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Demetrius the Fair

Demetrius the Fair or the Handsome (Greek: Δημήτριος ὁ Καλός, c. 285 BC–249 BC), known in modern ancient historical sources as Demetrius of Cyrene, was a Hellenistic king of Cyrene, who succeeded Magas I.

Demetrius the Fair
Basileus
King of Cyrene
Reign250–249 BC[1]
PredecessorMagas and Berenice II
SuccessorBerenice II and a republican government
Co-regentBerenice II
Bornc.285 BC
Macedon
Died249 BC[2]
Cyrene
SpouseOlympias, Berenice II
Issue
HouseAntigonid dynasty, Ptolemaic dynasty (by marriage)
FatherDemetrius of Macedon

Family

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Demetrius was of Macedonian ancestry. He was surnamed The Fair, because he was considered gorgeous by many of his contemporaries. He was born and raised in Macedonia. Demetrius was named after his father and was the youngest of the children of King Demetrius I of Macedon and his wife, Ptolemais. Demetrius I married Ptolemais as his fifth wife around 287 BC/286 BC in Miletus, while this was Ptolemais’ first marriage. Demetrius was the only child born into the marriage, as his father died shortly thereafter, in 283 BC. From his father's previous marriages, Demetrius had various paternal half siblings, who included king Antigonus II Gonatas, as well as Stratonice of Syria, princess and later Queen of the Seleucid Empire.

Demetrius’ maternal grandfather was the first Greek-Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy I Soter. Among his maternal aunts were Queen Arsinoe II of Egypt and among his maternal uncles were Pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Macedonian King Ptolemy Keraunos (Keraunos was Ptolemais’ full blooded brother). Pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes was a maternal cousin. His paternal grandparents were Macedonian king Antigonus I Monophthalmus and Stratonice, while his paternal uncle was the general Philip.

Cyrenaica

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Berenice II was the daughter of Magas of Cyrene and became the wife of Demetrius, thus giving him the throne of Cyrenaica.

Not much is known about him until 249 BC. Greek Cyrenaean king Magas of Cyrene died in 249 BC or 250 BC. His widow was the powerful Greek monarch Apama II. She was Demetrius' niece through his paternal half sister Stratonice of Syria and her husband Antiochus I Soter of the Seleucid Empire.

Apama summoned Demetrius from Macedonia. She offered her daughter with Magas (her only child) Berenice II in marriage to Demetrius. Demetrius in return would become King of Cyrenaica and protect Cyrenaica from the Ptolemaic dynasty. Demetrius agreed to Apama's request and married Berenice. When he married Berenice and became king, there was no opposition in his rise to the throne, but he became ambitious to the point of recklessness.

Sometime after his marriage to Berenice, Demetrius and Apama became lovers. Jealous of her husband's affair with her mother, Berenice argued with both of them and consented to the assassination of Demetrius, who died in Apama's arms. The poem Coma Berenices by Greek poet Callimachus (lost, but known in a Latin translation or paraphrase by Catullus), apparently refers to her coup against Demetrius: "Let me remind you how stout-hearted you were even as a young girl: have you forgotten the brave deed by which you gained a royal marriage?"

First marriage and children

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Demetrius's first marriage was to an Olympias, a Greek noblewoman from Larissa, the daughter of a nobleman, Polycletus or Polyclitus of Larissa. She probably died before 249 BC. Their children were Antigonus III Doson, the later Macedonian King, and Echecrates, a nobleman about whom not much is known apart from the fact that he had a son whom he named after his brother Antigonus. A few months before his paternal second cousin King Philip V of Macedon’s death, Echecrates' son Antigonus revealed to Philip that Philip's son, the prince Perseus of Macedon, had made false accusations against his brother, Philip's other son, Demetrius, whom Philip had then had put to death. Philip, indignant at Perseus’ conduct appointed Antigonus as his successor. When Philip died in 179 BC and Antigonus became king, Perseus ousted Antigonus and had him executed.

Ancestry

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Hölbl, Günther (2001). A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. Psychology Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-415-20145-2.
  2. ^ Branko van Oppen de Ruiter (2016-02-03). Berenice II Euergetis: Essays in Early Hellenistic Queenship. Springer. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-137-49462-7. She reckons that Ptolemy III married Berenice II in Cyrene, after the death of Demetrius (249 BCE), which would spread the births of their children over two or three more years.

Sources

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Demetrius the Fair
 Died: 249 BC
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Cyrene
250 BC – 249 BC 		Vacant
Republic, under Ptolemaic rule from 246 BC
Title next held by
Ptolemy VIII Physcon
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