Sanandaj (Persian: سنندج; pronounced [sænænˈdædʒ] )[a] is a city in the Central District of Sanandaj County, in the Kurdistan province of Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[5] With a population of 414,069,[6] Sanandaj is the 23rd largest city in Iran and the second largest Kurdish city.[citation needed]
Sanandaj
Kurdish: سنە Sine | |
|---|---|
City | |
| Persian: سنندج | |
   .jpg) Sanandaj from Abidar, Sanandaj Museum, Khosro Abad Mansion, Qeshlaq Bridge | |
 Seal | |
  Sanandaj .svg) Sanandaj | |
| Coordinates: 35°18′41″N 46°59′46″E / 35.31139°N 46.99611°E[1] | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Kurdistan |
| County | Sanandaj |
| District | Central |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Seyed Anwar Rashidi[2] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 3,033 km2 (1,171 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,538 m (5,046 ft) |
| Population (2016)[3] | |
| • Total | 412,767 |
| • Density | 140/km2 (350/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
| Area code | 087 |
| Climate | Csa |
| Website | e-sanandaj |
History
editSanandaj's founding is fairly recent, (about 250 years ago), yet in its short existence it has grown to become one of the centers of Kurdish culture.[7][8] During the Iran–Iraq War the city was attacked by Iraqi planes and saw disturbances.[9] Since 2019, UNESCO has recognized Sanandaj as Creative City of Music.[10]
The name "Sinna" first appears in records from the 14th century CE.[11] Before this, the main city in the region was Sisar, whose exact location is unknown.[11] Sisar was also called "Sisar of Sadkhaniya", or "Sisar of the hundred springs", and it has been proposed that the current name of "Sinna" is a contracted form of "Sadkhaniya".[11]
The name "Sisar" disappears in the 14th century and the name "Sinna" replaces it, for example in the works of Hamdallah Mustawfi who refers to a mountain and a pass with this name.[11] Then the Kurdish historian Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi mentions that in 1580 an Ardalan ruler named Timur Khan had a land grant including Sinna and the earlier Ardalan capital of Hasanabad.[12] However, the local historian Ali-Akbar Munshi Waqayi-Nigar wrote in 1892/3 that Sinna was founded later, by the ruler Soleyman Khan Ardalan, on the site of an earlier settlement; the chronogram he gives for this event corresponds to 1046 AH, or 1636-7 CE.[12]
Sinna was developed significantly under the reign of Aman Allah "the Great" (from 1797-1825).[12] 19th-century Sinna was "a lively commercial center, exporting oak galls, tragacanth, furs, and carpets".[12] Its population was mostly Kurdish, with a significant Jewish minority and smaller numbers of Armenian and Chaldean Catholic Christians.[12]
Demographics
editEthnicity
editThe population of Sanandaj is mainly Kurdish. The city also had an Armenian minority who gradually emigrated from the city. Until the Iranian Revolution (1979), the city had a small Aramaic-speaking Jewish community of about 4,000 people.[7] The city boasted a sizable Assyrian community that spoke a unique dialect of Aramaic called Senaya, they are mostly members of the Chaldean Catholic Church.[13]
Language
editThe linguistic composition of the city:[14]
Religion
editMost of the people of Sanandaj follow the Shafi‘i branch of Sunni Islam.[15][16]
Population
editAt the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 311,446 in 81,380 households.[17] The following census in 2011 counted 373,987 people in 106,771 households.[18] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 412,767 people in 126,240 households.[3]
Geography
editLocation
editThe city is between the Qishlaq river, a tributary of the Diyala, and Mount Awidar, which separates it from the old Ardalan capital of Hasanabad.[12] Carpet making is the biggest industry in Sanandaj.[12]
Climate
edit
Sanandaj has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) according to the Köppen climate classification, bordering a dry-summer continental climate (Dsa), with cold and wet winters and very hot and dry summers.
The synoptic station of Sanandaj started working in the autumn of 1959.[19]
Highest recorded temperature: 44°C on 16 July 1981[20]
Lowest recorded temperature: -31°C on 6 February 1974[21]
| Climate data for Sanandaj (1991-2020, extremes 1959-2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.5 (63.5) |
21.4 (70.5) |
27.8 (82.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
36.6 (97.9) |
41.0 (105.8) |
44.0 (111.2) |
43.0 (109.4) |
39.4 (102.9) |
33.8 (92.8) |
26.0 (78.8) |
22.9 (73.2) |
44.0 (111.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
15.0 (59.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
33.7 (92.7) |
37.7 (99.9) |
37.5 (99.5) |
32.5 (90.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
15.3 (59.5) |
9.7 (49.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.8 (33.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.6 (81.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
15.4 (59.7) |
7.8 (46.0) |
3.1 (37.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.4 (24.1) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.1 (62.8) |
11.1 (52.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
6.2 (43.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −28.0 (−18.4) |
−31.0 (−23.8) |
−16.0 (3.2) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−23.6 (−10.5) |
−31.0 (−23.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 44.6 (1.76) |
50.7 (2.00) |
58.0 (2.28) |
65.9 (2.59) |
28.9 (1.14) |
2.2 (0.09) |
1.3 (0.05) |
0.2 (0.01) |
1.0 (0.04) |
28.2 (1.11) |
55.8 (2.20) |
47.4 (1.87) |
384.2 (15.14) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.8 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 3 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 50.5 |
| Average rainy days | 6.9 | 8.8 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 5.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 4.9 | 10.4 | 8.3 | 70.1 |
| Average snowy days | 8.0 | 6.4 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 3.9 | 21.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 70 | 64 | 55 | 53 | 46 | 28 | 24 | 24 | 29 | 43 | 63 | 69 | 47 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | −4.7 (23.5) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
1.6 (34.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
2.2 (36.0) |
3.7 (38.7) |
3.0 (37.4) |
0.8 (33.4) |
0.9 (33.6) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
0.2 (32.3) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 155 | 166 | 211 | 231 | 295 | 356 | 357 | 347 | 313 | 255 | 183 | 152 | 3,021 |
| Source 1: NCEI[22] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: IRIMO (extremes, snow/sleet days for 1959-2010)[20][21][23] | |||||||||||||
Economy
editThe economy of Sanandaj is based upon the production of carpets, processed hides and skins, milled rice, refined sugar, woodworking, cotton weaving, metalware and cutlery.[24][25]
See also
edit
Media related to Sanandaj at Wikimedia Commons
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (19 August 2023). "Sanandaj, Sanandaj County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ "سید انور رشیدی شهردار سنندج". IRNA. 7 August 2021. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ "Senneh rug". Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj". Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ "آمار جمعیتی شهرستان سنندج :: فرمانداری سنندج". Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ^ a b Geoffrey Khan, The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj, Piscataway NJ: Gorgias Press, p. 1.
- ^ Sanandaj Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 16 July 2014.
- ^ "Sanandaj | Iran | Britannica". Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "Sanandaj one-year anniversary as a UNESCO Creative City of Music | Creative Cities Network". en.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d Minorsky, Vladimir (1997). "SĪSAR". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 680–1. ISBN 90-04-10422-4. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Minorsky, Vladimir (1997). "SANANDADJ". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 6–7. ISBN 90-04-10422-4. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ Khan, Geoffrey (2009). The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj. Gorgias Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-60724-134-8.
- ^ "Language distribution: Kordestan Province". Iran Atlas. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ "Intelligence Ministry "Invites" Rouhani Campaign Manager to Stop Advocating for Sunni Muslim Rights". 17 November 2017. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ BC.Diakonoff, I. M. (1985), "Media", The Cambridge History of Iran, 2 (Edited by Ilya Gershevitch ed.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2
- ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 12. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ "Statistics of 200 synoptic stations in the country" آمار 200 ایستگاه سینوپتیک کشور. Chaharmahalmet (asp) (in Persian). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b "Form 7: TEMPERATURE RECORDS HIGHEST IN C. Station: Sanandaj(40747)". Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b "Form 6: TEMPERATURE RECORDS LOWEST IN C. Station: Sanandaj(40747)". Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "World Meteorological Organization Cimate Normals for 1991-2020: Sanandaj-40747" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
- ^ "Form 32: NO. OF DAYS WITH SNOW OR SLEET Station: Sanandaj(40747)". Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "کردستان از نظر نرخ بیکاری در جایگاه دوم کشور قرار گرفت". yjc.ir. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ^ "سرمایهگذاری در صنعت و معدن کردستان، 4 برابر کمتر از متوسط کشوری است". sanayenews.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
Sources
edit- Yamaguchi, Akihiko (2021). "The Kurdish frontier under the Safavids". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge. pp. 556–571.
Further reading
edit- Alizadeh, Hooshmand (2021). Building a Traditional Kurdish: City The Urban Morphology of Sanandaj. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Khan, Geoffrey; Mohammadirad, Masoud (2024). Language Contact in Sanandaj: A Study of the Impact of Iranian on Neo-Aramaic. De Gruyter Mouton.
- Yona, Sabar (2010). "Sanandaj". In Norman A. Stillman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online.