The mtDNA control region is an area of the mitochondrial genome which is non-coding DNA. This region controls RNA and DNA synthesis.[1] It is the most polymorphic region of the human mtDNA genome,[2] with polymorphism concentrated in hypervariable regions. The average nucleotide diversity in these regions is 1.7%.[3] Despite this variability, an RNA transcript from this region has a conserved secondary structure (pictured) which has been found to be under selective pressure.[4]
| Mitochondrial DNA control region secondary structure A | |
|---|---|
 The consensus secondary structure for all haplotypes of the mtDNA control region. | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | mtDNA ssA |
| Rfam | RF01853 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Antisense RNA |
| Domain(s) | Mammalia |
| PDB structures | PDBe |
The mtDNA control region contains the origin of replication of one strand, and the origin of transcription for both strands.[5] There is also an open reading frame thought to code for 7s ribosomal RNA in humans but not in mice or cows, where it has been deleted.[6]
Distinction from D-loop
editThe control region and mtDNA D-loop are sometimes used synonymously in the literature;[3] specifically the control region includes the D-loop along with adjacent transcription promoter regions. For this reason, the control region is also known by the acronym DLP, standing for D-Loop and associated Promoters.[7]
Endurance study
editmtDNA control region haplotypes have been linked with endurance capacity in human subjects.[8] A 2002 study sequenced the control region of 55 subjects and compared their haplotype with the increase in VO2 max after an eight-week training program. They found that different haplotypes were significantly linked with the subjects' endurance. It was speculated that this was because the control region affects replication and transcription in the mitochondria.[4][8]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Structure of the Mitochondrial Genome DNA Learning Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- ^ Stoneking M, Hedgecock D, Higuchi RG, Vigilant L, Erlich HA (February 1991). "Population variation of human mtDNA control region sequences detected by enzymatic amplification and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48 (2): 370–82. PMC 1683035. PMID 1990843.
- ^ a b Aquadro CF, Greenberg BD (February 1983). "Human Mitochondrial DNA Variation and Evolution: Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences from Seven Individuals". Genetics. 103 (2): 287–312. doi:10.1093/genetics/103.2.287. PMC 1219980. PMID 6299878. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ a b Pereira F, Soares P, Carneiro J, et al. (December 2008). "Evidence for variable selective pressures at a large secondary structure of the human mitochondrial DNA control region". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (12): 2759–70. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn225. PMID 18845547.
- ^ Anderson S, Bankier AT, Barrell BG, et al. (April 1981). "Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome". Nature. 290 (5806): 457–65. Bibcode:1981Natur.290..457A. doi:10.1038/290457a0. PMID 7219534. S2CID 4355527.
- ^ Ojala D, Montoya J, Attardi G (April 1981). "tRNA punctuation model of RNA processing in human mitochondria". Nature. 290 (5806): 470–4. Bibcode:1981Natur.290..470O. doi:10.1038/290470a0. PMID 7219536. S2CID 4323371.
- ^ Michikawa Y, Mazzucchelli F, Bresolin N, Scarlato G, Attardi G (October 1999). "Aging-dependent large accumulation of point mutations in the human mtDNA control region for replication". Science. 286 (5440): 774–9. doi:10.1126/science.286.5440.774. PMID 10531063.
- ^ a b Murakami H, Ota A, Simojo H, Okada M, Ajisaka R, Kuno S (June 2002). "Polymorphisms in control region of mtDNA relates to individual differences in endurance capacity or trainability". Jpn. J. Physiol. 52 (3): 247–56. doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.52.247. PMID 12230801.
Further reading
edit- Stoneking M (October 2000). "Hypervariable Sites in the mtDNA Control Region Are Mutational Hotspots". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67 (4): 1029–32. doi:10.1086/303092. PMC 1287875. PMID 10968778.
- Sachidanandam R, Weissman D, Schmidt SC, et al. (February 2001). "A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms". Nature. 409 (6822): 928–33. doi:10.1038/35057149. PMID 11237013.
External links
edit- EMPOP - the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Database
- Page for Mitochondrial DNA control region secondary structure A at Rfam