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Friedrich Beckh

Friedrich Beckh (17 January 1908 – 21 June 1942) was a Luftwaffe wing commander and fighter ace of Nazi Germany during World War II. As a fighter ace, he claimed 48 aerial victories claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. This figure includes 44 claims on the Eastern Front and four over the Western Allies, for which he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. He held the position of Geschwaderkommodore of fighter wing Jagdgeschwader 51 and Jagdgeschwader 52.

Friedrich Beckh
Beckh as a Major
Born17 January 1908
Nuremberg
Died21 June 1942(1942-06-21) (aged 34)
near Kharkov, Soviet Union
Allegiance Weimar Republic (to 1933)
 Nazi Germany
Service / branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1926–1942
RankOberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel)
CommandsJG 51, JG 52
Battles / warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Early life and career

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Beckh was born on 17 January 1908 in Nuremberg in the Kingdom of Bavaria within the German Empire.[1] On 1 April 1926, he joined the military service of the Reichswehr, the 100,000 men strong army of the Weimar Republic, as a Funker (lit. radio operator) and officer candidate. Initially, Beckh served in the cavalry and was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 April 1933.[2] In 1935, he transferred to the newly emerging Luftwaffe.[3] Following flight training,[Note 1] Beckh was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 134 "Horst Wessel" (JG 134—134th Fighter Wing).[5] From 1 November 1937 to 8 February 1938, Beckh attended the Luftkriegsschule 2 (2nd Air War Academy) in Berlin–Gatow.[6]

World War II

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World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. By the time, he had already occupied several positions on the General Staff and because of his age did not fly any combat sorties. Instead, he was lecturing at the Air War Academy. It was during 1940 as Jägerverbindungsoffizier (fighter communications or liaison officer) in the Luftgaukommando Wiesbaden (air district commands) that he became close friends with Werner Mölders, the two men served in JG 134. When Mölders became Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) on 27 July 1940 he arranged for Beckh to transfer to the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of JG 51.[7]

Group commander

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On 1 March 1941, Beckh was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of IV. Gruppe of JG 51, succeeding Oberleutnant Hans-Karl Keitel who was posted as missing in action.[8] That month, he was also promoted to Major (major).[5] Following the appointment, Mölders had assigned Leutnant Bernd Gallowitsch as Beckh's regular wingman. Gallowitsch had good eyesight and compensated for Beckh's inabilities.[9] The assignment was based on a recommendation made by Prof. Dr. Paul Robert Skawran, a psychologist who had studied fighter pilot aptitudes and combat readiness with JG 51 at the time.[10] On 5 March, Beckh claimed his first aerial victory. His opponent was a Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire fighter from No. 610 Squadron which was shot down near Boulogne-sur-Mer.[11]

Beckh claimed three further aerial victories over the RAF on the English Channel. On 10 March, he claimed a Spitfire fighter 20 kilometers (12 miles) west of Le Tréport, followed by another Spitfire fighter on 6 May in an area 20 kilometers (12 miles) north of Cap Blanc-Nez, and lastly a Hawker Hurricane fighter on 21 May in vicinity of 20 kilometers (12 miles) north of Calais. The Gruppe was withdrawn from the English Channel and relocated to Mönchengladbach on 7 June for a brief period of replenishment.[12]

Operation Barbarossa

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On 15 June, IV. Gruppe of JG 51 began transferring east and was located at an airfield named Krzewicze, located approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) west of Brest-Litovsk. On 22 June, German forces launched Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union.[13] JG 51 was subordinated to II. Fliegerkorps (2nd Air Corps), which as part of Luftflotte 2 (Air Fleet 2). JG 51 area of operation during Operation Barbarossa was over the right flank of Army Group Center in the combat area of the 2nd Panzer Group as well as the 4th Army.[14] On the first day of the invasion, Beckh led IV. Gruppe on an early morning fighter escort mission for Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers attacking Brest-Litovsk, and further combat air patrols east of the Bug. On one of these missions, Beckh claimed a two-seat fighter biplane Kochyerigin DI-6 shot down.[15]

On 24 June, IV. Gruppe followed the German advance and relocated to an airfield at Pruzhany, located approximately 60 kilometers (37 miles) northeast of Brest-Litovsk. That day, Beckh claimed an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber destroyed east of Pruzhany. Three days later, he claimed a Tupolev SB shot down. On 28 June, the Gruppe moved to Slonim, to Baranavichy on 1 July, to Minsk the next day and to Barysaw on 7 July. Operating from Barysaw that day, Beckh claimed his eighth aerial victory when he shot down an I-18, an early war Luftwaffe designation for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 fighter near Orsha.[16]

Wing commander

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On 19 July 1941, Beckh was appointed Geschwaderkommodore of JG 51. He succeeded Mölders in this capacity who transferred and appointed Inspekteur der Jagdflieger (Inspector of Fighters).[17] Command of IV. Gruppe then passed on to Haupmann Karl-Gottfried Nordmann. At the time, the Geschwaderstab of JG 51 was based at Orsha.[18][19]

 
JG 51 emblem

On 8 September, JG 51 supported Heinz Guderian's 2nd Panzer Army in the battles around Kiev. That day, Beckh claimed the Geschwader's 2000th aerial victory.[20] However, on 16 September, during a fighter sweep, his Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 8988—factory number) was hit by anti-aircraft artillery, resulting in a forced landing 30 kilometers (19 miles) east of Konotop. During his convalescence, he was temporarily replaced by Major Günther Lützow as commander of JG 51.[21] Two days after being wounded in action, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) for 27 aerial victories, 23 of them on the Eastern Front.[22] Initially, he had insisted on leading the Geschwader from the ground. However, the injury caused by the incendiary round which had punctured his left foot had turned into gangrene. When Mölders visited him on 4 October, he immediately had him transferred to a Luftwaffe hospital in Munich-Oberföhring.[23]

Beckh returned to the Geschwader on 21 December 1941. Since he had not yet fully recovered from his injuries, Beckh was unable to fly operationally. In January 1942, Beckh was tasked with the formation of Gefechtsverband Beckh (detachment Beck), a temporary unit consisting of the Geschwaderstab and IV. Gruppe of JG 51, and II. Gruppe of Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 (StG 1—1st Dive Bomber Wing). Gefechtsverband Beckh supported German ground forces fighting in the area of Yukhnov and Medyn.[24] By March 1942, Beckh had fully recovered from his injuries and again flew operationally. He then became an "ace-in-a-day" on two separate occasions, claiming five aerial victories on 31 March and six aerial victories on 5 April, increasing his total to 41 claims.[25] On 11 April, Beckh was transferred to the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM—Ministry of Aviation).[26] Oberst Adolf Galland, Mölders' successor as Inspekteur der Jagdflieger, was responsible for Beckh's transfer to the RLM. Galland was mindful of Beckh's organizational and managerial talents. Galland quickly realized that the changing air-war necessitated changes in his staff and thus replaced Johannes Janke with Beckh.[27] Command of JG 51 was then passed to then Major Nordmann who had previously led IV. Gruppe of JG 51.[28] On 11 May, Beckh was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe).[29]

With Jagdgeschwader 52 and death

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Beckh was then appointed Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) on 3 June 1942 barely two months later following the death of Major Wilhelm Lessmann.[30][31] At the time, the Geschwaderstab of JG 52 was based at Barvinkove.[32]

On 21 June 1942, Beckh was airborne in his Bf 109 F-4 "weiße 4" (Werknummer 13362) with his wingman for a low-level sortie in the area of Izium-Kupiansk-Valuyki, east of Kharkov.[33] East of Valuyki, the duo observed a Soviet air base with fighters on the ground. Beckh dived, claiming two fighters, but his wingman observed Beckh's F-4 taking a number of flak hits before it too nosed down and appeared to plunge to the ground. The Bf 109 came down in a marsh near Valuyki. His body was found inside his fighter when the site was excavated in 2004.[34][35] At the time of his death he claimed over 40 aircraft in aerial combat and a dozen on the ground.[30] Beckh was succeeded by Major Herbert Ihlefeld as commander of JG 52.[36] Posthumously, Beckh was promoted to Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel).[5]

Summary of career

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Aerial victory claims

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According to Obermaier, Beckh was credited with 48 aerial victories claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. This figure includes 44 claims on the Eastern Front and four over the Western Allies.[1] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 40 aerial victory claims, plus two further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes four aerial victories on the Western Front and 36 on the Eastern Front.[37]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Beckh an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– Stab VI. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[38]
Over England and on the English Channel — 1 March – 9 June 1941
1 5 March 1941 14:50 Spitfire west of Boulogne[39] 3 6 May 1941 13:55 Spitfire 20 km (12 mi) north of Cap Blanc-Nez[39]
2 10 March 1941 17:25 Spitfire 20 km (12 mi) west of Le Tréport[39] 4 21 May 1941 18:00 Hurricane 20 km (12 mi) north of Calais[39]
– Stab VI. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[38]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 19 July 1941
5 22 June 1941 06:25 DI-6[40] 7 27 June 1941 10:03 SB-2[40]
6 24 June 1941 09:25 DB-3 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Pruzhany[40] 8 7 July 1941 16:30 I-18 (MiG-1) Orsha[41]
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[38]
Operation Barbarossa — 19 July – 5 December 1941
9 23 July 1941 08:16 unknown[42] 18 27 August 1941 15:00 Pe-2[43]
10 2 August 1941 17:12 R-5 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Kondratowa[42] 19 27 August 1941 15:00 Pe-2[43]
11 2 August 1941 17:15 I-15 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Aleksino[42] 20 27 August 1941 15:05 Pe-2 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Novgorod[43]
12 10 August 1941 10:43 I-61 (MiG-3) 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Vyshny Volochyok[42] 21 6 September 1941 09:30 I-153 15 km (9.3 mi) south-southeast of Yelnya[43]
13 10 August 1941 11:00 I-15 12 km (7.5 mi) northeast of Yelnya[42] 22 6 September 1941 12:25 ground-attack aircraft[43]
14?[Note 2] 12 August 1941 10:43 I-61 (MiG-3)[42] 23 8 September 1941 09:35 I-61 (MiG-3)[43]
15 15 August 1941 16:45 I-61[42] 24?[Note 2] 8 September 1941
—
 I-61 (MiG-3)[43]
16 16 August 1941 08:45 R-5[43] 25 10 September 1941 08:06 DB-3[43]
17 25 August 1941 15:10 R-3 25 km (16 mi) north of Novgorod[43] 26 16 September 1941 15:05 SB-2[43]
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[38]
Winter War — 6 December 1941 – 30 April 1942
27 11 March 1942 17:23 unknown[44] 35♠ 31 March 1942 15:25 unknown[44]
28 29 March 1942 10:25 unknown[44] 36♠ 5 April 1942 09:01 unknown[44]
29 30 March 1942 10:45 unknown[44] 37♠ 5 April 1942 09:03 unknown[44]
30 30 March 1942 17:25 unknown[44] 38♠ 5 April 1942 09:05 unknown[44]
31♠ 31 March 1942 08:42 unknown[44] 39♠ 5 April 1942 10:01 unknown[44]
32♠ 31 March 1942 08:43 unknown[44] 40♠ 5 April 1942 10:35 unknown[44]
33♠ 31 March 1942 12:08 unknown[44] 41♠ 5 April 1942 17:15 unknown[44]
34♠ 31 March 1942 12:12 unknown[44]

Awards

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Notes

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  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[4]
  2. ^ a b According to Mathews and Foreman this claim is unconfirmed.[38]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 85.
  2. ^ MacLean 2007, pp. 54, 57.
  3. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 132.
  4. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  5. ^ a b c d Dixon 2023, p. 133.
  6. ^ MacLean 2007, p. 57.
  7. ^ Aders & Held 1993, p. 67.
  8. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 101.
  9. ^ Braatz 2009, p. 299.
  10. ^ Aders & Held 1993, p. 84.
  11. ^ Weal 2012, p. 48.
  12. ^ Prien et al. 2002, pp. 100, 106.
  13. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 319.
  14. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 206.
  15. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 319, 334.
  16. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 11, 319, 321, 334.
  17. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 216.
  18. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 216, 329.
  19. ^ Weal 2012, p. 65.
  20. ^ Bergström 2007a, p. 69.
  21. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 210, 222.
  22. ^ Weal 2012, p. 70.
  23. ^ Braatz 2009, p. 334.
  24. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 42.
  25. ^ Prien et al. 2005, pp. 43, 47.
  26. ^ Weal 2001, p. 45.
  27. ^ Braatz 2009, p. 357.
  28. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 44.
  29. ^ MacLean 2007, p. 55.
  30. ^ a b Bergström 2007a, p. 52.
  31. ^ Schreier 1990, p. 185.
  32. ^ Barbas 2016, p. 21.
  33. ^ Barbas 2016, pp. 21, 79.
  34. ^ Bergström 2007b, p. 53.
  35. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 377, 393.
  36. ^ Weal 2004, p. 121.
  37. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 70–71.
  38. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 71.
  39. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2002, p. 106.
  40. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003, p. 334.
  41. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 336.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003, p. 220.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2003, p. 221.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Prien et al. 2005, p. 47.
  45. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 127.
  46. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 210.
  47. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 47.

Bibliography

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  • Aders, Gebhard; Held, Werner (1993). Jagdgeschwader 51 'Mölders' Eine Chronik – Berichte – Erlebnisse – Dokumente [Fighter Wing 51 'Mölders' A Chronicle - Reports - Experiences - Documents] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-613-01045-1.
  • Barbas, Bernd (2016). Die Geschichte des Stabes, der 13. und 15. Staffel und der Ersatzeinheit des Jagdgeschwaders 52 [The History of Headerquarters Unit, the 13th and 15th Squadrons and the Replacement Unit of Fighter Wing 52] (in German). ISBN 978-3-86619-128-0.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish] (2007a). Barbarossa - The Air Battle: July–December 1941. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1-85780-270-2.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish] (2007b). Stalingrad – The Air Battle: 1942 through January 1943. Hinkley: Midland Puplishing. ISBN 978-1-85780-276-4.
  • Braatz, Kurt [in German] (2009). Werner Mölders - Die Biographie [Werner Mölders - The Biography] (in German). Moosburg (Germany): NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9811615-3-3.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • MacLean, French L (2007). Luftwaffe Efficiency & Promotion Reports: For the Knight's Cross Winners. Vol. One. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History. ISBN 978-0-7643-2657-8.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2014). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-18-9.
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/I—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/I—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-69-4.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Miltaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Schreier, Hans (1990). JG 52 Das erfolgreichste Jagdgeschwader des 2. Weltkriegs [JG 52 The Most Successful Fighter Wing of World War II] (in German). Berg am See: K. Vowinckel. ISBN 978-3-921655-66-5.
  • Weal, John (2001). Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 37. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-084-1.
  • Weal, John (2004). Jagdgeschwader 52: The Experten. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 15. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-786-4.
  • Weal, John (2012). Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders". Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 22. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-547-6.
Military offices
Preceded by
Oberstleutnant Werner Mölders
 Commander of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders"
19 July 1941 – 11 April 1942 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Commander of Jagdgeschwader 52
3 June 1942 – 21 June 1942 		Succeeded by
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