The Gleaner Manufacturing Company (aka: Gleaner Combine Harvester Corp.) is an American manufacturer of combine harvesters. Gleaner (or Gleaner Baldwin) has been a popular brand of combine harvester particularly in the Midwestern United States for many decades, first as an independent firm, and later as a division of Allis-Chalmers. The Gleaner brand continues today under the ownership of AGCO.
 | |
| Industry | Agricultural Equipment |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1923 |
| Founder | Curtis Baldwin, Ernest Baldwin, George Baldwin |
| Successor | Allis-Chalmers, AGCO |
| Website | www |
History
edit
Gleaner combines date from 1923, when the Baldwin brothers of Nickerson, Kansas, created a high-quality and reliable self-propelled combine harvester. They decided to use the "Gleaner" name for their radically redesigned grain harvesting machine based on inspiration from "The Gleaners", an 1857 painting by Jean-François Millet. Gleaning is the act of collecting leftover crops from farm fields after they have been commercially harvested, or on fields where it is not economically profitable to harvest. In the broadest sense, it is the act of frugally recovering resources from low-yield contexts. Thus, with the Gleaner name, the company evoked a positive connotation in potential customers' minds, of a brand of harvester that would leave none of the grain behind. A combine harvester combines the reaping (plus or minus binding), threshing, and winnowing functions into one machine, hence the "combine" part of its name. To that list, the Baldwin brothers' Gleaner added self-propulsion. Earlier combines, the so-called pull-type or tractor-drawn combines, were towed by tractors.
First design
editThe original Gleaner design was mounted on a Fordson Model F. It had a retail price of USD $950 FOB at the factory in Nickerson. This design was manufactured between 1923 and 1928.
Pull-types
editFrom 1928 until 1954, Gleaner produced pull-type combine harvesters of both large and small sizes. The large models were intended for throughput and were the favored types for customer harvesters, while the small models were made for smaller, single-farm operations. Early "Gleaner-Baldwin" combines used the Ford Model A engine. The Gleaner Baldwin Model A, built from 1930 to 1935, was so equipped, as were later Gleaner Models, the NA and NR, until 1938. The combine's Model A engine was mounted on a frame fitted for the radiator, and was coupled to a power take-off unit.[1][2]
| Model | Cutting Width | Grain Bin Capacity | Total Separation Area | Years Manufactured | Engine HP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 12 ft | 50 Bushels (US) | 4992 in2 | 1929 - 1935 | Ford 4 cyl. - 32 HP Rating |
| R | 12 ft | 50 Bushels (US) | 4992 in2 | 1929 - 1935 | Ford 4 cyl. - 32 HP Rating |
| NA | 12 ft | 50 Bushels (US) | 5248 in2 | 1936 - 1939 | Ford 4 cyl. - 32 HP Rating |
| NR | 12 ft | 50 Bushels (US) | 5248 in2 | 1936 - 1939 | Ford 4 cyl. - 32 HP Rating |
| E | 12 ft | 50 Bushels (US) 1939 - 1942
40 Bushels (US) 1942 - 1946 45 Bushels (US) 1946 - 1951 |
5248 in2 | 1939 - 1951 | Ford Le Roi 4 cyl. - 32.5 HP Rating (1939 -1946)
Hercules - 35 HP Rating (1947 - 1948) Ford 6 cyl/226 - 48 HP Rating (1948 -1951) |
| F | 12 ft | 50 Bushels (US) 1939 - 1942
40 Bushels (US) 1942 - 1946 45 Bushels (US) 1946 - 1951 |
5248 in2 | 1939 - 1951 | Ford Le Roi 4 cyl. - 32.5 HP Rating (1939 -1946)
Hercules - 35 HP Rating (1947 - 1948) Ford 6 cyl/226 - 48 HP Rating (1948 -1951) |
| J | 12 ft | 5248 in2 | 1939 - 1950 | Ford Le Roi 4 cyl. - 32.5 HP Rating (1939 -1946)
Hercules - 35 HP Rating (1947 - 1948) Ford 6 cyl/226 - 48 HP Rating (1948 -1951) | |
| H | 12 ft | 5248 in2 | 1939 - 1950 | Ford Le Roi 4 cyl. - 32.5 HP Rating (1939 -1946)
Hercules - 35 HP Rating (1947 - 1948) Ford 6 cyl/226 - 48 HP Rating (1948 -1951) |
| Model | Cutting WIdth | Grain Bin Capacity | Threshing Cylinder type and Width | Cleaning System Type | Total Separation Area | Years Manfuactured | Engine HP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | 6 ft | 20 Bushels (US) | Rasp Bar - 18 inches Wide | Raddle Chain | 2880 in2 | 1937 - 1941 | Wisconsin 4 cyl. - 12.5 HP Rating (1937 - 1940)
Wisconsin 4 cyl - 16 HP Rating (1940-1941) |
| S | 6 ft | 20 Bushels (US) | Rasp Bar - 18 inches Wide | Straw Walker | 3024 in2 | 1937 -1941 | Wisconsin 4 cyl - 20 HP Rating |
| Six - S | 7 ft 2 in | 22 Bushels (US) | Rasp Bar - 22 inches Wide | Straw Walker | 3168 in2 | 1942 - 1953 | Wisconsin 4 cyl - 21.5 HP Rating |
| P- 80 | 7 ft 8 in
(80 inches wide hence the P-80 namesake) |
22 Bushels (US) | Rasp Bar - 22 inches Wide | 3168 in2 | 1954 - 1955 | Wisconsin 4 cyl/108 - 25 HP Rating |
First in self-propelled
editThe Gleaner was one of the pioneers in self-propelled combines. They were often considered the "Cadillac" of the industry because of this feature and because of their solid engineering. Buescher (1991)[3] credited the design principally to one of the brothers, Curt Baldwin, and explained that it focused on the needs of custom cutters like the Baldwin brothers themselves: contractors who move north with the harvest season, providing harvesting services to farmers. It resulted in machines that were reliable and useful, which benefited not only custom cutters but anyone who bought a Gleaner. The short wheelbase and axle track allowed the combine to fit on a truck.[3] The grain header did not need to be detached for transit, because it fit over the cab of the truck.[3] Buescher said, "Since custom cutters didn't know where their next parts supply source would be, Baldwin designed his combine so that it wouldn't need parts."[3] (Buescher's tongue-in-cheek point is that the machines were designed and built well so that need for repairs would be minimal.) The frame was "like a bridge" in its strength.[3] The bearings were chosen with service in mind: large and good quality (to obviate failure) and of common sizes (so that the operator could carry a small stock of spares in his truck, and have the size needed when a replacement became necessary).[3] The Gleaner's exterior sheet metal was galvanized (zinc plated), providing superior weather resistance. As Buescher said, "Baldwin reasoned that most of his combines would sit outdoors. Texas and Oklahoma dust storms have a way of peeling paint off of machinery."[3] As a result of the silver color of the zinc plating, the Gleaner brand ended up having a distinctive color (just as Allis had Persian Orange, IH had red, and John Deere had green), despite the sheet metal not even having any paint.
1930s
editDuring the Great Depression, owing mostly to the collapse of the farm economy and the Dust Bowl, the Baldwins' company entered bankruptcy in the 1930s as equipment sales plummeted. William James Brace acquired the company with his son-in-law, George Reuland. The pair, along with other investors, brought the company back to profitability and maintained ownership until 1955. During World War II, the factory converted its production to war materiel.
1940s and 1950s
editBy the late 1940s and early 1950s, other farm equipment manufacturers were offering increased competition to Gleaner, having introduced their own versions of self-propelled combines.[4]
In 1955, Allis-Chalmers acquired Gleaner. This represented commercial renewal for Gleaner with the production and marketing success of various new models and technologies. It also represented a great gain for Allis-Chalmers. Allis was the market leader in pull-type (tractor-drawn) combines, with its All-Crop Harvester line. Acquiring Gleaner meant that it would also be a leader in self-propelled machines, and it would own two of the leading brands in combines. The Gleaner line augmented (and later superseded) the All-Crop Harvester line, and for several years Gleaner's profits made up nearly all of Allis-Chalmers' profit.[5] Gleaners continued to be manufactured at the same factory, in Independence, Missouri, after the acquisition.
1960s
editFrom the start of this decade to its end, 8 different Gleaner models would be produced along with the company's first rice, tracked, and hillside machine variations. At the dawn of the 1960s the Model C self-propelled was made popular amongst custom harvest crews as it could be equipped with a 14 - 20 ft grain header or a 4 row corn head. This model had a down front threshing cylinder at 40 inches wide much like its predecessor model "A", but the cleaning area of the "C" was doubled in size in order to clean the increased grain throughput of the wider headers.
The model C also carried the specialized variations of "CR" for rice harvest, "CT" which was outfitted with steel tracks for very muddy conditions, and "CH" which was a hillside version made to market to grain farmers in the Pacific Northwest area of the United States known as the Palouse.
1970s–1990
editIn 1979, Gleaner released its first rotary combine, the N6. It was soon followed by the N5 and N7. The latter was the largest combine of its time, with grain and corn/row-crop headers as wide as 30 feet (9.1 m).
In 1985, Allis-Chalmers sold their farm machinery manufacturing business to Deutz AG and became known as Deutz-Allis, and in 1991 its North American operations became AGCO. Despite several ownership changes, the Gleaner brand never ceased to be produced or marketed. Between 1985 and 2000, Gleaner lost significant market share to other manufacturers with broader dealer bases and farm equipment product lines that had marketing and customer service advantages. Another problem for Gleaner was that some of their combines used the air-cooled Deutz engine, a departure from water-cooled engines predominantly found in most other industrial and agricultural applications.
2000–present
edit
In 2000, AGCO moved the Gleaner manufacturing operations from Independence, Missouri to its Hesston, Kansas facility, which featured modernized manufacturing equipment and techniques. It also centralized the engineering and production functions into one location.[6] The Hesston facility is 35 miles east of Nickerson, Kansas, where the Baldwin brothers started the Gleaner company in 1923.
For the period of 2007-2010, Gleaner offered the A5 and A6 models which featured an axial processor (rotor) rather than the signature transverse rotor. This was done as a marketing move by AGCO to use the strength of the Gleaner name to attract new customers to the axial machine which was more heavily produced as the Challenger 500x series and the Massey Ferguson 95xx series combines. The Gleaner A series production ceased after 2010 and the Challenger and Massey Ferguson machines ceased production in 2017.
Firsts
editSome of the firsts introduced by the Gleaner were: an auger that replaced canvas drapers, a rasp bar threshing cylinder instead of a spike-tooth arrangement, and a down-front cylinder that put threshing closer to the crop. In 1972 Gleaner was the first manufacturer to use electro-hydraulic controls, an innovation that other companies didn't offer until nearly two decades later. Gleaner was also the first in the industry to offer a 12 row corn head in 1979.
Gleaner also explored use of turbocharged diesel engines before the competition. Records from October 1962 list the 262-cubic-inch turbo-diesel engine as being available for the model "C".
Another Gleaner innovation was a "rock door" to protect the machine from damage due to stones that it might pick up while harvesting. If a Gleaner combine ingests a rock, the rock door simply pops open and drops the stone on the ground, preventing damage to the cylinder and concave bars, unlike other machines with a "rock trap" that the operator must periodically clean out or dump.
A current Gleaner and world first is that they created the first Class VIII transverse rotor combine. This happened when AGCO introduced the new Gleaner S88 series combine in 2014.[7] Also during this year of manufacturing, a 7-cylinder 9.8L diesel engine, built by AGCO Sisu (Later AGCO POWER), was first used in the S78 and S88 models.
In 2016, with the release of the S9 series, came a completely new cab as well as the first use of a "fly-by-wire" hydrostatic transmission in a Gleaner combine, meaning the propulsion of the machine as controlled by operator no longer used a direct cable interface and was now achieved strictly by electronic feedback into a transmission control module.[8][9]
In 2023, AGCO commemerated the 100th anniversary of the Gleaner combine with a special cenntenial edition paint scheme and badging for each S9 combine produced at the Hesston, Kansas plant.[10][11]
Today
editGleaners are still in production under AGCO. The Gleaner brand is marketed in North America, South America, and Australia.[12]
The current models available for sale, still utilize the transverse rotor which was originally introduced in 1979.[13]
-
Gleaner Model A Combine -
AGCO Gleaner combine at Farm Progress Show 2007 -
Gleaner A85 harvesting yellow peas -
Gleaner Model R76 -
Gleaner S77 with Tritura Processor, 2012 -
Gleaner S98 Centennial Edition, 2022
_-_2010.jpg)
Self-Propelled Models
editHere is a list of Gleaner Combine models built from 1951 to present.[14]
| Model | Years Made | Grain Tank Size | Class | Engine | Rated Horsepower |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gleaner A | 1951-1963 | 50 bushels | 2 | Ford 6 cyl/226 (1951-1952), Hercules 6 cyl/237 gas Engine (1953-1954), Allis-Chalmers gas 6 cyl/230 (1955-1963) | 76 hp (A-C) |
| Gleaner T | 1954 | 30 Bushels | 1 | Ford 4 cyl/172 cubic inch gas engine | 45 hp |
| Gleaner AH (Hillside Special) | 1959-1961 | 50 bushels | 2 | Allis-Chalmers gas 6 cyl/230 | 76 hp |
| Gleaner C | 1960-1963 | 60 bushels | 2 | Allis-Chalmers gas 6 cyl/262 or Allis-Chalmers diesel 6 cyl/262 turbocharged diesel | 93 hp |
| Gleaner E | 1962-1967 | 40 bushels | 1 | Allis-Chalmers gas 4 cyl/226 | 63 hp |
| Gleaner C II | 1964-1967 | 85 bushels | 2 | Allis-Chalmers gas 6 cyl/262 | 93 hp |
| Gleaner A II | 1964-1967 | 55 bushels | 2 | Allis-Chalmers gas 6 cyl/230 | 76 hp |
| Gleaner E III | 1968 | 63 bushels | 2 | Allis-Chalmers gas 4 cyl/226 | 63 hp |
| Gleaner K | 1969-1976 | 66 bushels | 2 | GM gas 6 cyl/250 engine | 78 hp |
| Gleaner F | 1968-1976 | 120 bushels | 3 | A-C gas 6 cyl/262 (1968-1969), GM gas 6 cyl/292 (1970-1976) or A-C diesel Engine | 93/84 hp |
| Gleaner G | 1968-1972 | 100 bushels | N/A | A-C gas 6 cyl/301 (1968-1969), GM Gas V8/350 (1970-1972) or A-C diesel 6 cyl/301 Engine (1968-1972) | 105/109 hp |
| Gleaner L | 1972-1976 | 120 bushels | 5 | GM gas or A-C Diesel Engine | 120/109 hp |
| Gleaner M | 1973-1976 | 150 bushels | 4 | GM gas 8 cyl/350 or A-C diesel 6 cyl/301 Turbocharged engine | 120/109 hp |
| Gleaner K2 | 1977-1981 | 68/96 bushels | 2 | GM gas 6 cyl/250 (1977-1981), or A-C diesel 4 cyl/200 Turbocharged engine (1978-1981) | 85/72 hp |
| Gleaner F2 | 1977-1982 | 120 bushels | 3 | GM gas 6 cyl/292 (1977-1982) or A-C diesel 4 cyl/200 Turbocharged and Intercooled engine (1977-1982) | 112/95 hp |
| Gleaner M2 | 1977-1982 | 165/180 bushels | 4 | Allis Chalmers Engine | 130 hp |
| Gleaner L2 | 1977-1982 | 185/200 bushels | 5 | Allis Chalmers Engine | 158 hp |
| Gleaner N5 | 1978-1985 | 200 bushels | 5 | Allis Chalmers Engine | 190 hp |
| Gleaner N6 | 1978-1985 | 245 bushels | 6 | Allis-Chalmers Engine | 240 hp |
| Gleaner N7 | 1978-1985 | 310 bushels | 7 | Allis-Chalmers Engine | 270 hp |
| Gleaner F3 | 1983-1986 | 120 bushels | 3 | Allis-Chalmers diesel 4cyl/200 Turbocharged and Intercooled engine | 95 hp |
| Gleaner M3 | 1983-1986 | 180 bushels | 4 | Allis-Chalmers Engine | 145 hp |
| Gleaner L3 | 1983-1986 | 200 bushels | 5 | Allis-Chalmers Engine | 158 hp |
| Gleaner R5 | 1986 | 230 bushels | 5 | Allis-Chalmers Engine | 180 hp |
| Gleaner R6 | 1986 | 270 bushels | 6 | Allis-Chalmers Engine | 220 hp |
| Gleaner R7 | 1986 | 300 bushels | 7 | Allis-Chalmers Engine | 270 hp |
| Gleaner R40 | 1986-1992 | 230 bushels | 4 | Deutz Engine | 155 hp |
| Gleaner R50 | 1986-1992 | 230 bushels | 5 | Deutz Engine | 190 hp |
| Gleaner R60 | 1986-1992 | 270 bushels | 6 | Deutz Engine | 228 hp |
| Gleaner R70 | 1986-1992 | 300 bushels | 7 | Deutz Engine | 270 hp |
| Gleaner L4 | 1990-1991 | 200 bushels | 5 | Cummins Engine | 175 hp |
| Gleaner R42 | 1992-1996 | 170 bushels | 4 | Deutz Engine | 185 hp |
| Gleaner R52 | 1992-1996 | 225 bushels | 5 | Deutz Engine | 230 hp |
| Gleaner R62 | 1992-1996 | 300 bushels | 6 | Deutz Engine | 260 hp |
| Gleaner R72 | 1992-1996 | 300 bushels | 7 | Deutz Engine | 300 hp |
| Gleaner R42 Updated | 1996-2002 | 170 bushels | 4 | Cummins Engine | 175 hp |
| Gleaner R52 Updated | 1996-2002 | 225 bushels | 5 | Cummins Engine | 220 hp |
| Gleaner R62 Updated | 1996-2002 | 300 bushels | 6 | Cummins Engine | 260 hp |
| Gleaner C62 | 1996-2002 | 300 bushels | 6 | Cummins Engine | 260 hp |
| Gleaner R72 Updated | 1996-2002 | 330 bushels | 7 | Cummins Engine | 330 hp |
| Gleaner R55 | 2003-2006 | 250 bushels | 5 | Cummins Engine | 230 hp |
| Gleaner R65 | 2003-2008 | 300 bushels | 6 | Cummins Engine | 300 hp |
| Gleaner R75 | 2003-2008 | 330 bushels | 7 | Cummins Engine | 350 hp |
| Gleaner R66 | 2008-2011 | 300 bushels | 6 | AGCO 84 Tier 3 Engine | 300 hp |
| Gleaner R76 | 2008-2011 | 330 bushels | 7 | AGCO 84 Tier 3 Engine | 350 hp |
| Gleaner A65 | 2007-2008 | 300 bushels | 6 | Cummins Engine | 300 hp |
| Gleaner A75 | 2007-2008 | 300 bushels | 7 | Cummins Engine | 350 hp |
| Gleaner A85 | 2007-2008 | 350 bushels | 8 | CAT Engine | 459 hp |
| Gleaner A66 | 2008-2010 | 300 bushels | 6 | AGCO Engine | 300 hp |
| Gleaner A76 | 2008-2010 | 300 bushels | 7 | AGCO Engine | 350 hp |
| Gleaner A86 | 2008-2010 | 350 bushels | 8 | CAT Engine | 425 hp |
| Gleaner S67 | 2010–2012 | 390 bushels | 6 | AGCO 84 Tier 4 Engine | 314 hp |
| Gleaner S77 | 2010–2012 | 390 bushels | 7 | AGCO 84 Tier 4 Engine | 370 hp |
| Gleaner S68 | 2013–2015 | 390 bushels | 6 | AGCO 84 Tier 4 Engine | 322 hp |
| Gleaner S78 | 2013–2015 | 390 bushels | 7 | AGCO 98 Tier 4 Engine | 375 hp |
| Gleaner S88 | 2013–2015 | 390 bushels | 8 | AGCO 98 Tier 4 Engine | 430 hp |
| Gleaner S96 | 2016–2024 | 390 bushels | 6 | AGCO 84 Tier 4 Engine | 322 hp |
| Gleaner S97 | 2016–2024 | 390 bushels | 7 | AGCO 98 Tier 4 Engine | 375 hp |
| Gleaner S98 | 2016–2024 | 390 bushels | 8 | AGCO 98 Tier 4 Engine | 430 hp |
| Gleaner T61 | 2025 | 390 bushels | 6 | AGCO 84 Tier 4 Engine | 322 hp |
| Gleaner T71 | 2025 | 390 bushels | 7 | AGCO 98 Tier 4 Engine | 375 hp |
| Gleaner T81 | 2025 | 390 bushels | 8 | AGCO 98 Tier 4 Engine | 430 hp |
References
edit- ^ "Model A Gleaner Baldwin Combine," "Ford Garage," (with photos and original advertisement, retrieved November 30, 2022
- ^ "Pierce v State," "U.S. Law," JUSTIA citing Pierce v State, 1932 OK CR 189, 15 P.2d 603, 54 Okl.Cr. 118, Decided: 10/14/1932, Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, retrieved November 30, 2022
- ^ a b c d e f g Buescher 1991, pp. 282–283.
- ^ "Harvest Equipment: A Brief History of the Combine - Iron Solutions". ironsolutions.com. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
- ^ Buescher 1991, p. 270.
- ^ "Gleaner combine returning to manufacturing home: History has come full circle". Farm Progress. September 20, 2000. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
- ^ "Gleaner moves up to Class 8". Farm Progress. August 19, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
- ^ "New Gleaner S9 Series combines feature comfort and productivity enhancements". OEM Off-Highway. November 13, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
- ^ "AGCO Corporation, Gleaner Release S9 Series Combines Available in 2016 | Farmers Hot Line". www.farmershotline.com. December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
- ^ Gleaner S9 Centennial Anniversary the 2023 Machine, September 30, 2022, retrieved April 4, 2023
- ^ "Gleaner Celebrates 100-Year Anniversary With 2023 Model Year Lineup Of Combines & Headers". TractorHouse.com. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ "Gleaner Combines". AGCO Corporation. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
- ^ "Gleaner Super Series Specifications" (PDF). AGCO Corporation. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
- ^ Swinford, Norm (1996). Allis-Chalmers Farm Equipment 1914-1985 (1st ed.). Amer Society of Agricultural (published January 1, 1996). ISBN 978-0929355542.
Bibliography
edit- Buescher, Walter M. (1991), Plow Peddler, Macomb, Illinois, USA: Glenbridge Publishing, ISBN 978-0-944435-18-2. A memoir by a man who worked for Allis-Chalmers company for over 30 years as a sales representative and sales manager.
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)