The Miknasa (Berber: Imeknasen) was a Zenata Berber tribe of the Maghreb.[1]
History
editThe Miknasa Berbers historically populated the Aurès and are part of the Dharisa tribe belonging to Botr who descended from Madghis, coming from the Aures mountains in Algeria.[2][3][4][5] The Aures and the regions north of it were traditionally the home of the Miknasa, they were also mentioned to have been situated there by Ibn Khaldun, Al Yaqubi and Al Bakri at the time of the foundation of Tahert.[6] In antiquity Ptolomey referred to three groups who had inhabited a certain mountain range which can now be identified as the Ouarsenis, one of these three peoples were the Μυκίνοι who were most likely the Miknasa, Edrisi had also mentioned the Miknasa as one of the tribes that inhabited the Ouarsenis.[7]
After defeat by the Umayyads, many of the Miknasa converted to Islam.[8] In 711, members of the tribe took part in the conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom under Tariq ibn Ziyad. They settled north of Córdoba and in the 11th century founded the Aftasid dynasty in Badajoz.[9]
Another group of the Miknasa took part in the successful massive Berber Revolt led by Maysara al-Matghari in 739–742 against the Umayyad Arabs, and managed to wipe out the Umayyad Arab presence in Morocco and Algeria.[10] The Berber principality Banu Midrar is named after Abul-Qasim Samku ibn Wasul, nicknamed Midrar, a Miknasa Berber who was said to take part in the Berber Revolt.[10] The principality of the Banu Midrar was founded by Miknasa who came from the Aures massif, and at the time were nomads south of Tiaret.[11][12] The Miknasa adopted Kharijism-Islam and established the Emirate of Sijilmasa, under the Midrarid dynasty, on the northern edge of the Sahara in 757.[13][14] This became very wealthy as the western end-point of the Trans-Saharan trade route with the Sudan.[15] In alliance with the Caliphate of Córdoba, it was able to fight off the attacks of the Fatimids. However, when the Miknasa chief Al-Mutazz allied himself with the Fatimids, the Miknasa were driven out of Sijilmasa by the Maghrawa, who were allies of the Umayyads.[citation needed]
A further group of Miknasa were allied with the Fatimids against the Umayyads, and overthrew the Rustamids of Tahert in 912 and drove the Salihids from northern Morocco in 917.[16][17][18] But they could not maintain their resistance to the Maghrawa in northern Morocco permanently, and, weakened by the struggle, they were subdued by the Almoravids in the 11th century.[19]
Toponyms
editThe modern Moroccan city of Meknes, which took its name from them,[20] bears witness to their presence, as does the Spanish town of Mequinenza.[21]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Nijst, A. L. M. T. (1973). Living on the edge of the Sahara: a study of traditional forms of habitation and types of settlement in Morocco. Govt. Pub. Office. p. 333. ISBN 9789012001052.
- ^ Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De Ziri à Hammad Mouloud Gaïd Editions Mimouni
- ^ Kitāb el-istiqça li akhbār doual el-Maghrib el-Aqça, Volume 30Aḥmad ibn Khālid Salāwī Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner
- ^ History of Morocco Henri Terrasse Éditions Atlantides
- ^ Field Studies in Libya John Innes Clarke
- ^ Zerouki, Brahim. L'Imamat de Tahart: Histoire politico-socio-religieuse. France: L'Harmattan, 1987.”Les Miknassa, traditionnellement, avaient pour demeure les Awras ainsi que la région située au nord de ces montagnes (228). Ils y sont en effet signalés par Ibn Haldun (229) qui situe son propos au moment des bouleversements qui provoquèrent la fondation de Tahart, ainsi que par Al Ya'qubi (230) ainsi que par Al Bakri (231)”
- ^ Essai sur la province Romaine de Maurétanie Césarienne. 1891. pp.75-76.
- ^ Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1992). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. J. Currey. p. 123. ISBN 9780852550939.
- ^ Jayyusi, Salma Khadra; Marín, Manuela (1992). The Legacy of Muslim Spain. BRILL. p. 51. ISBN 9004095993.
- ^ a b Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987-08-20). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9781316583340.
- ^ Encyclopédie du dix-neuvième siècle: répertoire universel des sciences, des lettres et des arts, avec la biographie et de nombreuses gravures. Au Bureau de l'Encyclopédie du XIXe Siècle, 1867.
- ^ Bellil, Rachid. Ksour et saints du Gourara: dans la tradition orale, l'hagiographie et les chroniques locales. C.N.R.P.A.H., 2003. p.84. “La chute de la capitale des Ibadites maghrébins favorisera les Miknassa ( surtout les Banu Midrar ) qui nomadisaient au sud de Tahart et développeront Sidjilmasa pour tirer profit du commerce avec le pays des Noirs”
- ^ Haji, Hamid (2006-05-26). Founding the Fatimid State: The Rise of an Early Islamic Empire. I.B.Tauris. p. 106. ISBN 9780857712721.
- ^ Hoyland, Robert G. (2014). In God's Path: The Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 243. ISBN 9780199916368.
- ^ Blanchard, Ian (2001). Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages: Asiatic supremacy, 425-1125. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 130. ISBN 9783515079587.
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2014-01-15). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History. ABC-CLIO. p. 629. ISBN 9781610690263.
- ^ Bloom, Jonathan M. (1989). Minaret: Symbol of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780197280133.
- ^ Scales, Peter C. (1993-12-31). The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict. BRILL. p. 149. ISBN 9004098682.
- ^ Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1992). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. J. Currey. p. 37. ISBN 9780852550939.
- ^ Halm, Heinz (1996). Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten. BRILL. p. 266. ISBN 9004100563.
- ^ Scales, Peter C. (1993-12-31). The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict. BRILL. p. 148. ISBN 9004098682.