Wikipedia

Republic of Korea Air Force

The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF; Korean: 대한민국 공군; Hanja: 大韓民國空軍; RR: Daehanminguk Gong-gun), also known as the ROK Air Force or South Korean Air Force, is the aerial and space warfare service branch of South Korea, operating under the South Korean Ministry of National Defense.

Republic of Korea Air Force
  • 대한민국 공군
  • Daehanminguk Gong-gun
Republic of Korea Air Force emblem
Founded1 October 1949
(75 years, 1 month)
Country South Korea
TypeAir force
Space force
RoleAerial warfare
Space warfare
Size
  • 65,000 (2022)[1]
  • 720 aircraft
Part of Republic of Korea Armed Forces
HeadquartersGyeryong, South Korea
Motto(s)
  • 대한민국을 지키는 가장 높은 힘
  • "The Highest Power Defending the Republic of Korea"[2]
March
  • 공군가
  • "Air Force Anthem"[3][4]
Mascot(s)"Haneuli" and "Purumae"
Engagements
WebsiteOfficial website
Commanders
President Yoon Suk Yeol
Minister of National Defense Kim Yong-hyun
Chief of Staff of Air Force General Lee Young-su
Insignia
Flag
Logo
Roundel
Low Visibility Roundel
Aircraft flown
Electronic
warfare		E-7A
FighterKJF-5E/F, F-16C, F-15K, FA-50, F-35A
HelicopterBell 412, CH-47D, HH-60P, S-92, Ka-32, MD 500 Defender, Eurocopter AS332
Attack helicopterMD 500 Defender
PatrolRQ-4 Global Hawk
ReconnaissanceRC-800, Dassault Falcon 2000
TrainerKAI KT-1, TA-50/50B, KT-100
TransportBoeing 747, Boeing 737, CASA CN-235, C-130H, C-130J
TankerKC-30A

History

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1940s

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Shortly after the end of World War II, the South Korean Air Construction Association was founded on 10 August 1946, to publicize the importance of air power. Despite the then-scanty status of Korean armed forces, the first air unit was formed on 5 May 1948, under the direction of Dong Wi-bu, the forerunner to the modern South Korean Ministry of National Defense. On 13 September 1949, the United States contributed 10 L-4 Grasshopper observation aircraft to the South Korean air unit. An Army Air Academy was founded in January 1949, and the ROKAF was officially founded in October 1949.

1950s

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The 1950s were a critical time for the ROKAF as it expanded tremendously during the Korean War. At the outbreak of the war, the ROKAF consisted of 1,800 personnel but was equipped with only 20 trainers and liaison aircraft, including 10 North American T-6 Texan advanced trainers purchased from Canada. The North Korean Air Force had acquired a considerable number of Yak-9 and La-7 fighters from the Soviet Union, dwarfing the ROKAF in terms of size and strength. During the war, though, the ROKAF acquired 110 aircraft - 79 fighter-bombers, three fighter squadrons, and one fighter wing. The first combat aircraft received was North American F-51D Mustangs, along with a contingent of US Air Force instructor pilots under the command of Major Dean Hess, as part of Bout One Project. The ROKAF participated in bombing operations and flew independent sorties. After the war, the ROKAF Headquarters were moved to Daebangdong, Seoul. Air Force University was also founded in 1956.

 
P-51 Mustangs were among the first fighter aircraft for the ROKAF

1960s

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To counter the threat of possible North Korean aggression, the ROKAF underwent a substantial capability enhancement. The ROKAF acquired North American T-28 Trojan trainers, North American F-86D Sabre night- and all-weather interceptors, Northrop F-5 fighters and McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom fighter bombers. Air Force Operations Command was established in 1961 to secure efficient command and control facilities. Air Force Logistics Command was established in 1966, and emergency runways were constructed for emergency use during wartime. The Eunma Unit was founded in 1966 to operate Curtiss C-46 Commando transport aircraft used to support Republic of Korea Army and Republic of Korea Marine Corps units serving in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.[5]

1970s

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The ROKAF was posed with a security risk, with an increasingly belligerent North Korea throughout the 1970s. The South Korean government increased its expenditure on the ROKAF, resulting in the purchase of Northrop F-5E Tiger II fighters in August 1974 and F-4E fighter-bombers. Support aircraft, such as Fairchild C-123 Providers and Grumman S-2 Trackers were also purchased at the time. Great emphasis was placed on the flight training program; new trainer aircraft (Cessna T-41 Mescalero and Cessna T-37) were purchased, and the Air Force Education & Training Command was also founded in 1973 to consolidate and enhance the quality of personnel training.

1980s

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The ROKAF concentrated on the qualitative expansion of aircraft to catch up to the strength of the North Korean Air Force. In 1982, Korean variants of the F-5E, the Jegong-ho were first produced. The ROKAF gathered a good deal of information on the North Korean Air Force when Captain Lee Woong-Pyeong, a North Korean pilot, defected to South Korea. The Korean Combat Operations Information Center was soon formed and the Air Defence System was automated to attain air superiority against North Korea. When the 1988 Seoul Olympics was held in South Korea, the ROKAF contributed to the success of this event by helping to oversee the entire security system. The ROKAF also moved its headquarters and the Air Force Education & Training Command to other locations. 40 General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters were also purchased in 1989.

1990s

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South Korea committed its support for coalition forces during the Persian Gulf War, forming the "Bima Unit" to fight in the war. The ROKAF also provided airlift support for peacekeeping operations in Somalia in 1993. The increased participation in international operations depicted the ROKAF's elevated international position. Over 180 KF-16 fighters of F-16 Block 52 specifications were introduced as part of the Peace Bridge II & III program in 1994. In 1997, for the first time in Korean aviation history, female cadets were accepted into the Korean Air Force Academy.

2000s

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The last of the old South Korean 60 F-5A/B fighters were all retired in August 2007, and they were replaced with the F-15K and F/A-50. On 20 October 2009, Bruce S. Lemkin, deputy undersecretary of the U.S. Air Force, said that the ROKAF's limited intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities increased the risk of instability on the Korean Peninsula and suggested the purchase of American systems such as the F-35 Lightning II to close this gap.[6]

2010s

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The South Korean Air Force also expressed interest in acquiring the RQ-4 Global Hawk remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) and several Joint Direct Attack Munition conversion kits to further improve its intelligence and offensive capabilities. In 2014, Northrop Grumman awarded a contract to provide South Korea with four RQ-4 Global.[7] The South Korean Air Force acquired 40 F-35s and +20 additional F-35.

2020s

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In 2021, the Space Operations Center was established at the Air Force Headquarters.[8]

On 22 October 2023, the ROKAF conducted its first-ever trilateral exercise with the United States and Japanese air forces near the Korean Peninsula.

On 7 June 2024, F-4E Phantom II, which were deployed at the 10th Fighter Wing based in Suwon, were retired.[9]

Organization

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Republic of Korea Air Force Headquarters

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  • Republic of Korea Air Force Headquarters
    • 7th Air Force Communication Service Group, based at Pyeongtaek
 
A KF-21 prototype 003 taxiing for a maiden flight at Sacheon Air Base
    • 35th Flight Group, based at Seongnam
    • Air Force Test & Evaluation Wing, based at Sacheon (KF-21)[10]
      • 281st Flight Test Squadron
    • 53rd Air Demonstration Group, based at Wonju
    • 91st Civil Engineer Group
    • Air Force Aerospace Medical Center
    • Air Force Weather Group
  • Air Force Operations Command
    • Korean Air And Space Operations Center
    • Air Combat Command
      • 1st Fighter Wing, based at Gwangju (T-50)
 
T-50 Squadron on demo flight
      • 8th Fighter Wing, based at Wonju (FA-50, KA-1, HARPY)
      • 10th Fighter Wing, based at Suwon (KF-5E/F)
      • 11th Fighter Wing, based at Daegu (F-15K)
      • 16th Fighter Wing, based at Yecheon (TA-50, FA-50)
      • 17th Fighter Wing, based at Cheongju (F-35A)
      • 18th Fighter Wing, based at Gangneung (KF-5E/F)
      • 19th Fighter Wing, based at Chungju (KF-16, F-16)
      • 20th Fighter Wing, based at Seosan (KF-16)
      • 29th Tactical Fighter Weapons Group, based at Cheongju
      • 38th Fighter Group, based at Gunsan (KF-16)
    • Air Mobility & Reconnaissance Command
      • 3rd Flight Training Wing, based at Sacheon (KT-1)
 
KT-1 Woongbi Basic Trainer preparing to take off
        • 213th Flight Training Squadron
        • 215th Flight Training Squadron
        • 217th Flight Training Squadron
        • 236th Flight Training Squadron
      • 5th Air Mobility Wing, based at Gimhae (C-130, CN-235, KC-330)
 
A Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport aircraft
      • 15th Special Missions Wing, based at Seongnam (C-130, CN-235)
      • 39th Reconnaissance Wing, based at Chungju (RF-16, RC-800)[11]
      • 6th Search & Rescue Air Group, based at Cheongju
        • 231st Search and Rescue Squadron
        • 233th Search and Rescue Squadron
        • 235th Search and Rescue Squadron
        • Special search and Rescue squad
      • 28th Flight Group
      • 51st Air Control Flight Group, based at Gimhae (E-737)
 
Boeing 737 AEW&C aircraft of the Republic of Korea Air Force
    • Air & Missile Defense Command
      • 1st Air & Missile Defense Brigade
      • 2nd Air & Missile Defense Brigade
      • 3rd Air & Missile Defense Brigade[12]
    • Air Defense Control Command
      • 31st Air Defense Control Group (1MCRC)
      • 32nd Air Defense Control Group (2MCRC)
      • 33rd Air Defense Control Group
      • 34th Air Defense Control Group
  • Air Force Logistics Command
  • Air Force Education & Training Command
    • Air Force Basic Military Training Wing, based at Sacheon
    • Air Force Aviation Science High School
    • Air Force 1st Logistics School
    • Air Force 2nd Logistics School
    • Information Communication School
    • Administrative School
    • Air Defence Artillery School
    • Boramae Leadership Center
  • Air Force Academy

Current Major Projects

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KF-X future fighter program

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Main article: KAI KF-21 Boramae

The Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) KF-21 Boramae (Northern Goshawk) is a multi-role 4.5 generation fighter built By Korean KAI and Indonesian PT DI. It will have capabilities in between the light FA-50 fighter and the high-grade, long-range, heavy payload F-15K and F-35 Lightning II.[13][14]

Mid-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (MUAV)

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Main article: KUS-FS MALE

The indigenously developed KUS-FS, nicknamed MUAV or Korean Unmanned System (KUS-FS), is designed for armed land and sea Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions with endurance of up to 24 hours. Its maiden flight was in 2012. Korean Air's Aerospace Division (KAL-ASD) unveiled its MALE UAV in 2019 with LIG Nex1 SAR and Hanwha EO/IR sensors, aimed for serial production in 2021. It reportedly has a wider wingspan than the Reaper at 25 m and is powered by a 1200 hp Pratt & Whitney PT6 turboprop engine.[15][16][17] South Korea will develop turbofan engines to be installed in high-performance unmanned aerial vehicles by 2025.[18]

M-SAM Block II

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Main article: KM-SAM

In the spring of 2017 the PIP missile (M-SAM Block II) began its final tests, during which it shot down five of five practice ballistic missile targets. Seven (batteries) are scheduled for deployment throughout South Korea by 2022.[19]

L-SAM

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Main article: L-SAM

L-SAM refers to a locally made long-range surface-to-air missile currently under development, while the Cheolmae II, also known as KM-SAM, is a domestically manufactured medium-range surface-to-air missile capable of engaging an incoming target at an altitude as high as 20 kilometers. The new project has been nicknamed the K-THAAD due to its planned long range of 25 to 93 miles and its ability to hit targets as high as 200,000 feet. Nearly $1 billion has been devoted to the L-SAM or Cheolmae-4, which is scheduled for completion in 2022 with deployment of four batteries to follow a year or two afterwards.[20]

Large Strategic Transport Aircraft

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Since the introduction of the C-130J-30 Super Hercules as a large transport aircraft in 2010,[21] ROKAF has announced its intention to implement a second project for the acquisition of large strategic transporters.[22] Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) has disclosed detailed plans, outlining the purchase of four aircraft from overseas, with the entire project costing 480 billion won (US$37 million). DAPA has also mandated the formation of a consortium, involving Korean companies in the production of aircraft components.[23]

Throughout March and April 2023, ROKAF, DAPA, and KIDA (the Korea Institute for Defense Analysis) conducted an assessment of manufacturers, including Airbus, Embraer, Lockheed Martin, as part of the procurement evaluation.[24] The three manufacturers submitted the Airbus A400M Atlas, Embraer C-390 Millennium, and Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules for consideration in the second project.[24] In December 2023, DAPA selected the Embraer C-390 Millennium as the winner of the Large Transport Aircraft (LTA) II tender, and planning to introduce three units by 2026.[25][26]

In 2018, apart from the second project, the Korean government was in discussions with the Spanish government regarding a potential swap involving the Airbus A400M Atlas for the KT-1 Woongbi basic trainer and the T-50 Golden Eagle advanced trainer.[27]

Long Range Air Defense Radar

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South Korea's Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) has launched a project to develop an indigenous long-range air defense radar. Foreign-manufactured radars (Lockheed Martin TPS-77) currently in use to monitor Kadiz will be phased out and replaced with new domestic equipment starting in 2027, according to the agency.[28]

Equipment

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Aircraft

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F-15K on landing
 
A F-16 Fighting Falcon on take off
 
A FA-50 on first delivery
 
ROKAF F-35A Lightning II
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat aircraft
F-5 Tiger II United States fighter KF-5E/F 61[29]
F-15E Strike Eagle United States multirole F-15K 59[30]
F-16 Fighting Falcon United States multirole KF-16C/U 118
KF-16D 49 Also provide conversion training[30]
F-35 Lightning II United States multirole F-35A 39 20 on order[31]
T-50 Golden Eagle Republic of Korea light multirole FA-50 60[30]
KF-21 Boramae Republic of Korea air superiority Block 1 20 on order[32]
AWACS
E-7 Peace Eye United States AEW&C E-737 4[30] Equipped with a MESA radar
Reconnaissance
Dassault Falcon France EW / ELINT 2000 2[30] 4 on order[33]
Hawker 800 United Kingdom reconnaissance / SIGINT RC-800s 8[30]
Tanker
Airbus A330 MRTT Spain refueling / transport KC-330 4[30]
Transport
Boeing 737 United States VIP 737-300 1[34] Prime Minister transport operated as Code Two
Boeing 747 United States VIP 747-8I 1[35] Presidential transport operated as Code One leased from Korean Air
CASA CN-235 Spain / Indonesia transport / utility 18[30]
C-130 Hercules United States tactical airlifter C-130H 12[30]
C-130J Super Hercules United States tactical airlifter 4[30]
C-390 Millennium Brazil transport / utility 3 on order[36][37]
Helicopters
AS332 Super Puma France utility / transport 3[30]
Bell 412 United States utility 3[30]
CH-47 Chinook United States transport / CSAR HH-47D 9[30]
Kamov Ka-27 Russia CSAR Ka-32 7[30]
Sikorsky S-70 United States utility / CSAR HH-60P 17[30]
Sikorsky S-92 United States VIP 3[38]
Trainer aircraft
KC-100 Naraon Republic of Korea trainer KT-100 23[30]
KT-1 Woongbi Republic of Korea trainer KT-1 103[30]
light attack KA-1
T-50 Golden Eagle Republic of Korea trainer T-50 72[30]
Aerobatic-specialized T-50B 10[30] Used by Black Eagles aerobatic team
LIFT TA-50 22[30] 20 Block II on order.[39]
UAV
RQ-4 Global Hawk United States surveillance 4[40]

Retired aircraft

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Retired North American F-86F Sabre of the ROKAF on display

Previous aircraft operated by the Republic of Korea Air Force consisted of the following aircraft.[41][42][43]

Air Defence

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The ROKAF Air Defence Artillery Command transferred from the Republic of Korea Army's air defense artillery and was established as a basic branch on 1 July 1991.[45]

Name Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Surface-to-air missile
MIM-104 Patriot United States ABM / SAM system PAC-3[46] 8 batteries[47]
KM-SAM Cheongung Republic of Korea medium range ABM / SAM system Block I 18 batteries[48]
Block II 1 (7 on order)[49]
Anti-aircraft artillery
M167 VADS Republic of Korea anti-aircraft gun KM167A3 200 20mm anti-aircraft gun
Man-portable air-defense system
KP-SAM Shingung Republic of Korea man-portable air-defense system 2,000

Military ranks

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Officer ranks can be learned fairly easily if one sees the pattern. So equals small; Jung equals medium; Dae equals large. Jun equals the prefix sub-. Each of these is coupled with wi equals company grade, ryeong equals field grade, and jang equals general. This system is due to the hanja or Sino-Korean origin of the names.

Rank group General/Flag/Air officers Senior officers Junior officers
  Republic of Korea Air Force[50]
                      
원수
Wonsu 		대장
Daejang 		중장
Jungjang 		소장
Sojang 		준장
Junjang 		대령
Daeryeong 		중령
Jungnyeong 		소령
Soryeong 		대위
Daewi 		중위
Jungwi 		소위
Sowi
Rank Group Warrant officer
  Republic of Korea Air Force[50]  
준위
Junwi
Rank group Non-commissioned officer Enlisted
  Republic of Korea Air Force[50]
                
원사
Wonsa 		상사
Sangsa 		중사
Jungsa 		하사
Hasa 		병장
Byeongjang 		상등병
Sangdeungbyeong 		일등병
Ildeungbyeong 		이등병
Ideungbyeong

Roundels

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  •  
    2000–present
  •  
    2000–present
    (low-visibility)
  •  
    1951–2000
  •  
    1950s

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "2022 Defence White Paper" (PDF). December 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-02-16. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  2. ^ "Slogan of Air Force". Republic of Korea Air Force. Archived from the original on 2023-02-18. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  3. ^ 군가전 #1. 공군가. 대한민국공군. 29 August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023 – via YouTube.
  4. ^ KY Karaoke (금영노래방 공식 유튜브 채널) (12 December 2014). "[KY 금영노래방] 군가 - 공군가 (KY Karaoke No.KY4574)". Archived from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2016 – via YouTube.
  5. ^ Larsen, Stanley; Collins, Lawton (1985). Allied Participation in Vietnam. Department of the Army. p. 131. ISBN 9781410225016.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ "Korea Urged to Secure Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Systems". 20 October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  7. ^ Hoyle, Craig (17 December 2014). "Seoul finalises $657 million Global Hawk purchase". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  8. ^ "South Korean Air Force Inaugurates Space Operations Center". aviationweek.com. Aviation Week. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  9. ^ "Phantom retires after protecting Korea's sky for 55 years". 동아일보. Retrieved 2024-06-08.
  10. ^ "[더 보다] KF-21, 코리아 파이터". Korean Broadcasting System. 9 June 2024. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  11. ^ [1] South Korea establishes new air force reconnaissance unit- airforce-technology.com, 03 Nov 2020
  12. ^ [2] 오세훈, 北 미사일 도발에 "스스로 누를 수 있는 핵 버튼 가져야", Daum, 20 December 2023
  13. ^ "KAI KF-21 (KF-X)". aviationweek.com. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  14. ^ "South Korea rolls out prototype of its first indigenous fighter aircraft". janes.com. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  15. ^ "South Korea highlights unmanned systems interest in latest defence spending plan". Janes.com. 14 August 2020.
  16. ^ "South Korean MND eyes KUS-FS UAV for RoKA Ground Operations Command". Janes.com. 30 March 2020.
  17. ^ "South Korean KUS-FS MALE UAS Continues Flight Trials". Uasweekly.com. 23 March 2018.
  18. ^ "S. Korea to develop indigenous turbofan engine by 2025". Yonhap News Agency. January 30, 2020.
  19. ^ 한국형 패트리엇 '천궁' 양산 추진, KAMD 구축 '잰걸음' - edaily.co.kr, 7 February 2018
  20. ^ Meet South Korea's Very Own Killer S-300 Air Defense System - nationalinterest.org, 24 February 2019
  21. ^ "美대형수송기 C-130J-30 구매 확정" [Confirmation of purchasing the American large transporter C-130J-30]. Segye Ilbo (in Korean). 20 February 2020.
  22. ^ "[단독] 공군 '오랜 숙원' 대형수송기 2차 사업 본격화" [[Exclusive] Korea Air Force 'long-cherished' large-scale transport aircraft 2nd project in earnest]. Bizhankook (in Korean). 17 April 2020.
  23. ^ "해병대 상륙공격헬기 국내 개발·대형수송기 국외구매" [Marine Corps landing attack helicopter developed in Korea and purchased large transportation airplanes overseas]. YTN News (in Korean). 26 April 2021.
  24. ^ a b "공군 대형 수송기 2차 사업, 美·유럽·브라질 '3파전'… 연내 기종 결정" [Korea Air Force large transporter 2nd project, America·Europe·Brazil 'Three-way war'… decide the type within a year]. News1 (in Korean). 24 June 2023.
  25. ^ "軍 대형수송기 2차 기종, 美 아닌 브라질 C-390 선정" [Seconda large transport for the Air Force, selected Brazilian C-390 instead of American built]. Donga News (in Korean). 5 December 2023.
  26. ^ "South Korea selects the Embraer C-390 Millennium" (Press release). Embraer. 4 December 2023.
  27. ^ "Korea, Spain discuss swap deal between trainer, cargo jets: report". The Korea Times. 4 November 2018.
  28. ^ "Korea Orders Indigenous Long-range Air Defense Radars". www.ainonline.com. 9 February 2021.
  29. ^ Jeong, Chung-sin (2024-05-16). "KF-21 창설부대 강릉 18전비 105비행대대…예천기지 제2비행단 예정" [KF-21 to be First Deployed by Gangneung's 18th Fighter Wing 105th Squadron… Yecheon Base to Follow as Second.]. Munhwa Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 13 August 2024.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Hoyle, Craig (2023). "World Air Forces 2024". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  31. ^ "South Korea Signs Major Contracts For F-35As, Attack Helicopters". aviationweek.com. 2023-12-28. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
  32. ^ Arthur, Gordon (27 June 2024). "South Korea orders first batch of KF-21 fighters". Defense News.
  33. ^ Giovanzanti, Alessandra (2021-11-01). "KAI to develop new ISR aircraft system for RoKAF under Baekdu-II project". janes.com. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
  34. ^ "WAF 2004 pg. 86". Flightglobal Insight. 2004. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  35. ^ "Republic of Korea Air Force new Code One". Scramble.nl. 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  36. ^ "軍 대형수송기 2차 기종, 美 아닌 브라질 C-390 선정" [Seconda large transport for the Air Force, selected Brazilian C-390 instead of American built]. Donga News (in Korean). 5 December 2023.
  37. ^ "South Korea selects the Embraer C-390 Millennium" (Press release). Embraer. 4 December 2023.
  38. ^ Nedwick, Thomas; Rogoway, Tyler (2022-04-13). "Check Out South Korea's Own VH-92 Presidential Helicopter". thedrive.com. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  39. ^ "South Korea orders 20 TA-50 Block 2 training/light attack aircraft". www.janes.com. Janes. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  40. ^ "US delivers fourth and final RQ-4 Global Hawk UAV to RoKAF". www.janes.com. Janes. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  41. ^ "World Air Forces 1955 pg. 648". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  42. ^ "World Air Forces 1973 pg. 152". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  43. ^ "World Air Forces 1969 pg. 249". flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  44. ^ "美 퇴역 훈련기 본국으로" [Retired U.S. triner, returns to homeland] (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
  45. ^ "국가법령정보센터 - 법령 > 본문 - 공군방공포병사령부령". www.law.go.kr. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
  46. ^ "Deliveries of PAC-3 air-defence systems to RoKAF completed". www.janes.com. 14 December 2020.
  47. ^ Trade Registers Archived 2019-04-22 at the Wayback Machine. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 6 October 2015
  48. ^ "북 미사일 막을 방공망 촘촘해진다 [양낙규 군사전문기자]" (in Korean). www.asiae.co.kr/article 아시아경제. 19 August 2020.
  49. ^ "RoKAF receives first Cheongung-II M-SAM battery". www.janes.com. 26 November 2020.
  50. ^ a b c "gyegeubjang-ui jesig(je7joje2hang gwanlyeon)" 계급장의 제식(제7조제2항 관련) [Rank insignia (related to Article 7 (2))]. law.go.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 30 December 2021.
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