Seah Eu Chin

Seah Eu Chin
Seah Eu Chin
Born	August 30, 1805; Guangdong, Qing Empire
Died	September 23, 1883 (aged 78); Singapore, Straits Settlements
Nationality	Naturalized British subject
Other names	Siah U-Chin
Occupation(s)	Merchant, financier
Known for	Founder of Ngee Ann Kongsi

Seah Eu Chin (Chinese: 佘有進; pinyin: Shé Yǒujìn; Jyutping: Se4 Jau5 Zeon3; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Siâ Iú-chìn; a.k.a. Siah U-chin, Seah Uchin or Seah You Chin; 1805 – 1883) was an immigrant from South China to Singapore, later becoming a successful merchant, a prominent descendant of Seah Clan and leader in the Overseas Chinese community.

He became known as the "Gambier King" for his extensive plantations for pepper and gambier.

Early life

Seah Eu Chin was born in 1805 as the son of Seah Keng Liat (Chinese: 佘慶烈; pinyin: Shé Qìngliè; Jyutping: Se4 Hing3 Lit6; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Siâ Khèng-lia̍t), a minor provincial official of Guek-po (i.e. Chinese: "月浦" in Teochew dialect) Village at the Chenghai County of the former Chaozhou Fu. He was educated in Chinese classics in his youth, but decided to seek his fortune abroad. He came to Singapore in 1823, first working as a clerk, then becoming a plantation owner and finally becoming a trader and a merchant.^[1]^: 19

Plantation and mercantile activity

Seah Eu Chin was a successful plantation owner. He was the first to plant pepper and gambier (or white cutch) on a large scale in Singapore.^[2] By 1839, his gambier plantation had stretched for eight to ten miles, from the upper end of River Valley Road to Bukit Timah Road and Thomson Road. Mr Seah's holdings earned him the title: 'King of Gambier'. He made his fortune in gambier and pepper plantations. However, by the 1850s–60s, the planting of gambier and pepper was becoming less profitable in Singapore for several reasons, including the increasing scarcity of uncleared land for planting (gambier quickly exhausted the soil and so plantations had to keep shifting), the shortage of firewood from the clearing of forests, and the lack of land on Singapore Island itself.

Therefore, in his later years, he became involved in trading as a merchant and agent under the name of Eu Chin Co. which was based in North Bridge Road. His sons, especially the eldest, Seah Cheo Seah, and second son Seah Liang Seah, helped manage the business, as did his brother-in-law, Tan Seng Poh.

Family life

In 1837, he married a daughter of Tan Ah Hun, the Kapitan Cina (i.e. leader of the Chinese community) of Perak.^[3] She died soon after from the effects of smallpox, and about a year later, he married her sister with whom he had several children. His brother-in-law, Tan Seng Poh, came with his sister to Singapore to be educated there. Seng Poh was an opium and spirit farmer (i.e. he ran a government-tendered monopoly processing raw opium imported from British India. The Opium and Spirit Farm, or Excise, was the main source of income for the Straits Settlements^[4]) and helped manage Eu Chin's mercantile firm after the latter's retirement in 1864. Most prominent among his children were Seah Liang Seah and Seah Peck Seah, both of whom also became Justices of the Peace (JP) and prominent members of the Chinese community; the former was also an unofficial member of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements. His eldest son, Seah Cheo Seah, was also a JP but he died only two years after his father, in 1885. He had another son, Seah Song Seah, who died in China, and three daughters, about whom very little is known.^[1]^: 21

Community leadership

In 1830, he and representatives of twelve Teochew clans set up the Ngee Ann Kun which later became the Ngee Ann Kongsi in 1845. He was the chairman of the Kongsi until his death whereupon power passed to his sons Seah Cheo Seah and Seah Liang Seah, followed by his grandson Seah Eng Tong, resulting in a Seah monopoly on power in the Kongsi until 1928. Resentment against them caused the formation of another Teochew clan association, the Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan.^[5]

Seah Eu Chin helped run Tan Tock Seng Hospital when it was first set up, being a member, and in some years treasurer, of its management committee.

Just as the European merchant community used Chinese middlemen in conducting their business, the Straits Settlements government relied on prominent Chinese businessmen to act as go-betweens with the Chinese community. Seah Eu Chin was the go-between with the Teochew community, which originated from the Chaozhou province of Southern China. He rendered service in helping to quell several disturbances in the community, most notably the 1854 Hokkien-Teochew Riots which broke out on 5 May 1854. The incident ostensibly began because of a dispute over the price of rice, between a Hokkien and a Teochew, but that dispute probably was only a trigger for the release of long-held resentment and animosity between the Hokkien (from Fujian province in China) and Teochew (from Chaozhou province) communities.^[6] In all over 400 people were killed over 10 days of violence. The British authorities on Singapore island met with Chinese leaders, including Seah Eu Chin representing Teochews and Tan Kim Ching representing the Hokkiens, and with their assistance helped to bring the situation to a close.

He was an early member of the Singapore Chamber of Commerce, established in 1837, and was made a Justice of the Peace in 1867. He had also been a member of the Grand Jury since 1851, and also had cases involving Chinese referred to him by the court. In 1872, he was made an honorary police magistrate, along with four other Chinese including his brother-in-law Tan Seng Poh.

Last years

Seah Eu Chin finally retired from business in 1864, to concentrate on scholarly pursuits, though he still had an interest in community affairs. For instance, his name is with that of several other Chinese on a petition submitted to the government requesting the suppression of illegal "Wah-Weh" gambling among the Chinese community. In the last decade of his life he lived in a mansion built by his son Seah Cheo Seah that was among the Four Mansions (Chinese: 四大厝; pinyin: Sì dà cuò) of the 19th-century Chinese in Singapore.^[7]

He died on 23 September 1883, and his widow in 1905.^[1]^: 22 He was buried in the family estate near the SLF Building along Thomson Road. His tomb was re-discovered in late 2012.^[8]

Several streets in Singapore are named for Seah Eu Chin and his sons, namely Eu Chin Street for Seah,^[9] Liang Seah Street, and Peck Seah Street. Seah Street, in Bras Basah, is believed to be named after the Seah family.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Song, Ong Siang (1923). One Hundred Years' History of the Chinese in Singapore. London: John Murray.
^ "Seah Eu Chin".
^ Wong, Choon-san (1963). A gallery of Chinese kapitans. Singapore: Dewan Bahasa dan Kebudayaan Kebangsaan.
^ Trocki, Carl A. (1990). Opium and empire : Chinese society in Colonial Singapore, 1800-1910. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801423902.
^ Yen, Ching-hwang (1986), A social history of the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya 1800-1911, Singapore: Oxford University Press, p. 190, ISBN 0195826663
^ Yong, Chun Yuan (2016). "Hokkien-Teochew Riots (1854)". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board, Singapore. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
^ Hsu, Yun-tsiao (2005) [1961]. 马来亚丛谈. Singapore: Youth Book Co. pp. 115–124. ISBN 9810540213.
^ Boon, Rachel (28 November 2012). "Teochew pioneer's grave found in Toa Payoh". Straits Times. Singapore. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
^ Victor R Savage; Brenda Yeoh (15 June 2013). Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-981-4484-74-9.
^ "Seah: Trader and politician".