Wikipedia

Croatian Wikipedia

The Croatian Wikipedia (Croatian: Wikipedija na hrvatskome jeziku) is the Croatian language version of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, started on 16 February 2003.[1] This version has 223,451 articles and a total of 7.06 million edits have been made. It has 321,167 registered users, out of which 480 have been active in the last 30 days, and 14 administrators. Throughout 2014, fewer than two dozen editors made more than 100 edits a month; around 150 made more than 5 edits a month.[2] As of July 2024, there were about 135 editors making at least 5 edits a month.[3] Around 750 articles are ranked as selected (Croatian: Izabrani članci).[4]

Favicon of Wikipedia Croatian Wikipedia
Screenshot
Croatian Wikipedia's Main Page on 17 January 2021
Type of site
Internet encyclopedia project
Available inCroatian
OwnerWikimedia Foundation
URLhr.wikipedia.org Edit this at Wikidata
CommercialNo
RegistrationOptional
Launched16 February 2003; 21 years ago (2003-02-16)

In the period from 2013 to 2021, the Croatian Wikipedia was caught in the spotlight for promoting far-right ideas, including anti-LGBT propaganda and bias against Serbs of Croatia by Holocaust revisionism, particularly negating or whitewashing the atrocities of the Ustaše regime.[5][6][7]

Apart from whitewashing the atrocities of World War II war criminals, the same has been done for contemporary Croatian politicians and public figures. Such falsified content on Croatian Wikipedia has been backed up by a wide range of dubious sources,[8][9] all of which were condemned by the Croatian government, media and historians.[10][11]

Several editor accounts involved in those actions on Croatian Wikipedia throughout the 2010s were either banned or demoted in 2021, when it was found that one of the most active administrators took control of the site with 80 sockpuppet accounts. The process also exposed the systemic issues of Wikipedia which have yet to be addressed.[12][13][14]

2011 reliability analysis

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In a study by Kubelka and Šoštarić from 2011, the reliability of the Croatian Wikipedia was compared to the Croatian Encyclopedia – the Croatian national encyclopedia.[15] Twenty-four reviewers, experts in specific fields, analyzed a representative selection of articles according to the parameters of informativeness, accuracy of presented information, sufficiency, direction and objectivity. Articles were analyzed in 11 thematic categories: arts and culture; history and biographies; medicine and health; technology and applied science; geography; religion; science; mathematics and logic; philosophy; sport and society; and social sciences. Articles were sorted into categories using machine learning techniques, and feature weight statistics were calculated using tf–idf. A total of 500 articles in 250 pairs were randomly chosen and sorted into categories to serve as representative samples.[16]

In both samples, facts were manually enumerated – 3015 from the Croatian Encyclopedia and 3315 from Croatian Wikipedia. Comparison for factual accuracy showed that for every error in the Croatian Encyclopedia, 2.25 errors were found in Croatian Wikipedia.[17] Analysis by individual categories showed that most errors in Croatian Wikipedia were in the philosophy category, where on average two errors in ten articles were found. The only category where the Croatian Encyclopedia had more errors was natural sciences, where the ratio was 1.25:0.75 in favor of Croatian Wikipedia.[18] Of those factual errors, the ratio was 21:12 for major errors, and 34:23 for minor errors. The overall ratio for minor factual errors was thus lower, the only exception being the society and social sciences category, where the minor error ratio was 3:1.

The reliability analysis for Croatian Wikipedia indicated that 74% of articles were error-free, and 11% had minor errors. Major factual errors were found in 5% of articles, while 4% of articles had both major and minor errors. Overall 85% of articles were deemed "satisfactory" (error-free and containing minor errors), while in comparison 92% of articles in the Croatian Encyclopedia achieved the same rating.[19] Forty percent of articles in Croatian Wikipedia were assessed as sufficiently informative, as opposed to sixty-two percent of articles in the Croatian Encyclopedia. Sixteen percent of Croatian Wikipedia articles were assessed as "insufficiently informative", as opposed to five percent of articles from the Croatian Encyclopedia.[20] The criterion of objectivity measured the neutral point of view in articles; 91% of Croatian Wikipedia articles were assessed as being neutral, as opposed to 98% in the Croatian Encyclopedia. Two percent of Croatian Wikipedia articles were assessed as non-neutral, as opposed to zero in the Croatian Encyclopedia.[20] According to their subjective preference, reviewers chose 53% of articles in the Croatian Encyclopedia as their preferred article version, while only 19.5% of Wikipedia articles were preferred, with 27% of articles being assessed as equal in quality.[21]

Controversy about right-wing bias

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See also: Far-right politics in Croatia

Media reports about bias

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Croatian Wikipedia sitenotice that translates to "official and public refutation of yellow journalism by Jutarnji list"

In September 2013, complaints about right-wing bias of administrators and editors on the Croatian Wikipedia began to receive attention from the media, following the launch of a Facebook page titled Razotkrivanje sramotne hr.wikipedije (Exposing the disgraceful Croatian Wikipedia) which was created with the intent of bringing attention to the issue. According to Jurica Pavičić, a professor at the University of Split and Jutarnji list columnist, the gradual takeover of the Croatian Wikipedia was started in 2009 by "a small group of conservative administrators" who blocked editors for having "liberal-to-moderate views on controversial topics".[22][8] Reported examples of bias include historical negationism such as watering-down and denial of the crimes committed by the Ustashe regime, and equating anti-fascism with forms of totalitarianism.[23] Other issues included the bias against Serbs of Croatia and the LGBT population.[24][25] Editors who tried to remove the biased sections were reportedly being harassed by administrators and quickly received permanent blocks under various pretexts.[26] The issue was reported by Croatia's daily Jutarnji list and even made its print edition's front page on 11 September 2013.[27]

Government reaction

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Two days later, Croatia's Minister of Science, Education and Sports, Željko Jovanović, called for pupils and students in Croatia to avoid using the Croatian Wikipedia.[28] In an interview given to Novi list, Jovanović said that:[28]

the idea of openness and relevance as a knowledge source that Wikipedia could and should represent has been completely discredited – which, for certain, has never been the goal of Wikipedia's creators nor the huge number of people around the world who share their knowledge and time using that medium. Croatian pupils and students have been wronged by this, so we have to warn them, unfortunately, that a large part of the content of the Croatian version of Wikipedia is not only dubious but also [contains] obvious forgeries, and therefore we invite them to use more reliable sources of information, which include Wikipedia in English and in other major languages of the world.

Jovanović also commented on the Croatian Wikipedia editors – calling them a "minority group that has usurped the right to edit the Croatian-language Wikipedia".[28] Wikipedia's co-founder Jimmy Wales said that complaints about the bias of the Croatian Wikipedia were "nothing new", but that Jovanović's denunciation was alarming. Wales also reiterated his opinion that the existence of separate Croatian and Serbian Wikipedias is wrong, as they "in fact use the same language".[29]

Interviews with historians

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In 2013, in an interview given to Index.hr, Robert Kurelić, a professor of history at the Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, commented that "the Croatian Wikipedia is only a tool used by its administrators to promote their own political agendas, giving false and distorted facts".[11] Some examples he listed include the Croatian Wikipedia's coverage of the term Istrijanstvo (Istrian identity), defined as a "movement fabricated to reduce the number of Croats", and antifašizam (anti-fascism), which according to him was defined as the opposite of what it really means. Kurelić further advised,[11]

that it would be good if a larger number of people got engaged and started writing on Wikipedia [...] administrators want to exploit high-school and university students, the most common users of Wikipedia, to change their opinions and attitudes, which presents a serious issue.

Also in 2013, Snježana Koren, a historian at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, judged the disputed articles as "biased and malicious, partly even illiterate", in an interview with Croatian news agency HINA.[30] She further added that "These are the types of articles you can find on the pages of fringe organizations and movements, but there should be no place for that on Wikipedia", expressing doubts on the ability of its authors to distinguish good from evil.[30] Koren concluded that the ulterior motive of such writings was to rehabilitate the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of Nazi Germany, and that "there is no other way to characterize such efforts than as Ustashe movement".[30]

The Croatian Wikipedia page on the Jasenovac concentration camp was regarded as a prime example of its historical negationism and distortions.[31] The Croatian version of the page referred to the WWII Jasenovac concentration camp as a "collection camp" and labour camp, downplayed the crimes committed there as well as the number of victims, and relied on "right-wing media and private blogs" for "a large number" of its references.[5] Hrvoje Klasić, also a historian at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, stated to the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network in 2018 that "although Jasenovac was in part a labour camp, referring to it as that alone is misleading", arguing that "referring to Jasenovac as simply a collection and labour camp is to use 'the same language' as Ustasa propaganda", and also added that "a number of articles and topics are done in a completely revisionist manner [on the Croatian Wikipedia], with highly emphasised nationalist and, I would dare to say, pro-Ustasa sentiment".[5][32]

Disinformation assessment by Wikimedia Foundation

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The final assessment, June 2021[12]

In 2021, the Wikimedia Foundation posted a job ad for a disinformation evaluator position, with the aim to further examine disputed content on the Croatian Wikipedia.[33][better source needed] In March 2021, a number of changes were made to remove administrative access from a group of editors considered responsible for the entire affair,[further explanation needed] some of whom had their names published in Croatian media.[10][better source needed] One of these was exposed to be a known far-right web portal editor, who passed off his self-published materials as "reliable sources" on Croatian Wikipedia.[34] In April 2021, an article was published by the Western Balkans edition of Radio Free Europe stating how the situation of the Croatian-language Wikipedia has finally changed and that the correction of problematic articles was in progress.[35] Editing activity picked up from 2020 through early 2022, with over 200 editors making at least 5 edits a month. As of July 2024, there were about 135 editors making at least 5 edits a month.[3]

In June 2021, Wikimedia published its Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment. It concluded that "A group of Croatian language Wikipedia (Hr.WP) admins held undue de facto control over the project at least from 2011 to 2020.[12] During that time, the group intentionally distorted the content presented in Croatian language Wikipedia articles in a way that matched the narratives of political organisations and groups that can broadly be defined as the Croatian radical right."[12] According to the assessment, the administrators had abused their power to ban dissidents and selectively enforced and broke rules, resulting in project capture.[12]

References

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  1. ^ "Glavna stranica". Wikipedia (in Croatian). Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  2. ^ "Wikipedia Statistics Croatian". stats.wikimedia.org. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  3. ^ a b "Wikistats - Statistics For Wikimedia Projects". stats.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  4. ^ "Izabrani članci". Croatian Wikipedia (in Croatian). Wikimedia Foundation. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  5. ^ a b c
  6. ^ Grabowski, Jan; Klein, Shira (9 February 2023). "Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust". The Journal of Holocaust Research: 133–190. doi:10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939. ISSN 2578-5648. Retrieved 14 October 2024. [...] a group of committed Wikipedia editors have been promoting a skewed version of history [...] Wikipedia's articles on the Holocaust in Poland [...] insinuate that most Jews supported Communism and conspired with Communists to betray Poles (Żydokomuna or Judeo–Bolshevism), blame Jews for their own persecution, and inflate Jewish collaboration with the Nazis [...] It would also behoove the Wikimedia Foundation to look into the wide-scale distortion on the English Wikipedia, as it did recently in the case of the Croatian Wikipedia.
  7. ^ "The shocking truth about Wikipedia's Holocaust disinformation". The Forward. 14 June 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2024. To our dismay, we found dozens of examples of Holocaust distortion [...] advanced a Polish nationalist narrative [...] People who read these pages learned about [...] Jews supporting the communists to betray Poles. A handful of distortions have been corrected since our publication, but many remain [...] Wikimedia Foundation needs to intervene, as it has already done to stem disinformation in Chinese Wikipedia, Saudi Wikipedia and Croatian Wikipedia, with excellent results. It must do so in English Wikipedia as well. |"Exposing the Holocaust Lies on the Dark Side of Wikipedia". Chapman University News. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
  8. ^ a b Dewey, Caitlin (4 August 2014). "Men's rights activists think a "hateful" feminist conspiracy is ruining Wikipedia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  9. ^ "Što nas Wikipedia uči o medijskoj pismenosti: Kako su pali Daily Mail, Breitbart i InfoWars". Faktograf.hr (in Croatian). 18 October 2018.
  10. ^ a b Jarić Dauenahuer, Nenad (23 March 2021). "Hrvatska Wikipedija konačno prestaje biti ustaško ruglo". Index.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  11. ^ a b c "Jovanovićeva poruka učenicima i studentima: Ne koristite hrvatsku Wikipediju!" [Jovanović's message to pupils and students: Don't use Croatian Wikipedia!]. Index.hr (in Croatian). 13 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment-2021 – Meta". Meta Wikimedia. Retrieved 14 June 2021. Many articles created and edited by the members of this group present the views that match political and socio-cultural positions advocated by a loosely connected group of Croatian radical right political parties and ultra-conservative populist movements. The group has been using its positions of power to attract new like-minded contributors, silence and ban dissenters, manipulate community elections and subvert Wikipedia's and the broader movement's native conflict resolution mechanisms.
  13. ^ "Wikimedia bans admin of Wikipedia Croatia for pushing radical right agendas". therecord.media. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  14. ^ Krnić, Lovro. "Početak kraja Endehapedije". Portal Novosti. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  15. ^ Kubelka & Šoštarić 2013.
  16. ^ Kubelka & Šoštarić 2013, p. 124-125.
  17. ^ Kubelka & Šoštarić 2013, p. 127.
  18. ^ Kubelka & Šoštarić 2013, p. 128.
  19. ^ Kubelka & Šoštarić 2013, p. 129.
  20. ^ a b Kubelka & Šoštarić 2013, p. 130.
  21. ^ Kubelka & Šoštarić 2013, p. 131.
  22. ^ Sampson, Tim (1 October 2013). "How pro-fascist ideologues are rewriting Croatia's history". dailydot.com. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  23. ^ "Fascist movement takes over Croatian Wikipedia?". InSerbia News. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  24. ^ Trolls hijack Wikipedia to turn articles against gays Archived 2018-07-08 at the Wayback Machine, Gay Star News
  25. ^ Tko prepravlja LGBT Hrvatsku na Wikipediji?
  26. ^ "Kako je hrvatsku Wikipediju uzurpirala ustašoidna desnica" [How did pro-Ustasha right-wing editors take Croatian Wikipedia]. Tportal (in Croatian). 11 September 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  27. ^ "Desničari preuzeli uređivanje hrvatske Wikipedije" [Right-wing editors took over the Croatian Wikipedia]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 10 September 2013. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  28. ^ a b c "Jovanović: Djeco, ne baratajte hrvatskom Wikipedijom jer su sadržaji falsificirani" [Jovanović: "Children, do not use the Croatian Wikipedia because its contents are forgeries"]. Novi list (in Croatian). 13 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  29. ^ Penić, Goran (14 September 2013). "Osnivač Wikipedije govori za Nedjeljni: 'Srbi i Hrvati ne smiju imati odvojene Wikipedije'" [Wikipedia Founder Talks to Sunday News: 'Serbs and Croats must not have separate Wikipedias']. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 8 April 2020. Wales je u raspravi iznio zanimljiv, ali i kontroverzan stav oko hrvatske i srpske Wikipedije. On se, kaže, oduvijek zalagao da na području Balkana ne trebaju postojati dvije odvojene Wikipedije, srpska i hrvatska, jer da je zapravo riječ o istom jeziku, samo drugačijem pismu. [During the argument, Wales made an interesting, but controversial point about the Croatian and Serbian Wikipedias. He says he has always supported the idea of not having two separate Wikipedias, a Serbian and a Croatian one, in the Balkans region, as they in fact use the same language, albeit with different scripts.]
  30. ^ a b c "Hr.wikipedija pod povećalom zbog falsificiranja hrvatske povijesti" [Croatian Wikipedia under scrutiny for fabricating Croatian history]. Novi list (in Croatian). HINA. 15 September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  31. ^ "Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion". International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). Retrieved 17 October 2024. Distortion of the Holocaust refers, inter alia, to:
  32. ^
  33. ^ "Wikipedija u obračunu s dezinformacijama na hrvatskom: Objavili oglas za novo radno mjesto". tportal.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  34. ^ Krnić, Lovro (16 March 2021). "Početak kraja Endehapedije". Novosti (in Croatian). Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  35. ^ Zebić, Enis (6 April 2021). "Demontaža revizionističkih sadržaja u hrvatskoj Wikipediji" [The dismantling of revisionist content on Croatian Wikipedia]. slobodnaevropa.org (in Serbo-Croatian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 27 July 2024.

Further reading

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