Communications in Hong Kong includes a wide-ranging and sophisticated network of radio, television, telephone, Internet, and related online services, reflecting Hong Kong's thriving commerce and international importance.
There are some 60 online newspapers (in various languages, but mostly in Traditional Chinese) and the numbers of online periodicals run into the hundreds. The territory is in addition the East and Southeast Asian headquarters for most of the major international communications and media services.
Broadcast media and news is provided by several television and radio companies, one of which is government-run. Television provides the major source of news and entertainment for the average family. Chinese television programs are produced for both local and overseas markets.
Hong Kong also ranks as an important centre of publishing and printing: numerous books are published yearly for local consumption, several leading foreign publishers have their regional offices in Hong Kong, and many international magazines are printed in the territory.
Radio
edit- 5 radio networks, one of which is government-funded, operate 30 radio stations (2014)
- Radios: 4.45 million (1997)[needs update]
Television
editTerrestrial television
editThere are a total of nine terrestrial television channels in Hong Kong, owned by three television networks, one of which is a public broadcaster.
Hong Kong's terrestrial commercial TV networks can also be seen in Macau, via cable.
TVB
editTelevision Broadcasts Limited operates TVB Jade, TVB Pearl, TVB Plus (formerly two separate channels, TVB J2 and J5), and TVB News, of which Jade and Pearl are available on analogue frequencies. TVB is the city's first commercial terrestrial television network (Asia Television (ATV) began as a subscription television network), and is the city's predominant TV network.
HKTVE
editHK Television Entertainment operates ViuTV, which is a Cantonese general entertainment channel. The network is mandated by its service license to launch a 17-hour English television channel on or before 31 March 2017.[1] The English channel named "ViuTVsix" officially launched on March 31, 2017 (local time).
ViuTV does not broadcast on analogue frequencies.
RTHK
editPublic broadcaster RTHK operates three digital channels, two of which have been simulcast on analogue frequencies formerly used by ATV since April 2, 2016.
Paid television
editPaid cable and satellite television have also been widespread, with Cable TV Hong Kong, Now TV, TVB Network Vision and HKBN bbTV being the more prominent providers.
The production of Hong Kong's soap drama, comedy series and variety shows have reached mass audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world. Many international and pan-Asian broadcasters are based in Hong Kong, including News Corporation's STAR TV.
Telecommunication industry
edit- Telecommunications system: modern facilities that provide excellent domestic and international services.
- Domestic: microwave radio relay links and extensive fibre-optic network
- Satellite earth stations – 3 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean)
- International coaxial cable: to Guangzhou, China; access to 5 international submarine cables providing connections to ASEAN member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe [needs update]
The Hong Kong telecommunication industry was deregulated in 1995. There are no foreign ownership restrictions. The Office of Telecommunications Authority (OFTA) is the legislative body responsible for regulating the telecommunications industry. Competition in this sector is fierce. Since 2008, one can get 10 Mbit/s up and down unlimited VDSL, telephone line rental, unlimited local calls, and 100 minutes of international calls for US$25/month. Telephone line rental and unlimited local calls is only US$3/month.
Telecommunication company
editAs of July 2017[update], the penetration rate in Hong Kong was estimated at 240.8% over a population estimate of over 7.325 million.[2][3][4] Hong Kong's telecom regulator is the Office of the Communications Authority (OFCA).
| Rank | Operator | Technology | Subscribers
(in millions) |
Ownership |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | HKT
(including csl, 1O1O and Club SIM) |
GSM-900/1800 (GPRS, EDGE)
900/2100 MHz UMTS, HSPA+, DC-HSPA+ 900/1800/2600(B7) MHz LTE-A |
4.324[5] (Dec 2018) | PCCW Limited
(Pacific Century Group 28.97%, China Unicom 19.9%) |
| 2 | 3 Hong Kong | GSM-900/1800 (GPRS, EDGE)
900 MHz UMTS, HSPA+, DC-HSPA+ 900/1800/2100/2600(B7)/2300(B40) MHz LTE-A |
3.276[6] (Dec 2018) | Hutchison Telecom |
| 3 (?) | CMHK
(China Mobile Hong Kong) |
GSM-1800 (GPRS, EDGE)
2100 MHz UMTS, HSPA+, DC-HSPA+ 900/1800/2100/2600(B7)/2300(B40) MHz LTE-A |
5[7] (Jun 2021) | China Mobile |
| 4 | SmarTone | GSM-900/1800 (GPRS)
850/2100 MHz UMTS, HSPA+, DC-HSPA+ 900/1800/2100/2600(B7) MHz LTE-A |
2.47[8] (Dec 2018) | Sun Hung Kai Properties |
| 5 | CUniq HK
(China Unicom Hong Kong) |
Using 3 Hong Kong | 0.87[9](Oct 2018) | China Unicom |
| 6 | Hong Kong Broadband Network | Using CMHK and SmarTone | 0.277[10](Oct 2019) | HKBN Ltd. |
| 7 | SUN Mobile | Using CSL Mobile | N/A | HKT (60%), Telecom Digital (40%) |
| 8 | Birdie Mobile | Using SmarTone | N/A | SmarTone Mobile Communications Limited[11] |
| 9 | CTExcel Archived 8 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine | N/A | China Telecom |
Telephone
edit- International dialling code: +852
- Telephones – main lines in use: 4.345 million, 37th in the world (2009)
- Telephones – mobile cellular: 13.416 million, 54th in the world (2009)
- Major fixed-line operators: PCCW[needs update]
- Major cellular operators: 3 Hong Kong, SmarTone, CSL, China Mobile Hong Kong
Internet
edit- Number of Internet users: 4,920,255 or 69.4% of the population (2010)[12]
- Number of Internet hosts: 861,516 hosts, 48th in the world (2010)[13]
- IPv4 addresses allocated: 11,777,024 or 1,646 per 1000 population (April 2012)[14]
- Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 179 (May 2007)
- Dial-up access accounts: 0.99 million (Mar 2007)
- Country code (Top-level domain): .hk
Broadband Internet access
editAs of April 2006, HKBN offers its customers Internet access with speeds starting from 10 Mbit/s up to 1000 Mbit/s (1 Gbit/s) via Fiber to the building and Fiber to the Home. However the speed to non-Hong Kong destinations is capped to 20 Mbit/s. As of November 2009, the company was offering 100 Mbit/s service for HK$99 (about $13 US) per month.[needs update]
Major Internet Service Providers (ISPs) include:[needs update]
- PCCW Netvigator, with a 95% coverage area and providing internet access to 1.9 million users. ADSL connections, speeds up to 8M/800K are priced differently. Newly constructed apartments have ADSL2 and VDSL connections, which have speeds up to 100M/100M. FTTH for last mile broadband of speeds up to 10G/10G. Business plans have speeds up to 10G/10G.
- HGC ADSL & VDSL & FTTH broadband of speeds up to 1G/1G.
- [1][permanent dead link] ADSL & VDSL broadband of speeds up to 10M/10M.
- HKBN Metro Ethernet (CAT-5E/FTTH for last mile) broadband of speeds up to 1G/1G.
- I-cable Broadband Cable HFC Broadband of speeds up to 200M/10M shared by one tower (tens of apartments) and FTTH Broadband of speeds up to 1G/1G.
Internet censorship in Hong Kong
editHong Kong law provides for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. Although freedom of expression is protected by the Hong Kong Bill of Rights, the Hong Kong national security law gives the government the power to "take down any electronic messages published" that the government considers endangering national security.[17][18] No government licenses are required to operate a website. Democratic activists claim central government authorities closely monitor their e-mails and Internet use.[19]
See also
edit
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References
edit
This article incorporates public domain material from "Hong Kong". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. Retrieved 3 July 2012. (Archived 2012 edition.)
- ^ "附 錄 A" [Appendix A] (PDF) (in Chinese). Retrieved 25 September 2016.
香港電視娛樂會在二零一七年三月三十一日或之前開設一條英語頻道，每日廣播合共17小時 (HK Television Entertainment will open an English language television channel on or before 31 March 2017. The channel will air programmes for 17 hours per day.)
- ^ "香港電訊指標". Office of the Communications Authority. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
- ^ "香港无线通信服务的主要统计数字" (PDF). Office of the Communications Authority. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
- ^ "Office of the Communications Authority - Choice of Service Providers". www.ofca.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ "Xiānggǎng diànxùn" 香港電訊 [Hong Kong Telecom] (PDF). hkt.com.
- ^ 2018 Annual Results Presentation (PDF). Hutchison Telecom Hong Kong Holdings. 28 February 2019.
- ^ "中國移動香港宣布客戶規模突破500萬". Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ SmarTone Telecommunications Holdings Limited (PDF). FY19 Interim Results Presentation. 30 January 2019.
- ^ 張雅婷 (5 October 2018). "中國聯通兩個月兩度死機 13.8萬客戶受影響 遭通訊局罰款16萬元". 香港01 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Retrieved 9 November 2019.
- ^ 經濟日報. "香港寬頻公布2019財政年度強勁業績 | 美通社 | 國際". 經濟日報 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
- ^ 區慶威 (29 January 2018). "【自由鳥Birdie】新電訊商登場 免費送SIM主打平價漫遊". 香港01. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
- ^ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000–2010", International Telecommunication Union, accessed 16 April 2012.
- ^ "Internet hosts" Archived 13 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, CIA World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, accessed 2 April 2012
- ^ Select Formats Archived 13 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
- ^ Fixed broadband subscriptions, International Telecommunication Union. Accessed on 8 April 2012.
- ^ Excluding subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile cellular networks, Definitions of World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators, March 2010 Archived 20 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, International Telecommunication Union. Accessed on 30 September 2011.
- ^ Hong Kong Bill of Rights Archived 25 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 8 June 1991, Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor, accessed 30 June 2012
- ^ "Hong Kong police granted sweeping powers under security law". Washington Post. 7 July 2020. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Hong Kong", 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Bureau of Democracy, Human rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 24 May 2012