Ephraim Chambers (c. 1680 – 15 May 1740) was an English writer and encyclopaedist, who is primarily known for producing the Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.[1] Chambers' Cyclopædia is known as the original source material for the French Encyclopédie that started off as a translation of Cyclopædia.[2]
Ephraim Chambers | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1680 Kendal, Westmorland, England |
| Died | 15 May 1740 (aged 59–60) Islington, England |
| Occupation | Encyclopaedist, publisher |
| Genre | Non-fiction |
Biography
editChambers was born in Milton near Kendal, Westmorland, England. Little is known of his early life but he attended Heversham Grammar School,[3] then was apprenticed to a globe maker, John Senex, in London from 1714 to 1721. It was here that he developed the plan of the Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. After beginning the Cyclopaedia, he left Senex's service and devoted himself entirely to the encyclopedia project.[4] He also took lodging in Gray's Inn, where he remained for the rest of his life.[5] Chambers died in Canonbury House in Islington and was buried in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey.[5][6]
Writing
editThe first edition of the Cyclopaedia appeared by subscription in 1728 and was dedicated to George II, King of Great Britain.[4] When he died in 1740, he left materials for a Supplement; edited by George Lewis Scott, this was published in 1753.[7]
He also wrote for, and possibly edited, the Literary Magazine (1735–1736), which mainly published book reviews. Chambers worked on translating other works in French on perspective and chemistry from 1726 to 1727, including the Practice of Perspective from the French of Jean Dubreuil. He also worked with John Martyn to translate the History and Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris (1742).[5][8]
Legacy
editChambers' epitaph, written by himself, was published in both the original Latin and in English in the Gentleman's Magazine, volume 10, as follows (translation is the original):
Multis pervulgatus
paucis notus
Qui vitam inter lucem et umbram
Nec eruditus nec idiota
Literis deditus transegit, sed ut homo
Qui humani nihil a se alienum putat
Vita simul et laboribus functus
Hic requiescere voluit
EPHRAIM CHAMBERS.
In English thus:
Heard of by many,
Known to few,
Who led a Life between Fame and Obscurity
Neither abounding nor deficient in Learning
Devoted to Study, but as a Man
Who thinks himself bound to all Offices of Humanity,
Having finished his Life and Labours together,
Here desires to rest
EPHRAIM CHAMBERS.
The Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert owed its inception to a French translation of Chambers's work.
See also
edit- Chambers's Encyclopaedia – a work by different authors
Notes
edit- ^ Robert Lewis Collison reminds us that Chambers attained the distinction of "father of the modern encyclopaedia throughout the world." (Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages, 2nd ed., p. 103, Hafner, New York & London, 1966.) cited in University of Wisconsin
- ^ Yeo, Richard (2003). "A Solution to the Multitude of Books: Ephraim Chambers's "Cyclopaedia" (1728) as "The Best Book in the Universe"". Journal of the History of Ideas. 64 (1): 63. doi:10.2307/3654296. ISSN 0022-5037. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
- ^ Humber, R. D. (1968). Heversham: The Story of a Westmorland School and Village. Kendal, England: Titus Wilson & Son.
- ^ a b Chisholm 1911.
- ^ a b c Espinasse, Francis (1887). "Ephraim Chambers". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 10. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 16–17.
- ^ Chalmers, Alexander (1812). George Lewis Scott in Chalmer's Biography, Volume 9. London: J. Nichols and Son. pp. 86–87.
- ^ Chalmers, Alexander (1813). George Lewis Scott in Chalmer's Biography, Volume 27. Nichols, Son & Bentley. p. 272.
- ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 820, lines six and seven "...and translated the History and Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris (1742)"
References
edit- Bradshaw, Lael Ely. "Ephraim Chambers' Cyclopaedia." In: Notable Encyclopedias of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: Nine Predecessors of the Encyclopédie. Ed. Frank Kafker. Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation, 1981. 123–137.
- "Mr. Ephraim Chambers." The Gentleman's Magazine v. 10 (May 1740): p. 262.
- Harris, Michael. "Chambers, Ephraim (1680?–1740)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5070. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Attribution:
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chambers, Ephraim". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 820.
External links
edit- Chambers' Cyclopaedia, digitized and placed online by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center
- cyclopaedia.org