Wikipedia

First Conte government

The first Conte government was the 65th government of the Italian Republic.[1] It was led by Giuseppe Conte, an independent, and it was in office from 1 June 2018 to 5 September 2019.

First Conte government

65th Cabinet of Italy
Date formed1 June 2018 (2018-06-01)
Date dissolved5 September 2019 (2019-09-05) (462 days)
People and organisations
Head of stateSergio Mattarella
Head of governmentGiuseppe Conte
Deputy head of governmentLuigi Di Maio
Matteo Salvini
No. of ministers19 (incl. Prime Minister)
Ministers removed1 resigned
Total no. of members20 (incl. Prime Minister)
Member partiesM5S, Lega
Status in legislatureCoalition (Majority)
Chamber of Deputies
348 / 630 (55%)
Senate
167 / 321 (52%)
Opposition partiesPD, FI, FdI, LeU
History
Election2018 election
Legislature termXVIII Legislature (2018–2022)
Incoming formation2018 government formation
PredecessorGentiloni government
SuccessorSecond Conte government

The cabinet was formed by a coalition between the Five Star Movement and the League, but it also contained some independents proposed by each party (including the Prime Minister). It was referred to as the "government of change" (Italian: governo del cambiamento) after the name of the political agreement signed by the two parties,[2][3] or the "yellow-green government" (governo gialloverde), based on their customary colours,[4] even if the League originally preferred "yellow-blue government" (governo gialloblu), due to its new campaign colour under Salvini's leadership.[5]

The government has often been described as "populist" (the first of that kind in Europe according to several sources)[6][7] and its policies (and more specifically those of the League) have been described by Italian newspapers as "souverainist".[8][9][10][11]

Supporting parties

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The government is supported and most of its members are provided by the two following parties.

Party Main ideology Leader
Five Star Movement (M5S) Populism, direct democracy Luigi Di Maio
League (Lega) Right-wing populism, federalism Matteo Salvini

At its birth, the government was also supported by the Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE), five deputies and two senators previously expelled from the M5S, one dissident senator from the South American Union Italian Emigrants (USEI)[12] who later joined the MAIE and one deputy of Forza Italia (FI) who sarcastically voted in favour of it.[13] Ricardo Merlo, the leader of MAIE, was also named Undersecretary to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 12 June 2018. The government is also supported by the National Movement for Sovereignty, the Sardinian Action Party and the Italian Liberal Party (whose senators sit in the League group).

Brothers of Italy (FdI),[14] the parties representing linguistic minorities (Valdostan Union, South Tyrolean People's Party and Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party) and one deputy from USEI do not support the government, but affirmed their willingness to vote for measures that reflect their respective ideologies.[15]

History

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Background and formation

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See also: 2018 Italian general election and 2018 Italian government formation
 
Giuseppe Conte with President Sergio Mattarella at the Quirinal Palace

The March 2018 general election resulted in a hung parliament.[16] The Five Star Movement (M5S) led by Luigi Di Maio resulted as the party with the largest number of votes and parliamentary seats, whereas the centre-right coalition in which Matteo Salvini's League emerged as the main political force won a plurality of seats both in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate. The centre-left coalition, built around the Democratic Party (PD) led by former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, came third.[17]

On 9 May, after weeks of political deadlock and failing attempts to form a cabinet, including possible M5S–Centre-right and M5S–PD coalitions, Di Maio and Salvini officially requested President Sergio Mattarella to concede them 24 hours more to strike a government agreement between their two parties.[18] In the evening, Silvio Berlusconi publicly announced that Forza Italia (FI) would not support a M5S–League government on a vote of confidence, but it would still maintain the centre-right alliance nonetheless, thus opening the door to a possible majority government between the two parties.[19]

On 13 May, the M5S and the League reached an agreement on a government program, however they did not find an agreement regarding their proposal for the Prime Minister and the Ministers. M5S and League leaders met with President Mattarella on 14 May and asked for an additional week of negotiations.[20] Both parties announced they would ask their respective members to vote on the government agreement by the following weekend.[21][22]

On 21 May, private law professor and M5S advisor Giuseppe Conte was proposed by Di Maio and Salvini for the role of Prime Minister.[23][24][25] Despite reports in the media suggesting that President Mattarella had significant reservations about the direction of the new government,[26] Conte was invited at the Quirinal Palace to receive the presidential mandate to form a new cabinet on 23 May.[27][28] In his statement after the appointment, Conte said that he would be the "defense attorney of Italian people".[29] The next day, Conte held talks with all the parliamentary parties, but the government formation was soon stuck on the appointment of Paolo Savona as Minister of Economy and Finance, which was unfavoured by President Mattarella,[30] who considered his alleged support for Italy's covert exit from the euro as an overwhelming risk for the country's economy. On 27 May, President Mattarella refused to appoint Savona, and Conte renounced his task after days of negotiation and an ultimatum by the two party leaders on Savona's nomination.[31][32][33]

 
The government at the Quirinal Palace for the oath

On 28 May, President Mattarella summoned Carlo Cottarelli (a former director of the International Monetary Fund) and gave him the task to form a new government.[34][35] On the same day, the PD announced that it would abstain from voting the confidence to Cottarelli while the M5S, the League, FI and the Brothers of Italy (FdI) announced that they would have voted against.[36][37] Cottarelli was expected to submit his list of ministers for approval to President Mattarella on 29 May. However, he held only informal consultations with the President on 29 and 30 May, awaiting the possible formation of a "political government".[38][39] Meanwhile, Di Maio and Salvini announced their willingness to restart negotiations to form a "political" government and Giorgia Meloni (FdI leader) gave them her support.[38][39][40]

On 31 May, the M5S and the League announced their new agreement on a Conte-led government with Giovanni Tria as Minister of Economy and Finance and Savona as Minister of European Affairs.[41][42] Subsequently, President Mattarella summoned for the second time Conte, who announced the list of ministers.[43][44] On 1 June, Prime Minister Conte and his ministers took their oaths of office and were sworn in.[45] On 5 June the Italian Senate approved the new government in a vote of confidence.[46] On 6 June the government was confirmed following the vote of confidence in the Chamber of Deputies.[47]

On 12 June, the cabinet appointed 6 deputy ministers and 39 undersecretaries.[48][49][50][51] Of all these appointments, 25 were M5S members, 17 League members, two non-party independents and one member of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE).[52] The M5S received four deputy ministers while the League received two.[53]

Investiture votes

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On 5 June 2018, the Conte I Cabinet was granted the confidence of the Senate by receiving 171 votes in favor and 117 votes against (25 senators abstained; 7 senators did not vote, among which 6 were absent).[54] Senators for life Elena Cattaneo, Mario Monti and Liliana Segre abstained while senators for life Carlo Rubbia, Renzo Piano and Giorgio Napolitano did not vote. On 6 June 2018, the so-called Government of Change received the confidence of the Chamber of Deputies by receiving 350 votes in favor and 236 votes against (35 deputies abstained; 8 deputies did not vote, among which 5 were absent).[55]

5–6 June 2018
Investiture votes for Conte I Cabinet
House of Parliament Vote Parties Votes
Senate of the Republic
(Voting: 313[a] of 320,
Majority: 145) 		 Y Yes M5S (109), Lega (58), MAIE (2), Others (2)
171 / 313
 N No FI (57), PD (52), LeU (4), Aut (2), PSI (1), +Eu (1)
117 / 313
Abstention FdI (18), Aut (5), Others (2)
25 / 313
Chamber of Deputies
(Voting: 621[b] of 628,
Majority: 294) 		 Y Yes M5S (219), Lega (124), MAIE (6), FI (1)
350 / 621
 N No PD (110), FI (102), LeU (14), CP–AP–PSI–AC (4), NcI (3), +Eu–CD (3)
236 / 621
Abstention FdI (30), SVP–PATT (4), USEI (1)
35 / 621
  1. ^ Absent (4): FI (3), Others (1)
    On institutional leave (2): Aut (1), Others (1)
    President (1)
  2. ^ Absent (5): FI (2), FdI (1), M5S (1), PD (1)
    On institutional leave (2): FdI (1), M5S (1)

Resignation

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Main article: 2019 Italian government crisis

Conte announced his resignation on August 20, 2019, averting a no-confidence vote promoted by Matteo Salvini.[56] The same day, President of Italy Sergio Mattarella accepted Conte's resignation and announced consultations with party leaders for the next two days.[57] On August 22, Mattarella said some parties were trying to form "a solid majority" and he gave these political parties until August 27 to report back to him, after which he would hold two more days of consultations.[58]

On August 29, Mattarella tasked Conte with the formation of a new cabinet, a coalition of Five Star Movement and Democratic Party. As customary, the premier-designate reserved the right to accept the mandate, pending further talks with both parties.[59]

Party breakdown

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Beginning of term

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Ministers

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8
5
6

Ministers and other members

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End of term

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Ministers

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8
6
5

Ministers and other members

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Geographical breakdown

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A choropleth map showing how many ministers are from each region.

Beginning of term

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End of term

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Council of Ministers

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Office Name Party Term
Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte Independent[a] 2018–2019
Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini League 2018–2019
Luigi Di Maio Five Star Movement 2018–2019
Minister of Foreign Affairs Enzo Moavero Milanesi[b] Independent 2018–2019
Minister of the Interior Matteo Salvini League 2018–2019
Minister of Justice Alfonso Bonafede Five Star Movement 2018–2019
Minister of Defence Elisabetta Trenta Five Star Movement 2018–2019
Minister of Economy and Finance Giovanni Tria[c] Independent 2018–2019
Minister of Economic Development, Labour and Social Policies Luigi Di Maio Five Star Movement 2018–2019
Minister of Agriculture and Tourism Gian Marco Centinaio League 2018–2019
Minister of the Environment Sergio Costa Independent[a] 2018–2019
Minister of Infrastructure and Transport Danilo Toninelli[d] Five Star Movement 2018–2019
Minister of Education, University and Research Marco Bussetti Independent[e] 2018–2019
Minister of Cultural Heritage and Activities Alberto Bonisoli Five Star Movement 2018–2019
Minister of Health Giulia Grillo Five Star Movement 2018–2019
Minister for Parliamentary Relations and Direct Democracy Riccardo Fraccaro Five Star Movement 2018–2019
Minister of Public Administration Giulia Bongiorno League 2018–2019
Minister of Regional Affairs Erika Stefani League 2018–2019
Minister for the South Barbara Lezzi Five Star Movement 2018–2019
Minister for Family and Disability Lorenzo Fontana League 2018–2019
Alessandra Locatelli League 2019
Minister of European Affairs Paolo Savona Independent 2018–2019
Lorenzo Fontana League 2019
Secretary of the Council of Ministers Giancarlo Giorgetti League 2018–2019
  1. ^ a b Proposed by the Five Star Movement.
  2. ^ Replacing in the second selection original candidate Luca Giansanti (independent).
  3. ^ Chosen after original candidate Paolo Savona was rejected by the President.
  4. ^ Replacing in the second selection original candidate Mauro Coltorti (M5S).
  5. ^ Proposed by the League.

Composition

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Office Portrait Name Term of office Party
Prime Minister   Giuseppe Conte 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Independent
Undersecretaries
  • Giancarlo Giorgetti (Lega) – Delegated to Sport, to the CIPE, to the Implementation of the Government Program, to Space and Aerospace Policies and to Sports Betting
  • Vito Crimi (M5S) – Delegated to Publishing and Information, and to the Policies aimed at the Reconstruction of Earthquake Areas
  • Vincenzo Spadafora (M5S) – Delegated to equal Opportunities, Youth, and National Civil Service
Deputy Prime Minister   Matteo Salvini 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 League
  Luigi Di Maio 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Five Star Movement
Minister of Foreign Affairs   Enzo Moavero Milanesi 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Independent
Deputy Minister
Undersecretaries
Minister of the Interior   Matteo Salvini 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 League
Deputy Minister
Undersecretaries
Minister of Justice   Alfonso Bonafede 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Five Star Movement
Undersecretaries
Minister of Defence   Elisabetta Trenta 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Five Star Movement
Undersecretaries
Minister of Economy and Finance   Giovanni Tria 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Independent
Deputy Ministers
Undersecretaries
Minister of Economic Development, Labour and Social Policies   Luigi Di Maio 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Five Star Movement
Deputy Minister
Undersecretaries
Minister of Agriculture and Tourism   Gian Marco Centinaio 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 League
Undersecretaries
Minister of the Environment   Sergio Costa 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Independent
Undersecretaries
Minister of Infrastructure and Transport   Danilo Toninelli 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Five Star Movement
Deputy Minister
Undersecretaries
Minister of Education, University and Research   Marco Bussetti 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Independent
Deputy Minister
Undersecretaries
Minister of Cultural Heritage and Activities   Alberto Bonisoli 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Five Star Movement
Undersecretaries
Minister of Health   Giulia Grillo 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Five Star Movement
Undersecretaries
Minister for Parliamentary Relations and Direct Democracy
(without portfolio) 		  Riccardo Fraccaro 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Five Star Movement
Undersecretaries
Minister of Public Administration
(without portfolio) 		  Giulia Bongiorno 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 League
Undersecretaries
Minister of Regional Affairs and Autonomies
(without portfolio) 		  Erika Stefani 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 League
Undersecretaries
Minister for the South
(without portfolio) 		  Barbara Lezzi 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 Five Star Movement
Undersecretaries
Minister for Family and Disability
(without portfolio) 		  Lorenzo Fontana 1 June 2018 – 10 July 2019[a] League
  Alessandra Locatelli 10 July 2019 – 5 September 2019 League
Undersecretaries
Minister of European Affairs
(without portfolio) 		  Paolo Savona 1 June 2018 – 8 March 2019[b] Independent
  Giuseppe Conte
(Acting) 		8 March 2019 – 10 July 2019 Independent
  Lorenzo Fontana 10 July 2019 – 5 September 2019 League
Undersecretaries
Secretary of the Council of Ministers   Giancarlo Giorgetti 1 June 2018 – 5 September 2019 League
  1. ^ Fontana resigned to become Minister of European Affairs.
  2. ^ Savona resigned to become President of the Italian Companies and Exchange Commission, the government authority responsible for regulating the Italian securities market.

Program

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The two parties signed a contract on a shared program on various measures.[60] During his speech before the investiture vote in the Italian Senate on 5 June, Conte announced his willingness to reduce illegal immigration and increase the contrast to human traffickers and smugglers. He also advocated a fight against political corruption, the introduction of a law which regulates the conflict of interests, a new bill which expands the right of self-defense, a tax reduction and a drastic cut to politics' costs, thanks to the annuities' abolition.[61][62][63] Conte also proposed to lift off the international sanctions against Russia.[64]

Immigration

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The coalition's immigration policy is led by Interior Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini, a strong opponent of illegal immigration.[65] Salvini laid out a three-point program to contrast illegal immigration, including increasing the number of repatriation centers, reducing immigration and increasing deportations of those who don't qualify for asylum.[66] The policy document calls for the deportation of Italy's estimated 500,000 undocumented immigrants "as a priority".[67]

On 10 June 2018, Salvini announced the closure of Italian ports, stating that "everyone in Europe is doing their own business, now Italy is also raising its head. Let's stop the business of illegal immigration".[68] The following day, the ships Aquarius and SOS Méditerranée that were requesting to dock at an Italian port to disembark the rescued migrants were turned away by Italy and Malta.[69] On the following day, Spain accepted the passengers of the Aquarius.[70]

On 18 June 2018, Salvini announced the government would conduct a census of Romani people in Italy for the purpose of deporting all who are not in the country legally.[71][72][73] However, this measure was criticized as unconstitutional and was attacked by the opposition and also by some members of the M5S.[74]

Taxes

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The Government of Change pledged to reform the Italian tax system by introducing flat taxes for businesses and individuals, with a no-tax area for low-income households and corrections to keep some degree of tax progression (as required by the Constitution).

Politicians' salaries and pensions

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The parties intend to cut the pensions and annuities of members of the Parliament, regional councillors and those employed by constitutional bodies. They also intend to review all monthly pensions exceeding the amount contributed while working by more than 5,000 euros.[75]

Direct democracy

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The coalition has pledged to use direct democracy via referendum. Riccardo Fraccaro, a M5S long-time advocate of such votes, became the world's first Minister for Direct Democracy, advocating a lowering of the 50% participation quorum for referendum to be valid and the introduction of citizens' initiatives for new laws.[76]

Public health

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The parties have pledged to reform the public health system to minimize inefficiencies and wastefulness of resources. The government contract features the digitalization of the public health system, enhanced transparency, improved governance in the pharmaceutical sector, centralization of purchases, fight against corruption, new procedures for the accreditation of private clinics, implementation of tele-medicine and improvement of home care. The parties envisioned a health system mostly supported by the fiscal system, with minimal contribution from the patients. They also pledged to reduce the waiting times for a specialist visit or for emergency care in public hospitals.[60]

Public water

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The parties intend to practically implement the result of the 2011 referendum on public water, which resulted in the repeal of the law allowing the privatization of water services. The parties pledged to guarantee the quality of public water in all the municipalities by improving the water transport network, minimizing the leaks and replacing old pipelines that may still contain asbestos and lead.[60]

Agriculture, fishing and Made in Italy

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The coalition intends to promote a reform of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union in a way that supports the Italian agriculture, but at the same time protects landscape and water resources and guarantees food safety. Small-scale agriculture and fishing should also be protected and the typical and traditional local productions should be safeguarded. Furthermore, the parties intend to promote the national productions within the trading treaties between the European Union and other countries and to protect the Made in Italy brand through proper labeling.[60]

Environment, green economy and circular economy

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The parties pledged to increase the public awareness about environmental issues and enforce measures of prevention and maintenance of the environment in order to mitigate the risk related to landslides, hydrogeology and floods. They also plan to devote special attention to the issues raised by climate change and pollution. They intend to promote a green economy and support research, innovation and training for ecology-related employment to increase the competitiveness and sustainability of the industry and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. They also intend to promote a circular economy for a sustainable waste management based on enhanced recycling and regeneration. Finally, the parties plan to arrest land consumption through strategies of urban renewal, retrofit of private and public buildings and infrastructure, with increase of energy efficiency and the promotion of distributed energy generation.[60]

References

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  37. ^ "Pd, Martina: "Fiducia a Cottarelli". Renzi: "Salviamo il Paese". E i dem: manifestazione nazionale a Roma il 1° giugno". la Repubblica. (in Italian). 28 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
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  50. ^ "Giurano i sottosegretari. Ora il governo è al completo (11 donne su 65)".
  51. ^ "Governo Conte, le nomine di 39 sottosegretari e 6 viceministri".
  52. ^ "La squadra di governo è completa: tutte le nomine fatte da Lega e M5s".
  53. ^ "Lega-M5S: Di Maio si tiene le telecomunicazioni".
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  62. ^ "Conte: tasse eque, salario minimo e giù debito con la crescita".
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  76. ^ "Italy gets the world's first minister for direct democracy".
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