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Siege of Fort Wayne

For the civil war battle, see Battle of Old Fort Wayne.

The siege of Fort Wayne took place from September 5 – September 12, 1812, during the War of 1812. The stand-off occurred in the modern city of Fort Wayne, Indiana between the U.S. military garrison at Fort Wayne and a combined force of Potawatomi and Miami forces. The conflict began when warriors under the Potawatomi chiefs, Winamac and Five Medals killed two members of the U.S. garrison.[3] Over the next several days, the Potawatomi burned the buildings and crops of the fort's adjacent village, and launched assaults from outside the fort. Winamac withdrew on 12 September, ahead of reinforcements led by Major General William Henry Harrison.[4]

Siege of Fort Wayne
Part of the War of 1812

Fort Wayne[1]
DateSeptember 5–12, 1812
Location
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Result United States victory
Belligerents
Miami
Potawatomi		 United States
Commanders and leaders
Winamac James Rhea
William Henry Harrison
Strength
500 warriors 100 (garrison)
3,000 (relief force)
Casualties and losses
About 25 killed[2] Hundreds

The attack on Fort Wayne was one of several attacks on U.S. military outposts by the Potawatomi in September 1812. Other coordinated attacks occurred at Fort Dearborn, Fort Harrison, Pigeon Roost, and Fort Madison.[5][6]

Background

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See also: Origins of the War of 1812

Fort Wayne was established in 1794 by United States forces under Major General Anthony Wayne. It was built at the end of the Northwest Indian War to exert United States influence at a large collection of Native American towns known as Kekionga. The 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, which granted approximately 30 million acres of Native American land to white settlers in the areas of Illinois and Indiana, was a major influence behind the motivation to resist the United States' expansion.[3] In addition, the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe kept tensions high between Indigenous nations and U.S. settlers.

As a frontier outpost located in remote northeastern Indiana Territory, this fort had fallen into disrepair in years leading up to 1812.[7]

The garrison was often insubordinate. Many of the buildings deteriorated and supplies dwindled under the leadership of Captain James Rhea. Rhea, who had previously commanded Fort Industry and served in Wayne's army, arrived in Fort Wayne and took command on May 15, 1810.[8] Days after his arrival, Rhea wrote to Colonel Jacob Kingsbury: "I am much pleased with my Command; I hope to be continued here ... at this Post everything has been going on very correct; I mean to take the Tract of Capt. Heald as near as possible ... I have been very will with Rheumatism Pains ever since I left you. I don't know if I ever shall recover, I have not had a Night Sleep in two Weeks."[9]

Rhea also soon took note of the fort's inhabitants' tendency for drunkenness, lamenting the behavior as an "abominable [sic] practice" and confiding that he was "Much hurt to see so much intoxication". As an almost ironic harbinger, Rhea would eventually himself befall to the throws of alcohol, in a "striking reversal", as described by historian Charles Poinsatte, through "his decline from the position taken in his first garrison order...To that of a slave to alcohol in 1812", as would later be seen during the fort's siege.[10] However, initially Rhea proved to be an effective commander overseeing substantial repairs to the fort as well as the institution of a sanitation program and furthered progress on land clearance.

The garrison first learned of the fall of Fort Dearborn on 26 August, when Corporal Walter Jordan returned after escaping the massacre.[11] On 28 August, Stephen Johnston, a local trader, was killed approximately a mile from the fort.[12] This news created disquiet in the garrison, and Indian agent John Johnston sent Shawnee Captain Logan to help evacuate the local women and children to the neighboring state of Ohio, 20 miles to the east.[13]

In September 1812, warriors from the Potawatomi and Miami nations, led by Chief Winamac and Chief Five Medals, gathered around Fort Wayne, garrisoned by approximately 70 soldiers and some civilians.[14] Rhea sent letters to John Johnston and Ohio Governor Return Meigs to ask for assistance.[12] On several occasions, Rhea invited Indian delegates into the fort to discuss peace terms.[15] Historian Milo M. Quafie maintains news of the siege had been relayed “to Picqua, Ohio by Stephen Ruddle, whence his message was conveyed to Harrison".[16]

Siege

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A map highlighting the location of the various Indiana forts.

Siege

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On 3 September, with an attack on the fort imminent, Potawatomi and Miami chiefs including Winamac approached the fort holding a flag of truce. Explaining the fate for this fort made clear by the downfall of nearby forts Mackinaw, Detroit, and Chicago, Lieutenant Daniel Curtis replied to Winamac by inviting him into the fort, and the two drank three glasses of wine together.[17] Lieutenant Curtis then rose from his seat and in a plea to Winamac stated:

My good friend, I love you; I will fight for you; I will die by your side. You must save me!

Curtis then gave Winamac a half-dollar as a sign of friendship and invited him for breakfast. Winamac did not attend the breakfast, but instead sent a band of five warriors who initiated the siege on the morning of 5 September 1812, after attacking two soldiers returning from an outhouse who died of their wounds by the afternoon.[18] The Native Americans assaulted the fort from the east side and burned the homes of the surrounding village. The natives constructed two wooden cannons with the intention of convincing the US garrison that the British had arrived with artillery.[3][19] Rhea, who was known to be a heavy drinker, was described as taking to drink at the moment of the siege impending, and was said to be:

Drunk as a fool, and perfectly incapable of exercising rationality on any subject whatsoever, but was constantly abusing and ill treating everyone that came in his presence.[20]

The incompetence displayed by Rhea at this critical time, and the resulting disorder he created within the fort, was described by some of his colleagues as being the "greatest danger" of the siege and his officers considered placing him under arrest as a result.[21] Rhea, drunken, and occasionally asserting the idea of surrender, would ultimately retreat to his quarters on the grounds that he was ill and be relieved. The fort's Indian Agent, Benjamin Stickney, took command of the fort with Lieutenants Daniel Curtis and Phillip Ostrander.[22] Two assaults were made on the fort before the Native American force withdrew, awaiting a British force on the Maumee River that was bringing light artillery.[23]

That evening, Chief Winamac approached the fort with thirteen of his men to parley and was admitted. As the leaders talked, Winamac revealed a knife that he had hidden, and after a failed attempt on Stickney's life, Winamac was removed from the fort.[clarification needed] Soon after, at approximately 20:00, the Native American forces resumed their assaults on the exterior of the fort.[24] Winamac's forces tried to set the fort on fire, and while the garrison attempted to keep the walls wet, they returned fire with muskets and howitzers.[24] The battle lasted until around 15:00 on 6 September, when the Native American forces retreated to a safe distance from the fort.[24] The fighting resumed at 21:00 that night.[14]

Relief

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Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison led the relief effort to Fort Wayne.

Efforts were underway to reinforce Fort Wayne after news of the loss of Fort Michilimackinac, Fort Dearborn, and Fort Detroit[3][23] reached Newport Barracks. General James Winchester was commander of the Northwestern Army, but Kentucky Governor Charles Scott had recently appointed Indiana Territory Governor William Henry Harrison as Major General of the Kentucky Militia and authorised him to relieve Fort Wayne, Harrison was at Newport Barracks to assume command of the militia.[25] Harrison wrote a letter to Secretary of War William Eustis explaining the situation and apologising for taking unauthorised action,[26] then quickly organised a militia force of 2,200 men and marched north to the fort.[27] A small scouting party led by Fort Wayne settler William Oliver and Ohio Shawnee Captain Logan arrived at Fort Wayne during a lull in the fighting, eluding Winamac's army and entering the fort. They delivered the news that a relief effort was approaching, and again rode through Winamac's siege to report to Harrison that the fort remained under U.S. control.[28][19][29]

Harrison also received a report that a force of 400 Native Americans and 140 British regulars under Tecumseh were marching towards Fort Wayne.[26] Harrison raced to arrive at Fort Wayne before Tecumseh and the British. By 8 September, Harrison and his backup of 2,200 troops had reached the village of Simon Girty on the St. Marys River, and were joined by 800 men of the Ohio militia under Colonel Adams and Colonel Hawkins at Shane's Crossing.[26]

On 11 September, Winamac attempted a final attack on Fort Wayne, proving unsuccessful. On 12 September, the attack was broken off, and Winamac's forces crossed the Maumee River and disappeared into the woods.[30] Harrison's relief army arrived later that day, uncontested by Winamac's warriors.[31] The Native American and British force retreated into Ohio and Michigan Territory.

After the British had successfully captured the city of Detroit, they had received the news that American Indians had surrounded an American Fort. General Isaac Brock learned that a temporary armistice had been made in the east, and ordered Colonel Henry Procter to cease support for the attack on Fort Wayne.[32]

Aftermath

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The siege of Fort Wayne prompted Harrison to order punitive expeditions against nearby Native American villages. He sent a detachment of the 17th Infantry Regiment and mounted rifles under Colonel Samuel Wells against the Potawatomi villages of Five Medals,[33] and another detachment of two Kentucky regiments under Brigadier General John Payne against Miami villages at the forks of the Wabash.[34] The punitive expeditions culminated in the Battle of the Mississinewa in December 1812. Influential Miami Chief Pacanne had remained neutral in this latest war, but following American retaliation for the Fort Dearborn Massacre, Pacanne openly aligned with the British.[35]

The unsuccessful attempts to take Fort Harrison and Fort Wayne, as well as the reprisals by Harrison, caused many Native Americans to lose confidence.[33] Many of them turned instead to the influential leadership of Tecumseh and joined his confederacy. No major Indian attacks occurred in the Indiana Territory for the rest of the war, but it was not until Tecumseh's defeat at the Battle of the Thames that the Native American pressure on United States settlers waned.

On 18 September 1812,[36] while the detachments were away attacking villages, General Winchester arrived at Fort Wayne. Harrison relinquished command and later received orders from Secretary Eustis to regain control of Michigan Territory.[19] Harrison's successes built his reputation, and he soon replaced Winchester as commander of the North West Army. He planned to use Fort Wayne as one staging ground in an attempt to retake Fort Detroit, leading to the Battle of Frenchtown four months later.[37]

Three active battalions of the current 3rd Infantry (1-3 Infantry, 2-3 Infantry and 4-3 Infantry) continue the lineage of the old 1st Infantry Regiment, which had a detachment at Fort Wayne. Following the destruction of the Council house during the siege, the building was reconstructed on the same site in 1816.[38]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Lossing, Benson (1868). The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 315.
  2. ^ Allison (1986), p. 212.
  3. ^ a b c d Hickman, Kennedy (6 November 2019). "War of 1812: Siege of Fort Wayne". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  4. ^ Tucker, Spencer, C. (2014). Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1811. ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 357–783. ISBN 978-1598841572.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Gilpin (1958), pp. 137, 139.
  6. ^ Skaggs 2014, p. 124.
  7. ^ Allison (1986), p. 200.
  8. ^ Poinsatte, 118.
  9. ^ Poinsatte, 118
  10. ^ Poinsatte, 119
  11. ^ Poinsatte, 61–63
  12. ^ a b Allison (1986), p. 201.
  13. ^ Poinsatte, 63
  14. ^ a b Allison (1986), p. 205.
  15. ^ Edmunds, 189–190
  16. ^ Quaife, Milo M. (1914). "A Diary of the War of 1812". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 1 (2): 272–278. doi:10.2307/1894958. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1894958.
  17. ^ Poinsatte, 141
  18. ^ The soldiers made it back inside the fort, but died of their wounds by early afternoon. See Allison (1986), p. 202
  19. ^ a b c Gilpin (1958), p. 145.
  20. ^ Poinsatte, 141
  21. ^ Poinsatte, 141
  22. ^ Allison (1986), p. 203.
  23. ^ a b Skaggs 2014, p. 123.
  24. ^ a b c Allison (1986), p. 204.
  25. ^ Allison (1986), p. 206.
  26. ^ a b c Allison (1986), p. 208.
  27. ^ Harrison, a Kentucky general, had recently been notified of his federal commission to Brigadier General, which would put him under the command of General Winchester. Harrison had not yet accepted the commission, and in his letter to Eustis he argued that he would be better suited to lead the U.S. in the western territory since he was more familiar with the region. See Gilpin (1958), pp. 145–146
  28. ^ Allison (1986), p. 207.
  29. ^ William Oliver would later perform a similar feat at the 1813 battle at Fort Meigs, slipping through the lines to deliver messages for William Henry Harrison. See Gilpin (1958), pp. 215–216
  30. ^ Allison (1986), p. 209.
  31. ^ Allison (1986), pp. 211–212.
  32. ^ Gilpin (1958), p. 144.
  33. ^ a b Skaggs 2014, p. 125.
  34. ^ Gilpin (1958), p. 149.
  35. ^ Libby, p. 140 Archived 2008-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ DeWitt, John H. (1915). "General James Winchester, 1752–1826". Tennessee Historical Magazine. 1 (2): 90. JSTOR 42637983. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  37. ^ Skaggs 2014, pp. 125–126.
  38. ^ Brice, Wallace, A. (1868). History of Fort Wayne, from the earliest known accounts of this point, to the present period: embracing an extended view of the aboriginal tribes of the Northwest, including, more especially, the Miamies ... with a sketch of the life of General Anthony Wayne ; including also a lengthy biography of the late Hon. Samuel Hanna together with short sketches of several of the early pioneer settlers of Fort Wayne ; also an account of the manufacturing, mercantile, and railroad interests of Fort Wayne and vicinity. Fort Wayne, Ind: D.W. Jones & Son, Printers.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Sources

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  • Allison, Harold (1986). The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians. Turner Publishing Company, Paducah. ISBN 0-938021-07-9.
  • Edmunds, R.D (1988). The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2069-X.
  • Gilpin, Alec R (1958). The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 1611860385.
  • Poinsatte, Charles (1976). Outpost in the Wilderness: Fort Wayne, 1706–1828. Allen County, Fort Wayne Historical Society.
  • Skaggs, David Curtis (2014). William Henry Harrison and the Conquest of the Ohio Country: Frontier Fighting in the War of 1812. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0546-9.
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