Jerzy Neyman (April 16, 1894 – August 5, 1981; born Jerzy Spława-Neyman; Polish: [ˈjɛʐɨ ˈspwava ˈnɛjman]) was a Polish mathematician and statistician who first introduced the modern concept of a confidence interval into statistical hypothesis testing[2] and, with Egon Pearson, revised Ronald Fisher's null hypothesis testing.
Jerzy Neyman | |
|---|---|
 Neyman in 1969 | |
| Born | Jerzy Spława-Neyman April 16, 1894 |
| Died | August 5, 1981 (aged 87) Oakland, California, US |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Alma mater | University of Warsaw Kharkov University |
| Known for | Neyman construction Neyman–Pearson lemma Neyman–Rubin causal model Fisher–Neyman factorization theorem Confidence interval Hypothesis testing Statistics of galaxy clusters |
| Awards | Newcomb Cleveland Prize (1958) Guy Medal (Gold, 1966) National Medal of Science (1968) Fellow of the Royal Society[1] |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology University College London University of California, Berkeley |
| Doctoral advisor | Wacław Sierpiński |
| Doctoral students | George Dantzig Lucien Le Cam Evelyn Fix Erich Leo Lehmann Joseph Hodges Pao-Lu Hsu |
Neyman spent the first part of his professional career at various institutions in Warsaw, Poland, and then at University College London; and the second part, at the University of California, Berkeley.
Life and career
editHe was born into a Polish family in Bendery, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire, the fourth of four children of Czesław Spława-Neyman and Kazimiera Lutosławska. His family was Roman Catholic, and Neyman served as an altar boy during his early childhood. Later, Neyman would become an agnostic. Neyman's family descended from a long line of Polish nobles and military heroes. He graduated from the Kamieniec Podolski gubernial gymnasium for boys in 1909 under the name Yuri Cheslavovich Neyman.[3] He began studies at Kharkiv University in 1912, where he was taught by Ukrainian probabilist Sergei Natanovich Bernstein. After he read 'Lessons on the integration and the research of the primitive functions' by Henri Lebesgue, he was fascinated with measure and integration.
In 1921 he returned to Poland in a program of repatriation of POWs after the Polish-Soviet War. He earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree at University of Warsaw in 1924 for a dissertation titled "On the Applications of the Theory of Probability to Agricultural Experiments". He was examined by Wacław Sierpiński and Stefan Mazurkiewicz, among others. He spent a couple of years in London and Paris on a fellowship to study statistics with Karl Pearson and Émile Borel. After his return to Poland, he established the Biometric Laboratory at the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology in Warsaw.
He published many books dealing with experiments and statistics, and devised the way which the FDA tests medicines today.
Neyman proposed and studied randomized experiments in 1923.[4] Furthermore, his paper "On the Two Different Aspects of the Representative Method: The Method of Stratified Sampling and the Method of Purposive Selection", given at the Royal Statistical Society on 19 June 1934,[5] was the groundbreaking event leading to modern scientific sampling. He introduced the confidence interval in his paper in 1937.[6] Another noted contribution is the Neyman–Pearson lemma, the basis of hypothesis testing.
He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1928 in Bologna[7] and a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1954 in Amsterdam.[8]
In 1938 he moved to Berkeley, where he worked for the rest of his life. Thirty-nine students received their Ph.Ds under his advisorship. In 1966 he was awarded the Guy Medal of the Royal Statistical Society and, three years later, the U.S. National Medal of Science. He died in Oakland, California, in 1981.
See also
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Kendall, D. G.; Bartlett, M. S.; Page, T. L. (1982). "Jerzy Neyman. 16 April 1894-5 August 1981". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 28: 379–412. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1982.0015. JSTOR 769904.
- ^ Salsburg, David (2002). The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century. Macmillan. p. 122. ISBN 9780805071344.
- ^ Выпускники Каменец-Подольской гимназии 1883-1920
- ^ Neyman, Jerzy. 1923 [1990]. “On the Application of Probability Theory to Agricultural Experiments. Essay on Principles. Section 9.” Statistical Science 5 (4): 465–472. Trans. Dorota M. Dabrowska and Terence P. Speed.
- ^ Neyman, J.(1934) "On the two different aspects of the representative method: The method of stratified sampling and the method of purposive selection", Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 97 (4), 557–625 JSTOR 2342192
- ^ Neyman, Jerzy (1937). "Outline of a Theory of Statistical Estimation Based on the Classical Theory of Probability". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 236 (767): 333–380. Bibcode:1937RSPTA.236..333N. doi:10.1098/rsta.1937.0005. JSTOR 91337.
- ^ Neyman, J. "On methods of testing hypotheses". In: Atti del Congresso Internazionale dei Matematici: Bologna del 3 al 10 de settembre di 1928. Vol. 6. pp. 35–42.
- ^ Neyman, J. (1954). "Probabilistic theory of clustering of galaxies with particular reference to the hypothesis of an expanding universe". In: Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians: Amsterdam, 1954. Vol. 2. pp. 298–299.
Sources
edit- Fisher, Ronald "Statistical methods and scientific induction" Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 17 (1955), 69–78. (criticism of statistical theories of Jerzy Neyman and Abraham Wald)
- Neyman, Jerzy (1956). "Note on an Article by Sir Ronald Fisher". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 18 (2): 288–294. JSTOR 2983716. (reply to Fisher 1955)
- Reid, Constance, Jerzy Neyman—From Life, Springer Verlag, (1982), ISBN 0-387-90747-5.
External links
edit
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Jerzy Neyman", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ASA biographical article by Chin Long Chiang
- Jerzy Neyman — Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
- Biography of Jerzy Neyman from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences