The Hobson Plan was an organizational structure established by the United States Air Force (USAF) in 1948, following experimental organization in 1947. Known as the "Wing-Base Organization," it replaced the organization used by the United States Army Air Forces (AAF), the predecessor organization of the USAF, which used separate chains of command for combat and support units. The plan made the wing the basic combat unit of the AAF, rather than the group and placed all support elements on a base under the command of the wing commander in addition to combat elements.
Background
editUnited States Army Air Forces
editAs part of the United States Army, the operational units of the United States Army Air Forces (AAF) operated from facilities known as army air fields. They consisted of a ground station, which consisted of streets, buildings, barracks and the support facilities and organizations. The airfield consisted of the runways, taxiways, hangars, and other facilities used to support flight operations at the airfield. The station commander commanded the station organizations and was responsible for the facilities. From 1940 to 1942, this responsibility fell to the commander of an "Air Base Group", consisting of an air base squadron and one or two materiel squadrons. There were also attached quartermaster and ordnance units, as well as other "Arms and Services with the Army Air Forces" detachments. Although these units supported one or two combat groups, they reported to different headquarters. In 1942, the air base groups became "service groups" designed to support deployed combat groups, while in the United States, the air base squadrons were expanded into "base headquarters and air base squadrons" and assumed the responsibilities of the former air base groups.[citation needed] In a reorganization of units in the United States by Army Air Forces, in the spring of 1944 the support units were reorganized into "Army Air Force Base Units" (AAFBU).[1]
Creation of the United States Air Force
editOn September 16, 1947, the United States Air Force was established as a separate and equal element of the United States armed forces.
Rapid demobilization after September 1945 meant that a new Air Force had to be built with the remnants of the wartime Army Air Forces. Initially, the Army Air Fields retained as permanent bases were assumed by the USAF were renamed as "Air Force Bases", and the Army's organizational structure was carried over into the new service with "Air Force Base Units" replacing the AAFBU. This resulted, however, into an awkward circumstance where the Combat Group commander was reporting to a Base Commander who may or may not have had flying experience. Once the United States Air Force became operational as a separate department, Carl Andrew Spaatz, the first Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force established a policy where, "No tactical commander should be subordinate to the station commander."
Spaatz's policy meant that a new solution would have to be found. Major General Charles Born proposed the creation of the Provisional Wing Plan, which basically reversed the USAAF organization and placed the wing commander over the base commander, although this idea was eventually discarded as it was viewed to be too complex.
The Wing-Base plan
editUnder the "Wing-Base" plan, the operational combat squadrons were assigned to a combat group. The support squadrons on the station were assigned to a "Maintenance and Supply Group", an "Airdrome Group", and a "Station Medical Group." The four groups were assigned to a wing, a changed level of command which unified all of the components, flying and support under a single command. The group commanders were subordinate to the wing commander who was an experienced combat flying leader. The wing would assume the historical numerical designation of the assigned combat group. A base commander was established to handle the administrative duties of the wing commander and to coordinate with the various group commanders. In this plan, known as the "Hobson Plan," the support groups and the operational flying combat group and the wing became one unit. Colonel Kenneth B. Hobson, the chief of the AAF Organizational Division, was the special project chairman and briefer.[2] The Wing-Base Organization was formalized in Air Force Regulation 20–15, Organization Principles and Policies for the US Air Force.
Organizations known as "wings" had existed in the Air Force and its predecessors since 1918, and new wings were created in the 1920s and 1930s. During World War II numerous wings existed; some provided training in the United States, others controlled combat groups and support organizations overseas.[3] However, the USAF wings established in 1947 were new organizations and few shared lineage or honors with the wings formed under the Army. In 1948 and afterward, some existing AAF wings were redesignated as air divisions, and placed immediately above the USAF Wings and below the Numbered Air Forces in the USAF organizational pyramid.[4]
Another major change implemented by the Hobson Plan was the standardization of designations. For example, the 1st Fighter Wing, established at March Air Force Base would consist of the 1st Fighter Group (its combat group); the 1st Maintenance and Supply Group, the 1st Air Base Group (to operate base facilities and services), and the 1st Station Medical Group. Subordinate to the groups were the 1st Field Maintenance Squadron, 1st Supply Squadron, 1st Engine Squadron, 1st Air Police Squadron, and so on. Operational flying Squadrons retained their historical designations and were assigned to the combat group. Tenant units stationed at the base, under the command of other commands, would also retain their designations.[5]
1947 Service Test
editThe service test of the Hobson Plan in 1947-1948 prompted an important change in the field structure and organization of the Air Force. The AAF (and previous Army Air Corps) wing organizations supervised a mixture of combat groups and support organizations. None of the subordinate organizations were permanently affiliated with the wings, or possessed similar numerical designations or standard functions.[4]
The USAF wings organized for the service test of the Hobson Plan featured standard functions. Each wing had its support squadrons organized into the four prescribed groups, all with identical numerical designations.
- Typical Service Test Organization
- 1st Fighter Group
- 1st Airdrome Group
- Squadron A, 1st Airdrome Group
- Squadron B, 1st Airdrome Group
- Squadron C, 1st Airdrome Group
- Squadron D, 1st Airdrome Group
- Squadron E, 1st Airdrome Group
- 1st Maintenance & Supply Group
- Maintenance Squadron, 1st Maintenance & Supply Group
- Supply Squadron, 1st Maintenance & Supply Group
- 1st Station Medical Group
The temporary service test Combat Wings were:
| Wing Designation | Experimental Wing Organized | Experimental Wing Discontinued | Permanent Wing Activated | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Fighter Wing | 15 August 1947 | 24 August 1948 | 22 August 1948[6] | |
| 2d Bombardment Wing | 5 November 1947 | 12 July 1948 | 12 July 1948[7] | |
| 4th Fighter Wing | 15 August 1947 | 1 August 1948 | 1 August 1948[8] | |
| 7th Bombardment Wing | 17 November 1947 | 1 August 1948 | 1 August 1948[9] | |
| 10th Reconnaissance Wing | 3 December 1947 | 27 Aug 1948 | 25 August 1948[10][note 1] | |
| 14th Fighter Wing | 15 August 1947 | 26 July 1948 | 26 July 1948[11] | |
| 20th Fighter Wing | 15 August 1947 | 26 August 1948 | 24 August 1948[12] | |
| 27th Fighter Wing | 15 August 1947 | 1 August 1948 | 1 August 1948[13] | |
| 28th Bombardment Wing | 15 August 1947 | 12 July 1948 | 12 July 1948[14] | |
| 31st Fighter Wing | 20 November 1947 | 25 August 1948 | 23 August 1948[15] | |
| 33d Fighter Wing | 5 November 1947 | 1 August 1948 | 1 August 1948[16] | |
| 43d Bombardment Wing | 17 November 1947 | 1 August 1948 | 1 August 1948[17] | |
| 47th Bombardment Wing | 15 August 1947 | 24 August 1948 | 22 August 1948[18] | |
| 56th Fighter Wing | 15 August 1947 | 1 August 1948 | 1 August 1948[19] | |
| 62d Troop Carrier Wing | 15 August 1947 | 24 August 1948 | 22 August 1948[20] | |
| 67th Reconnaissance Wing | 25 November 1947 | 24 August 1948 | 22 August 1948[21][note 2] | |
| 82d Fighter Wing | 15 August 1947 | 1 August 1948 | 1 August 1948[22] | |
| 92d Bombardment Wing | 17 November 1947 | 12 July 1948 | 12 July 1948[23] | |
| 93d Bombardment Wing | 15 August 1947 | 12 July 1948 | 12 July 1948[24] | |
| 97th Bombardment Wing | 1 December 1947 | 12 July 1948 | 12 July 1948[25] | |
| 98th Bombardment Wing | 10 November 1947 | 12 July 1948 | 12 July 1948[26] | |
| 301st Bombardment Wing | 5 November 1947 | 1 August 1948 | 1 August 1948[27] | |
| 307th Bombardment Wing | 15 August 1947 | 12 July 1948 | 12 July 1948[28] | |
| 313th Troop Carrier Wing | 15 August 1947 | 26 August 1948 | 23 August 1948[29] | |
| 316th Troop Carrier Wing | 15 August 1947 | 25 August 1948 | 23 August 1948[30] | |
| 332d Fighter Wing | 15 August 1947 | 28 August 1948 | 26 August 1948[31] | |
| 363d Reconnaissance Wing | 15 August 1947 | 27 Aug 1948 | 27 Aug 1948[32][note 3] | |
| 509th Bombardment Wing | 17 November 1947 | 1 August 1948 | 1 August 1948[33] |
Additional combat wings organized under the permanent plan
editIn the spring of 1948, the Hobson Plan was judged to be successful, and all other combat wings (mostly stationed overseas) were reorganized and established and the Hobson Plan was made permanent.
- Typical Permanent Organization
- 1st Fighter Wing
- 1st Fighter Group
- 27th Fighter Squadron
- 71st Fighter Squadron
- 94th Fighter Squadron
- 1st Air Base Group
- 1st Air Police Squadron
- 1st Base Services Squadron (disbanded and function merged into Air Base Group headquarters in 1949)
- 1st Communications Squadron
- 1st Food Services Squadron
- 1st Installations Squadron
- 1st Motor Vehicle Squadron (transferred to Maintenance & Supply Group in 1949)
- 1st Finance Disbursing Unit (disbanded and function merged into Air Base Group headquarters in 1949)
- 1st Maintenance & Supply Group
- 1st Maintenance Squadron
- 1st Supply Squadron
- 1st Station Medical Group (renamed 1st Medical Group in 1949)
- 1st Fighter Group
The wings organized under the permanent wing-base plan were:
| Wing Designation | Wing Organized | Major Command | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3d Bombardment Wing | 18 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[34] | |
| 8th Fighter Wing | 18 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[35] | |
| 18th Fighter Wing | 14 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[36] | |
| 19th Bombardment Wing | 17 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[37] | |
| 22d Bombardment Wing | 1 August 1948 | Strategic Air Command[38] | |
| 23d Fighter Wing | 16 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[39] | |
| 32d Composite Wing | 24 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[40] | |
| 35th Fighter Wing | 18 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[41] | |
| 36th Fighter Wing | 2 July 1948 | Caribbean Air Command[42] | |
| 38th Bombardment Wing | 18 August 1948 | Far East Air Force[43] | |
| 49th Fighter Wing | 18 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[44] | |
| 51st Fighter Wing | 18 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[45] | |
| 52d Fighter Wing | 9 June 1948 | Air Defense Command[46] | |
| 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing | 19 July 1948 | Strategic Air Command[47] | |
| 57th Fighter Wing | 20 Apr 1948 | Alaskan Air Command[48] | |
| 60th Troop Carrier Wing | 1 July 1948 | United States Air Forces Europe[49] | |
| 61st Troop Carrier Wing | 1 July 1948 | United States Air Forces Europe[50] | |
| 71st Tactical Reconnaissance Wing | 18 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[51] | |
| 81st Fighter Wing | 1 May 1948 | Pacific Air Command[52] | |
| 86th Fighter Wing | 1 July 1948 | United States Air Forces Europe[53] | |
| 317th Troop Carrier Wing | 18 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[54] | |
| 325th Fighter Wing | 9 June 1948 | Air Defense Command[55] | |
| 347th Fighter Wing | 18 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[56] | |
| 374th Troop Carrier Wing | 17 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[57] | |
| 475th Fighter Wing | 18 August 1948 | Far East Air Forces[58] |
Major subsequent changes
editOver the years, the Hobson Plan has changed and evolved, but its basic concept has remained the same in terms of the wing being the basic USAF combat unit.
Dual Deputy Organization
editStrategic Air Command (SAC)'s mobilization for the Korean War highlighted that SAC's wing commanders focused on running their bases and not on overseeing actual combat preparations. To improve wing commanders' ability to focus on combat operations, the air base group commander became responsible for managing the base housekeeping functions. SAC began experimenting with its organizations in February 1951 and decided on a final organization, which was implemented in June 1952. In this model, the wing commander focused primarily on the combat units and the maintenance necessary to support combat aircraft by having the combat and maintenance squadrons report directly to the wing and eliminating the intermediate combat and maintenance & supply group structures.[59]
The new organization was referred to as the "Dual Deputy" organization. The commander of the combat group was replaced by a wing "Deputy Commander for Operations," and the commander of the maintenance & supply group was replaced by a wing "Deputy Commander for Maintenance." There were only two deputy commanders. The air base group and the medical group remained, although, on SAC bases with two wings, they were assigned to an air division headquarters. Between 1956 and 1958, the Air Force's other combat commands adopted this structure, although the organization of maintenance squadrons varied.
- Typical Dual Deputy Organization
- 2d Bombardment Wing
- 20th Bombardment Squadron
- 49th Bombardment Squadron
- 96th Bombardment Squadron
- 2d Armament & Electronics Maintenance Squadron (later Avionics Maintenance Squadron)
- 2d Field Maintenance Squadron
- 2d Periodic Maintenance Squadron (later 2d Organizational Maintenance Squadron)
- 2d Air Base Group (later 2d Combat Support Group)
- 2d Air Police Squadron
- 2d Operations Squadron
- 2d Food Services Squadron
- 2d Installations Squadron (later 2d Civil Engineering Squadron)
- 2d Motor Vehicle Squadron (later 2d Transportation Squadron)
- 2d Supply Squadron
- 2d Medical Group (later 2d Tactical Hospital0
This arrangement, however, raised honors and lineage issues, as the combat groups, all veterans of World War II combat operations, held collectively many honors. At the same time, the postwar wings possessed few, if any, honors. Both SAC and ADC wanted the history and honors of the combat groups retained. In 1954, after review by Headquarters USAF, it was decided to bestow the wings with the history, campaign credits, and decorations the group had earned during World War II. In "bestowing" group history and honors on wings, USAF directives did not specify any conditions or limitations except to advise, in letters authorizing such bestowals, that these bestowals were temporary.[4]
During the Vietnam War, Tactical Air Command transferred flight line maintenance personnel to the deploying squadrons to Southeast Asia. Squadrons transferred to Pacific Air Forces retained this arrangement; however, in 1972, driven by budgetary considerations and the Vietnam drawdown, HQ USAF withdrew its approval for TAC's structural deviation and forced TAC to revert to the consolidated maintenance concept.[60]
Tri-Deputy organization
editIn the mid-1970s, the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) tested a tri-deputy wing organization that added a "Deputy Commander for Resources" (later, resource management) to the dual-deputy structure. The new deputy commander was responsible for supply, transportation and civil engineering squadrons. The deputy commander for maintenance remained responsible for the maintenance staff and maintenance squadrons. Viewed as giving the wing commander more direct control over the mission as well as focusing more attention on resource management during a period of serious budget constraints, HQ USAF approved the Tri-Deputy system for all major commands in 1975.[60]
While maintenance remained consolidated under the DCM in the official Tri-Deputy structure, Tactical Air Command (TAC) reorganized the DCM internally into the Production Oriented Maintenance Organization (POMO) in 1978.[60] Under POMO, an aircraft generation squadron was responsible for all flight line maintenance, with a specific aircraft maintenance unit attached to each operational squadron. aircraft maintenance units trained and deployed with operational squadrons but were part of an aircraft generation squadron. Intermediate level maintenance was divided between a component repair squadron and an equipment maintenance squadron.[60]
POMO was eventually renamed Combat Oriented Maintenance Organization. This was the basic structure of the tactical air forces (TAC, USAFE, and Pacific Air Forces). SAC and Military Airlift Command (MAC) kept their aircraft maintenance in the previous structure with flight line maintenance consolidated in an organizational maintenance squadron. This was an efficient structure for them since they operated primarily from home station or relied on en route maintenance teams at established overseas locations when their aircraft were overseas. Squadron deployments were not routine, so the additional cost of separate AMUs was not worthwhile.[60]
Objective Wing Organization
editIn the early 1990s with the declared end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. This major reorganization stressed elimination of unnecessary layers of authority, decentralization of decision-making, and consolidation of functions.[61]
The USAF restored a wing organizational structure, called the "objective wing", similar to the original Hobson wing-base plan. The inactivated combat groups were redesignated as "Operations Groups" and reactivated. In addition to the combat squadrons, an operations support squadron was added. The inactivated maintenance and supply groups were reactivated as "Logistics Groups", controlling maintenance, supply, transportation, and a logistic support squadron. Remaining support units were assigned to former air base or combat support groups, now all named "Support Groups." Although there was no immediate change, existing hospitals and clinics were renamed "Medical Groups". In 1994, the Objective Medical Group Organization created separate squadrons under the medical groups for aerospace medicine, dental, medical operations and medical support.
In addition to the realignment of support and operational squadrons, the "Tactical", "Strategic" and other descriptors of unit designations were discontinued. For example, the 354th Tactical Fighter Wing became the 354th Fighter Wing; the 24th Composite Wing became the 24th Wing; 356th Tactical Fighter Squadron became the 356th Fighter Squadron, and so on. This returned many unit designations back to their 1947 names.
Combat Wing Organization
editIn 2002, the Objective Wing Organization was modified to address the changes in the Air Force with the development of air expeditionary units. This reorganization was titled the "Combat Wing Organization."[62] The primary changes were related to the maintenance function of the wing. The former Logistics Group was redesignated as the Maintenance Group. The Operations Group structure did not change, although for organizations with maintenance personnel assigned to flying squadrons, those maintenance personnel transferred to the new Maintenance Group into new Aircraft Maintenance Squadrons, similar to the POMO/COMO maintenance organization that was in place in various commands between 1978 and 1991.[63] The Logistics Group's Logistics Support Squadron's maintenance planning and control function was replaced by a Maintenance Operations Squadron. Additionally, the Supply Squadron, Transportation Squadron and remaining functions of the Logistics Support Squadron were consolidated into a single Logistics Readiness Squadron and moved from the former Logistics Group to the Support Group. Support groups were redesignated "Mission Support Groups". In airlift units, the Mission Support Group took assignment of the Aerial Port Squadron, which had been in the Operations Group.
From 2021 to 2022, Air Combat Command made further changes to the Combat Wing Organization, under the reused term, "Combat Oriented Maintenance Organization." This new COMO saw individual Aircraft Maintenance Units under Aircraft Maintenance Squadrons elevated to squadron status, and called "[Aircraft Type] Generation Squadrons" with the numeric designator coming from the flying squadron they supported. For example, the aircraft generation squadron supporting the 27th Fighter Squadron was designated the "27th Fighter Generation Squadron", and the aircraft generation squadron supporting the 71st Rescue Squadron was designated the "71st Rescue Generation Squadron."[64]
References
editNotes
edit- Explanatory notes
- Citations
- ^ Goss, p. 75
- ^ Conrad & Bullock, p. 26
- ^ Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors, p. 2
- ^ a b c Ravenstein, Combat Wings[page needed]
- ^ "Squadrons and Services". Loring Military Heritage Center. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 5
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 7
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 12
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 18
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 24.
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 29
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 38
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), pp. 49-50
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 52
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 54
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 58
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 70
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 75
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 90
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 98
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 105.
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), pp. 117-118
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 128
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 130
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 136
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 138
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 144
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 154
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 160
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 165
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 178
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 191
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), pp. 275-276
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 9
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 20
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 34
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 36
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 41
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 43
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 57
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 60
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 63
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 66
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 78
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 82
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 85
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 88
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 92
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 94
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 97
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 110
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 116
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 120
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 167
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 176
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 182
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 196
- ^ Ravenstein (1984), p. 264
- ^ Deaile, pp. 175-176
- ^ a b c d e Leadership Development in the Objective Organization, ACSC/DEB/201/96-04, A Developmental Study Presented To The Directorate of Research Air Command and Staff College, April 1996[dead link]
- ^ Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors, p. 12
- ^ Jumper, Gen John P. "Chief's Sight Picture: Combat Wing Organization" (PDF). United States Air Force. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
- ^ The First Command, p. 409
- ^ "ACC to align fighter squadron operations, maintenance". 2 April 2021.
Bibliography
edit
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
- Conrad, James Lee; Bullock, Jerry M. (2010). Defenders of the Force: The History of the United States Air Force Security Forces 1947-2006 (PDF). Washington DC: USAF Security Forces Center. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
- Deaile, Melvin G. (2007). The SAC Mentality: The Origins of Organizational Culture in Strategic Air Command 1946-1962. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
- Goss, William A. (1955). "The Organization and its Responsibilities, Chapter 2 The AAF". In Craven, Wesley F.; Cate, James L. (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II (PDF). Vol. VI, Men & Planes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. OCLC 704158. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
- Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). "A Guide to Air Force Lineage and Honors" (PDF) (2d, Revised ed.). Maxwell AFB, AL: USAF Historical Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
- Anonymous (2021). A History of Air Education and Training Command "The First Command" 80 Years Strong 1942-2022 (PDF). Joint Base San Antonio–Randolph AFB, TX: Office of History and Research, Air Education and Training Command. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
- Further Reading
- Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1.