campbell-Hale, Leigh (2013). Remembering Ludlow but Forgetting the Columbine: The 1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike (Thesis).
- ^ McClurg, Donald J. (January 1963). "The Colorado coal strike of 1927 – tactical leadership of the IWW". Labor History. 4 (1): 68–92. doi:10.1080/00236566308583916.
- ^ Murfin, Patrick (18 October 2013). "Blood on the Coal – Colorado Strike of 1927". Heretic, Rebel, a Thing to Flout.
- ^ Weinberg, Rachel (December 18, 2020). "Deep Cuts – Colorado Coal Strike Part 3: December 3rd, 1927". IWW Org.
- ^ Once A Coalminer... The Story of Colorado's Northern Coal Field, Phyllis Smith, p. 182
Further reading
edit- Campbell-Hale, Leigh. Remembering Ludlow but Forgetting the Columbine: The 1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2023.
- Myers, Richard; Eric Margolis; Joanna Sampson; Phil Goodstein (2005). May, Lowell A. (ed.). Slaughter in Serene: the Columbine Coal Strike Reader. Bread and Roses Workers' Cultural Center & Industrial Workers of the World. ISBN 978-0-917-12401-3.
- Thompson, F.; Bekken, J. (2006). The Industrial Workers of the World: Its first 100 years. Industrial Workers of the World. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-917-12402-0.[permanent dead link]
- Hinkemeyer, Joan (November 4, 2005). "Brutal days of coal strikes depicted". Rocky Mountain News. p. 30D. Archived from the original on April 19, 2006. Book Review
External links
edit- Erie Historical Society (official website)
- Columbine Mine – Colorado Historical Society (archived October 2, 2006)