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The Federation of Damanhur, often called simply Damanhur, is a federation of self sustaining communities, ecovillage, situated in the Piedmont region of northern Italy about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of the city of Turin. It is located in the foothills of the Alps in the Chiusella Valley, bordering on the Gran Paradiso National Park. The community has its own constitution[1] and currency, the Credito.
 | |
| Formation | 1975 |
|---|---|
| Type | New Religious Movement |
| Headquarters | Vidracco, Piedmont, Italy. |
| Coordinates | 45°25′01″N 7°44′51″E / 45.416915°N 7.747598°E |
Founder | Oberto Airaudi |
Damanhur is named after the Egyptian city of Damanhur which was the site of a temple dedicated to Horus. A school for alchemists in Egypt.
It was founded in 1975 by Oberto Airaudi with 12 of his close friends, and by year 2000 the number had grown to 800.[citation needed]
The Federation of Damanhur has communities and centers in Europe, America, Australia and Japan.
The Temples of Humankind are a collection of subterranean temples built by the citizens of the Federation of Damanhur, and they are some of the largest underground temples in the world.[2]
Life at Damanhur
edit
The constitution began with 3 bodies of Damanhur: The School of Meditation (ritual tradition) Social (social theory, social realization) and The Game of Life (experimentation and dynamics, life as a game, change). A fourth body was recently added, Technarcate (individual inner refinement).
Citizens participate in one of 4 levels, depending on their desired involvement: A, B, C, or D. Class A citizens share all resources and live on site full-time. Class B citizens contribute to financial goals and live on site a minimum of 3 days a week. Class C and D citizens live anywhere. (page 102, Merrifield, 2006) Class A & B citizens participate fully in The School of Meditation, Social, and the Game of Life. Class C citizens participate fully in The School of Meditation.
Citizens participate in one of several ways, depending on their personal nature. Ways include the Way of the Oracle, the Way of the Monk, the Way of the Knight, the Way of Health, the Way of the Word, the Way of Art & Work, and many others. Most citizens live in houses of 10-20 people each, federated together into the Federation of Damanhur.
Marriage works on a renewal basis, for a period of so many years before renewal. Conception is timed for auspicious birthdays of children.
From 1983 onwards, members have assumed animal names (Sparrow, Prawn, Mole, etc.).[3]
Controversy
editSince May 2009, a website called Damanhur Inside Out has hosted anonymous testimonials from people claiming to be ex-members of the Damanhur community, and articles relating to legal controversy around the Foundation and its founder.[4] In the 2007 assessment of Patrizia Santovecchi, the President of the National Psychological Abuses Observatory (Osservatorio Nazionale Abusi Psicologici, O.N.A.P.), Damanhur shares characteristics typical of psychologically abusive cults. These characteristics include barriers to leaving freely, siege syndrome, in which outsiders are portrayed as enemies constituted by negative energies; suppression of criticism, imposition of obedience, estrangement from family members, depersonalization, and submission to the will of the guru.[5] A 2018 analysis of interviews with ex-members echoed these themes, showing that their process of disillusionment with and departure from the community usually took several years and could be "torturous".[6] Damanhur have publicly responded to criticism by describing themselves as an "ethical cult".[7] Academics have noted that Damanhur has undergone changes since the death of the founder in 2013, and become more outward-facing.[8] Websites have become an important means by which the Foundation is "advertising and legitimizing" itself as an 'Exemplary Utopia'.[9]
Notes
edit- ^ "Constitution". Damanhur Spiritual Community. 2019-06-11. Retrieved 2024-07-30.
- ^ Valerio Maggio (27 Jul 2023). "Damanhur: The world's largest underground temple" (Video (5:17)). BBC Reel.
- ^ Utopian Dreams, Tobias Jones, 2007, Faber and Faber Ltd, p 29.
- ^ "Damanhur Inside Out".
- ^ "InfoTdGeova.it :: Analisi critica di un culto :: Leggi e sentenze". infotdgeova.it. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
- ^ "Taking leave of Damanhur. Deconversion from a magico-esoteric community" (PDF).
- ^ "Who is scared of cults?". 6 September 2022.
- ^ Palmisano, Stefania; Pannofino, Nicola (26 November 2022). Damanhur: An Esoteric Community Open to the World. Springer. ISBN 978-3-031-10137-3.
- ^ Palmisano, Stefania; Pannofino, Nicola Luciano (2019). "Damanhur, an Exemplary Utopia". International Journal for the Study of New Religions. 5: 27–50. doi:10.1558/ijsnr.v5i1.27. S2CID 144769975.
References
edit- Merrifield, Jeff (1998). Damanhur: The Real Dream. London: Thorsons. ISBN 0722534965. OCLC 647069892.
- Merrifield, Jeff (2006). Damanhur: The Story of the Extraordinary Italian Artistic Community. Santa Cruz: Hanford Mead Publishers. ISBN 1592750109. OCLC 63116828.
- Ananas, Esperide (2006). Damanhur: Temples of Humankind. New York: CoSM Press. ISBN 1556435770. OCLC 62172760.
- Robertson, Ross (April 2007). "Atlantis in the Mountains of Italy". What Is Enlightenment?. No. 36. pp. 94–110. Archived from the original on 2010-08-21.