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Cuerda seca

Cuerda seca (Spanish for "dry cord") is a technique used when applying coloured glazes to ceramic surfaces.

Tile from Isfahan in Iran, 17th century

Description

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When different coloured glazes are applied to a ceramic surface, the glazes have a tendency to run together during the firing process. In the cuerda seca technique, the water-soluble glazes are separated on the surface by thin lines of a greasy substance to prevent them running out of their delineated areas. A dark pigment such as manganese carbonate is usually mixed with the grease to produce a dark line around each coloured area.[1]

History

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The origin of the technique is not known for certain. Many scholars believe that the cuerda seca technique originated primarily in al-Andalus (Islamic Spain and Portugal) in the second half of the 10th century, during the Umayyad period (citing Umayyad-era examples from Suza).[2][3][4][5] Scholar Juan Zozaya argues that the advent of this style in al-Andalus could have been spurred by Chinese ceramics which were imported to the region from an early period.[6] The technique was further advanced during the Taifas period in the 11th century.[3] Preserved fragments of tiles from the late 12th-century minaret of the Kasbah Mosque in Marrakesh, Morocco, have been cited as the earliest surviving example of cuerda seca tilework being used for architectural decoration.[5]

In Central Asia, tiles were manufactured using the cuerda seca technique from the second half of the 14th century.[7] Hans Van Lemmen postulates that these tiles, from the Timurid period (late 14th to 15th centuries), were "earliest development of cuerda seca".[8] The introduction of different coloured glazes is recorded in the mausoleums of the Shah-i-Zinda necropolis in Samarkand. In the 1360s the colours were restricted to white, turquoise and cobalt blue but by 1386 the palette had been expanded to include yellow, light-green and unglazed red.[9] Large quantities of cuerda seca tiles were produced during the Timurid (1370–1507) and Safavid (1501–1736) periods.[10]

In the 15th century Persian potters from Tabriz introduced the technique into Turkey and were responsible for decorating the Yeşil Mosque in Bursa (1419-1424).[11] Within the Ottoman Empire cuerda seca tilework fell out of fashion in the 1550s and new imperial buildings were decorated with underglaze-painted tiles from İznik. The last building in Istanbul to include cuerda seca tilework was the Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque which was designed in 1555 but only completed in 1572.[12][13]

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    Pitcher in cuerda seca style from Susa in Iran, 8th-9th century
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    Cuerda seca tile from the Alcazar of Seville, 12th-13th century
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    Tiles in the Green Mosque, Bursa, c. 1420
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    Details of the Green Tomb in Bursa
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    Tile from Khargird in Iran, mid 15th century
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    Ottoman tile, Istanbul, first half 16th century
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    Dish from Seville in Spain, early 16th century

Notes

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  1. ^ Campbell 2006.
  2. ^ Soustiel, Jean (1985). La céramique islamique : le guide du connaisseur. Fribourg: Office du livre. ISBN 271910213X.
  3. ^ a b Pérez-Arantegui, Josefina; Soto, Mercedes; Castillo, Juan Ramon (1999). "Examination of the cuerda seca decoration technique on Islamic ceramics from al-Andalus (Spain)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 26 (8): 935–941. Bibcode:1999JArSc..26..935P. doi:10.1006/jasc.1999.0400.
  4. ^ Chapoulie, R.; Delery, C.; Daniel, F.; Vendrell-Saz, M. (2005). "Cuerda seca ceramics from al-Andalus, Islamic Spain and Portugal (10th−12th centuries AD): investigation with SEM–EDX and cathodoluminescence". Archaeometry. 47 (3): 519–534. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00217.x.
  5. ^ a b Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014). Le Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne. Paris: Louvre éditions. p. 332. ISBN 9782350314907.
  6. ^ Zozaya, Juan (2016). "Eastern Influences in al-Andalus". In Marin, Manuela (ed.). The Formation of al-Andalus, Part 1: History and Society. Routledge. p. 463. ISBN 978-1-351-88961-2.
  7. ^ Porter 1995, p. 18.
  8. ^ Lemmen, Hans Van (2013-10-22). 5000 Years of Tiles. Smithsonian Institution. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-58834-398-7.
  9. ^ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 373, fn 23.
  10. ^ Porter 1995, p. 20.
  11. ^ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 83.
  12. ^ Atasoy & Raby 1989, p. 220.
  13. ^ Necipoğlu 2005, pp. 377–384.

Sources

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  • Atasoy, Nurhan; Raby, Julian (1989). Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey. London: Alexandra Press. ISBN 978-1-85669-054-6.
  • Campbell, Gordon, ed. (2006). "Cuerda seca and cuenca tiles". The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-19-518948-3.
  • Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-253-9.
  • Porter, Venetia (1995). Islamic Tiles. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-7141-1456-9.

Further reading

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