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Rivers of Babylon

This article is about the song. For other uses, see Rivers of Babylon (disambiguation).

"Rivers of Babylon" is a Rastafari song written and recorded by Brent Dowe and Trevor McNaughton of the Jamaican reggae group The Melodians in 1970. The lyrics are adapted from the texts of Psalms 19 and 137 in the Hebrew Bible. The Melodians' original version of the song appeared on the soundtrack album for the 1972 movie The Harder They Come, which made it internationally known.

The song was re-popularized in Europe by the 1978 Boney M. cover version, which was awarded a platinum disc and is one of the top-ten, all-time best-selling singles in the UK. The B-side of the single, "Brown Girl in the Ring", also became a hit.

Background

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Biblical psalms

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Illustration of the weeping by the rivers of Babylon from Chludov Psalter (9th century)

The song is based on the Biblical Psalm 137:1–4, a hymn expressing the lamentations of the Jewish people in exile following the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem in 586 BC:[1] Previously the Kingdom of Israel, after being united under Kings David and Solomon, had been split in two, with the Kingdom of Israel in the north, conquered by the Assyrians in 722 BC which caused the dispersion of 10 of the 12 tribes of Israel. The southern Kingdom of Judah (hence the name Jews), home of the tribe of Judah and part of the tribes of Levi and Benjamin, was free from foreign domination until the Babylonian conquest to which Rivers of Babylon refers.

By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion ... They carried us away in captivity requiring of us a song ... Now how shall we sing the LORD's song in a strange land?

The namesake rivers of Babylon (in present-day Iraq) are the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The song also has words from Psalm 19:14:[2]

Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my heart, be acceptable in thy sight...

It is one of a few pop songs whose lyrics come directly from the Bible (see also "Turn! Turn! Turn!" by Pete Seeger, "40" by U2, and "The Lord's Prayer" by Sister Janet Mead). The melody bears a strong resemblance to "How Dry I Am".[original research?]

Rastafari

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In the Rastafarian faith, the term "Babylon" is used for any political system which is either oppressive or unjust. Rastafarians also use "Babylon" to refer to the police, often seen as a source of oppression because they arrest members for the use of marijuana (which is sacramental for Rastafarians). Therefore, "By the rivers of Babylon" refers to living in a repressive society and the longing for freedom, just like the Israelites in captivity. Rastafarians also identify themselves as belonging to the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The original version specifically refers to Rastafarian belief in Haile Selassie, by changing references to "the Lord" in the Biblical text to "Far-I" (a shortened form of his name before he was crowned, Ras Täfari) and "King Alpha". Both terms refer to Selassie (Selassie's wife Menen Asfaw is known as Queen Omega).[3] In addition, the term "the wicked" replaces the neutral "they" of Psalm 137 in the line "they that carried us away captive required of us a song...".[4] According to David Stowe,

Brent Dowe, the lead singer of the Melodians, told Kenneth Bilby that he had adapted Psalm 137 to the new reggae style because he wanted to increase the public's consciousness of the growing Rastafarian movement and its calls for black liberation and social justice. Like the Afro-Protestant Revival services, traditional Rastafarian worship often included psalm singing and hymn singing, and Rastas typically modified the words to fit their own spiritual conceptions; Psalm 137 was among their sacred chants.[4]

Melodians version

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After its release in 1970, the song quickly became well known in Jamaica. According to Brent Dowe, the song was initially banned by the Jamaican government because "its overt Rastafarian references ('King Alpha' and 'O Far-I') were considered subversive and potentially inflammatory".[4] Leslie Kong, the group's producer, attacked the government for banning a song with words taken almost entirely from the Bible, stating that the Psalms had been "sung by Jamaican Christians since time immemorial".[4] The government lifted the ban. After that, it took only three weeks to become a number-one hit in the Jamaican charts.[4]

It reached an international audience thanks to the soundtrack album of the 1972 film The Harder They Come, which is credited with having "brought reggae to the world".[5] The song was later used in the 1999 Nicolas Cage movie Bringing Out the Dead and the 2010 Philip Seymour Hoffman film Jack Goes Boating.The song is also featured in Season 3 - Episode 2 of the TV series Outer Banks.

Boney M. version

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"Rivers of Babylon"
 
Single by Boney M.
from the album Nightflight to Venus
B-side"Brown Girl in the Ring"
ReleasedApril 1978[6]
Length4:21
Label
Songwriter(s)
  • Brent Dowe
  • Trevor McNaughton
  • Frank Farian
  • Reyam
Producer(s)Frank Farian
Boney M. singles chronology
"Belfast"
(1977) 		"Rivers of Babylon" / "Brown Girl in the Ring"
(1978) 		"Rasputin"
(1978)
Music video
"Rivers of Babylon" (TopPop, 1978) on YouTube

"Rivers of Babylon" was covered in 1978 by Germany-based disco band Boney M.. The single stayed at the no. 1 position in the UK for five weeks and was also the group's only significant US chart entry, peaking at no. 30 in the Pop charts. Boney M.'s version of the song remains one of the top ten all-time best-selling singles in the UK, where it is one of only seven songs to have sold over 2 million copies.[7] In Canada, the song was a top 25 hit on the RPM magazine's Top 100 singles chart and reached no. 9 on the Adult Contemporary chart. The song also reached No. 1 on the South African Springbok chart, where it remained for a total of 11 weeks, making it the No. 1 song on that country's year end charts. The song was the first single from the band's equally successful 1978 album, Nightflight to Venus. Some controversy arose when the first single pressings only credited Frank Farian and Reyam (aka Hans-Jörg Mayer) of Boney M.; after an agreement with Dowe and McNaughton, these two were also credited on later pressings.

The Rastafarian language was excised from the lyrics for the Boney M. version. Although the group performed an early mix of the song on a German TV show and sang "How can we sing King Alpha's song" as in the Melodians version, it was changed to "the Lord's song", restoring the original, biblical words, in the versions that were to be released.[3] To fit the meter, "O Far-I" became "here tonight" rather than the original, biblical "O Lord".

Different versions

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Along with "Ma Baker", "Rivers of Babylon" helped establish what was to become a habit of Boney M. singles – namely that the original pressings featured an early version that was soon replaced by a more widely available mix.

The initial single mix of "Rivers of Babylon" is most notable for lead singer Liz Mitchell's ad-libs ("Dark tears of Babylon, you got to sing a song, sing a song of love, yeah yeah yeah yeah yeah") between the two verses. On subsequent single pressings, only the 'yeah's were retained. However, the full ad-libs re-emerged in the US-only 12" version, and the original earlier fade-out point is kept in the album version.

The single mix differs from the album version by having Liz Mitchell singing all of the verse "Let the words of our mouth ..." with Frank Farian; on the LP, Farian sings the first half of this as a solo part. Additionally, it edits out the instrumental passage before the last "humming" part and fades out a little later ("Oooooh, have the power... yeah yeah yeah yeah" can only be heard in full in the single mix) despite being slightly shorter overall.

"Brown Girl in the Ring"

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The single's B-side, "Brown Girl in the Ring", was a traditional Caribbean nursery rhyme. When "Rivers of Babylon" had slipped to no. 20 in the UK charts, radio stations suddenly flipped the single, causing "Brown Girl in the Ring" to go all the way to no. 2 and become a hit in its own right. Early single pressings feature the full-length, 4:18 version, whose final chorus has a section that was later edited out. The single mix is also slightly different from the album version in that the latter features steel drums on the outro riff of the song, while the single mix doesn't.

"Brown Girl in the Ring" was also issued separately in Canada as an A-side in the summer of 1979. It reached no. 8 on the Canadian AC chart in July 1979, becoming the third Boney M. song to reach the top 10 on that chart after "Rivers of Babylon" and "Rasputin". On RPM's Top 100 singles chart, the song stalled at no. 79.

Liz Mitchell had previously recorded "Brown Girl in the Ring" in 1975 with the group Malcolm's Locks, which had her ex-boyfriend Malcolm Magaron as the lead singer. Arranger Peter Herbolzheimer accused Frank Farian of stealing his arrangement for the song.[8] The court case ran for more than 20 years in Germany.

Charts and certifications

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1988 remix

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"Rivers of Babylon (Remix)"/"Mary's Boy Child / Oh My Lord (Remix)"
 
Single by Boney M.
from the album Greatest Hits of All Times – Remix '88
A-side"Mary's Boy Child / Oh My Lord (Remix)"
Released1988
LabelHansa (FRG)
Producer(s)Frank Farian
Boney M. singles chronology
"Bang Bang Lulu"
(1986) 		"Rivers of Babylon (Remix)" / "Mary's Boy Child / Oh My Lord (Remix)"
(1988) 		"Megamix"
(1988)

"Rivers of Babylon"/"Mary's Boy Child / Oh My Lord" is a 1988 remix single that was issued to launch the group's reunion. (Boney M. had split up in 1986, their 10th anniversary.) The double A-side single contained new mixes of both songs. Although the remix album from which both sides of the single were taken sold well, the single failed to chart.

German version

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In 1978, "Die Legende von Babylon" ("The Legend of Babylon") was published by Ariola, featuring Bruce Low singing in German language at the same tune. The lyrics however didn't refer to the Babylonian captivity but to the tower of Babel in the book of Genesis.[60]

Parody

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The song was parodied by The Barron Knights in their UK comedy hit "A Taste of Aggro" (1978), in which the lyrics are changed to "There's a dentist in Birmingham, he fixed my crown / And as I slept, he filled my mouth with iron." The song was their biggest hit, reaching no. 3 in the UK charts.[61]

The song was also parodied by an Australian Folk Musical Group Redgum, titled "Fabulon" in the album Caught in the Act.[62]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Psalms 137. The Holy Bible: King James Version". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  2. ^ "Psalms 19. The Holy Bible: King James Version". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  3. ^ a b Murrell, Nathaniel Samuel (2000). "Tuning Hebrew Psalms to Reggae Rhythms: Rastas' Revolutionary Lamentations for Social Change". CrossCurrents. Archived from the original on 23 November 2005. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e Stowe, David W. (Spring 2012). "Babylon Revisited: Psalm 137 as American Protest Song". Black Music Research Journal. 32 (1): 95, 2008. doi:10.5406/blacmusiresej.32.1.0095. S2CID 154371943.
  5. ^ McLellan, Dennis (12 January 2006). "Perry Henzell, 70; his movie 'The Harder They Come' brought reggae to the world". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
  6. ^ "Music Week" (PDF). p. 50.
  7. ^ a b Copsey, Rob (19 September 2017). "The UK's Official Chart 'millionaires' revealed". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  8. ^ "Malcolm's Locks". Lizmitchellfanclub.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2003.
  9. ^ "International Bestsellers" (PDF). Cash Box. Vol. XL, no. 19. 23 September 1978. p. 59.
  10. ^ "Australia No. 1 hits -- 1970's". World Charts. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  11. ^ "Boney M. – Rivers of Babylon" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  12. ^ "Boney M. – Rivers of Babylon / Brown Girl in the Ring" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  13. ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 4668." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  14. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 4618a." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  15. ^ "MusicSeek.info – UK, Eurochart, Billboard & Cashbox No.1 Hits". MusicSeek.info. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006.
  16. ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
  17. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Rivers of Babylon". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  18. ^ Racca, Guido (2019). M&D Borsa Singoli 1960–2019 (in Italian). Independently Published. ISBN 9781093264906.
  19. ^ "Billboard "Hits of the World"" (PDF). 4 November 1978. p. 103. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  20. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 17, 1978" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  21. ^ "Boney M. – Rivers of Babylon / Brown Girl in the Ring" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  22. ^ "Boney M. – Rivers of Babylon". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  23. ^ "Boney M. – Rivers of Babylon". VG-lista. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  24. ^ "South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 – 1989 Acts (B)". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  25. ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
  26. ^ "Boney M. – Rivers of Babylon". Singles Top 100. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  27. ^ "Boney M. – Rivers of Babylon". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  28. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  29. ^ "Nightflight to Venus – Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  30. ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 31.
  31. ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending AUGUST 5, 1978". Cash Box. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012.
  32. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Boney M. – Rivers of Babylon" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  33. ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts – 1970s". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  34. ^ "Jahreshitparade 1978" (in German). Austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  35. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 1978" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  36. ^ "TOP – 1978". Top-france.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  37. ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1978" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  38. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1978" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  39. ^ "End of Year Charts 1978". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  40. ^ "Top 20 Hit Singles of 1978". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  41. ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1978" (in German). Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  42. ^ Lane, Dan (18 November 2012). "The biggest selling singles of every year revealed! (1952-2011)". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  43. ^ "Jahrescharts – 1978" (in German). Officialcharts.de. GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014.
  44. ^ a b "Boney M Grabs Gold and Top Spot in Aust" (PDF). Cash Box. 29 July 1978. p. 46. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  45. ^ Schreiber, Manfred (13 June 1978). "From the Music Capitals of the World > Vienna" (PDF). Billboard. p. 100. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  46. ^ a b "The Biggest River in the World Just Got Bigger" (PDF). Radio & Records. 23 June 1978. p. 6. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  47. ^ Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). Fabrice Ferment (ed.). "TOP – 1978". 40 ans de tubes : 1960–2000 : les meilleures ventes de 45 tours & CD singles (in French). OCLC 469523661. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2022 – via Top-France.fr.
  48. ^ "French single certifications – Boney M. – Rivers of Babylon" (in French). InfoDisc. Select BONEY M. and click OK. 
  49. ^ "Marketing the Music - Matthias Reim" (PDF). Music & Media . 26 October 1991. p. 30. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  50. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Boney M; 'Rivers of Babylon')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
  51. ^ "Boney M's" (PDF). Music Week. 9 December 1978. p. 1. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  52. ^ "Latin American Disco Boom Opens Are To U.S. Artists" (PDF). Cash Box. 19 May 1979. p. 40. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  53. ^ "Dutch certifications – Boney M. – Rivers of Babylon" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Enter Rivers of Babylon in the "Artiest of titel" box. Select 1978 in the drop-down menu saying "Alle jaargangen".
  54. ^ Haesler, Pierre (20 January 1979). "Ventriloquist LP Topping Swiss Charts" (PDF). Billboard. p. 104. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  55. ^ "British single certifications – Boney M – Rivers of Babylon". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  56. ^ "Successful U.S. Acts Abroad May Face Problems At Home" (PDF). Cash Box. 18 November 1978. p. 48. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  57. ^ "«Boney M.» è un'esclusiva". la Stampa. 20 March 1993. p. 100. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  58. ^ "Nuestro Rincon" (PDF). Record World. 24 March 1979. p. 85. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  59. ^ "Boney M. ist Stargast in Nordenham" (in German). Nordwest-Zeitung. 6 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015.
  60. ^ "Bruce Low - die Legende von Babylon".
  61. ^ "Barron Knights". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  62. ^ "Fabulon Lyrics". Genius. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
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