St. Maria im Kapitol (St. Mary's in the Capitol) is an 11th-century Romanesque church located in the Kapitol-Viertel in the old town of Cologne, Germany. The name “im Kapitol“ refers to the Roman temple for the Capitoline Triad that was built on today’s site of the church in the first century. The Catholic church is based on the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, was dedicated to St. Mary and built between 1040 and 1065.[1] It is one of twelve Romanesque churches built in Cologne during this period.[2]
Measuring 100 m x 40 m and encompassing 4,000 square metres of internal space, St. Maria is the largest of the Romanesque churches in Cologne. Like many of the latter, it has an east end which is trefoil in shape, with three apses. It has a nave and aisles and three towers to the west. It is considered the most important work of German church architecture of the Salian dynasty.[3]
History
editLate antiquity
editA temple to the Capitoline triad stood upon the small hill in the southernmost part of the first century Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium that should later become the site of St. Maria im Kapitol. The temple was built to commemorate Claudia Ara Agrippinensium being granted the title of colonia. The temple itself measured 33 m x 29.5 m and was surrounded by a 97 m x 69 m courtyard. Inside of the temple, three cellae – one for each of the worshipped gods – were built.[4] The temple’s walls were later used as a foundation for the church.[5][6]
Early middle ages
editAfter the Franks conquered Cologne in the fifth century, the Frankish mayors of the palace resided around the Capitoline hill. Pepin of Herstal, who effectively ruled the empire after becoming mayor of all three Frankish kingdoms in 687, lived in Cologne for a period of time. His wife Plectrude had a proprietary church built on the ruins of the capitol before her death.[5][7] She was buried in this aisleless church.[8]
High middle ages
editIn the middle of the eleventh century, the archbishop of Cologne Hermann II. and his sister Ida, abbess of St. Maria im Kapitol, initiated construction of a new church. The altar and the nave were consecrated by pope Leo IX.
20th century
editIn World War II, the church was damaged heavily. Until 1956, the church could only be used in the closed off western part. In 1984, the eastern part was reopened and could also be used.[9]
Works of art
editThe church's works of art include:
- the wooden doors (from c. 1065)
- two ledgers of Plectrudis' sarcophagus (c. 1160 and 1280)
- Hermann-Josef-Virgin with the apple (c. 1180)
- Hardenrath chapel with choristers' tribune (second half of the 15th century)
- Virgin on a Throne (likely 1200)
- Plague crucifix (c. 1300)
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Fletcher, Sir Banister. A History of Architecture. Dan Cruickshank, 1996, p. 379. at googlebooks
- ^ Sacred Destinations:, The Twelve Romanesque Churches of Cologne (accessed 2011-04-17)
- ^ St. Maria im Kapitol at Förderverein Romanische Kirchen Köln e.V.
- ^ Kapitolstempel of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, Univ. of Cologne Institute for Archaeology
- ^ a b Schäfke, Werner. "St. Maria im Kapiotol". Brochure on the church. Catholic parish St. Maria im Kapitol.
- ^ "Baugeschichte". www.romanische-kirchen-koeln.de. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
- ^ Frommer's Germany 2011. Darwin Porter, Danforth Prince, 2011, p. 539. at [1]
- ^ "Plektrud - Deutsche Biographie". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-20.
- ^ Köln, die romanischen Kirchen : Zerstörung und Wiederherstellung. Krings, Ulrich., Schwab, Otmar, 1932- (1. Aufl ed.). Köln: Bachem. 2007. ISBN 978-3-7616-1964-3. OCLC 183257210.
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External links
edit
Media related to St. Maria im Kapitol at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Cloisters of St. Maria im Kapitol at Wikimedia Commons
- official site (in German, English, and French)
- St. Maria im Kapitol at Structurae