Wikipedia

University Heights Bridge

The University Heights Bridge is a steel-truss revolving swing bridge across the Harlem River in New York City. It connects West 207th Street in the Inwood neighborhood of Manhattan with West Fordham Road in the University Heights neighborhood of the Bronx. The bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation.

University Heights Bridge
from the University Heights Metro-North station (2014)
Coordinates40°51′46″N 73°54′54″W / 40.86278°N 73.91500°W / 40.86278; -73.91500
Carries4 lanes of roadway
CrossesHarlem River
LocaleManhattan and the Bronx, New York City
Other name(s)207th Street Bridge
Maintained byNew York City Department of Transportation
Characteristics
DesignSwing
Total length1,566 ft (477 m)
Width50 ft (15 m)
Longest span264 to 270 ft (80 to 82 m)
History
Opened1895 (Harlem River Ship Canal)
January 8, 1908 (University Heights)
Statistics
Daily traffic40,078 (2016)[1]
DesignatedSeptember 11, 1984[2]
Reference no.1455[2]
Location
Map

The bridge carries two lanes of traffic in each direction, along with a sidewalk on its southern side. The bridge has three masonry piers supporting the steel approach spans. The sidewalk features four shelters with cast-iron supports while the bridge deck has decorative iron railings and two stone pavilions.

The bridge structure was originally installed further to the north, carrying Broadway across the Harlem River Ship Canal. It opened in 1895 as the Harlem Ship Canal Bridge and was relocated southward to University Heights in 1908. Over the following decades, the University Heights Bridge carried streetcar and bus service. By the late 20th century it was in disrepair. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the University Heights Bridge as a city landmark in 1984, and it was completely rebuilt between 1989 and 1992.

Description

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The University Heights Bridge, a swing bridge over the Harlem River, connects West 207th Street in Inwood, Manhattan, with West Fordham Road in University Heights, Bronx.[3][4] The movable central span pivots around a small masonry island in the middle of the river. The movable section is designed as a metal truss bridge composed of numerous Howe trusses and Warren trusses.[5] The University Heights Bridge carries the Bx12 local and Select Bus Service bus routes operated by MTA New York City Transit.[6] Between 2000 and 2014, the bridge opened for vessels 114 times.[7]

The bridge was designed by consulting engineer William Hubert Burr,[8][9][10] who later became consulting engineer at several other bridge and tunnel projects, mostly in the New York City area.[11] Burr was posthumously described as "one of the engineers who helped to raise the level of American building technology to the status of exact science".[12] Burr also gave credit to Alfred Pancoast Boller, who was responsible for the bridge's aesthetics, and George W. Birdsall, chief engineer of the Department of Public Works.[8][10][13] Boller had been involved in the design of several other Harlem River bridges, including the Madison Avenue Bridge and the Macombs Dam Bridge,[8] and was also a consulting engineer or designer for numerous other bridges across the world.[14] He had stated in 1877 that, by including ornamental detail in bridge designs, "the appearance of a roadway-bridge having sidewalks is very much enhanced, and at a very small cost."[15] Birdsall appears to have been given ex officio credit, by virtue of his position as Public Works chief engineer.[14]

Original site

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Detail from an 1896 map, showing Marble Hill (pink) as an island. The bridge originally connected Marble Hill with Inwood (orange). In 1908 the bridge was moved south, connecting Inwood with the Bronx (white) to the east.

From 1895 to 1905, the bridge structure was situated on the Harlem River Ship Canal further north, during which time it was known as the Harlem Ship Canal Bridge. It carried Broadway between the Inwood and Marble Hill neighborhoods of Manhattan.[4][16] Prior to the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal, Marble Hill was part of Manhattan Island, and the Spuyten Duyvil Creek made a tight curve around the northern shore of Marble Hill, connecting the Hudson River on the west shore of Manhattan Island with Harlem River on the east shore.[8][17] Marble Hill was separated from Manhattan Island when the canal opened in 1895.[18][19][20]

The Harlem Ship Canal Bridge measured 551 feet (168 m) from end to end,[21][22] or 483 feet (147 m) excluding stone abutments.[23] It was constructed with four sections supported by three masonry piers. The two central sections comprised the swing span, which pivoted around a small masonry island in the middle of the canal. On either side of the masonry island were navigable openings that measured 104 feet 1 inch (31.72 m) wide at mean high water.[21][23][24] The swing span was approached by two 100-foot-long (30 m) approach structures, as well as stone abutments.[21][23] The bridge had a total width of 50 feet (15 m), with a roadway of 33.5 feet (10.2 m) and two sidewalks of 8.25 feet (2.51 m).[24][25][23] The bridge weighed 1,200 short tons (1,100 long tons; 1,100 t), with the machinery comprising one-sixth of the weight.[26]

Current site

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Sidewalk shelters

The University Heights Bridge is composed of five sections. The easternmost section and the two westernmost sections are fixed-deck Warren trusses, while the central sections comprise the swing span above the Harlem River. The westernmost approach span was made for the 207th Street location, while the other spans were carried over from their original Broadway location.[10][27] According to the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT), which maintains the bridge, its total length is 1,566 feet (477 m), including its approach spans. The bridge carries four lanes for vehicular traffic and a sidewalk on the southern side for pedestrians.[28] The deck previously had two sidewalks, each 5.67 feet (2 m) wide.[28][29] The northern sidewalk was eliminated during the 1989–1992 renovation and the southern sidewalk widened to 8 feet (2.4 m).[30]

The swing span is variously cited as being 264 feet (80 m)[27][28] or 270 feet (82 m) long.[13][31] The swing span's trusswork consists of concave chords running along the top. The chords taper up toward a square section in the center of the span, which is topped by four finials.[27][31] The swing span can be rotated around a tower below the center of the deck, which in turn is on the small masonry island.[28] The rotating tower is about 50 feet (15 m) in diameter and is anchored into the bedrock beneath the Harlem River.[26] The swing span is supported by three piers, one in the center of the river and one on each bank; these piers are made of concrete and faced with ashlar.[13][27][31] At either end of the bridge's approach spans are concrete ramps with walls made of granite ashlar.[27][28]

The western end of the bridge is at 207th Street's intersection with Ninth Avenue. At the eastern end of the bridge, an overpass crosses the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line, and an entrance to the line's University Heights station leads from the sidewalk. The overpass continues as Fordham Road, which intersects with the on- and off-ramps of Interstate 87 (I-87), the Major Deegan Expressway.[32]

On either bank of the river is an iron, copper, and stone shelter house with a red tile roof.[10][13][33] The shelter house on the east bank is north of the roadway, while that on the west bank is south of the roadway.[27] There are drawbridge gates near these end piers, blocking off access to the swing span when it is open for maritime traffic. Many of the original railings have been replaced. The bridge's sidewalk contains four pergolas or shelters, two on each bank of the river. The pergolas each consist of six cast-iron columns with elliptical wrought-iron arches, as well as hip roofs with copper shingles.[27]

History

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For further details on the history of the bridge structure prior to 1905, see Broadway Bridge (Manhattan) § First span.

As a result of the River and Harbor Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1890, bridges on the Harlem River with low vertical clearance were to be replaced with those with at least 24 feet (7.3 m) of clearance during mean high water springs. Drawbridges and swing spans were determined to be most suitable for this purpose.[21][34][35] In 1891, a wooden pedestrian drawbridge was constructed between 207th Street in Manhattan and Fordham Road in the Bronx.[28]

To the north, the New York City Department of Public Works was commissioned in 1892 to build the Harlem Ship Canal Bridge between Inwood and Marble Hill, carrying Broadway over the new canal.[8][36] This bridge was designed by Burr, Boller, and Birdsall, and constructed by A. McMullen & Co.[8] The bridge opened on January 1, 1895.[8][26][37] At the time, it was one of several swing bridges that had been built on the Harlem River, and it was the second oldest major bridge in New York City behind the Brooklyn Bridge.[8]

Relocation from Broadway

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By the first decade of the 20th century, the city sold the Harlem Ship Canal Bridge to the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT), which was constructing the New York City Subway's first line.[38] A branch of the line was to cross the Harlem Ship Canal above Broadway,[39] which involved modifying or replacing the existing bridge.[40] Ultimately, the IRT determined the existing structure could not support the elevated subway line,[23][41][42] choosing instead to build the double-decker Broadway Bridge.[4][28] The need to replace the bridge was further emphasized when, in 1903, the New York State Legislature passed legislation allowing the realignment of the New York Central Railroad's Spuyten Duyvil Line (now the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line) along the Harlem River's eastern bank.[43][44] The railroad wished to avoid a grade crossing with the Metropolitan Street Railway's streetcar tracks on the replacement Broadway Bridge.[26][38]

 
Relocation of the bridge in June 1906

In 1903, bridge engineer Gustav Lindenthal suggested constructing a bridge from University Heights in the Bronx to Inwood in Manhattan.[45][43] An early proposal called for a 2,600-foot-long (790 m), 80-foot-wide (24 m) bridge from 184th Street (now Fordham Road) in the Bronx to 210th Street in Manhattan. However, that span was reduced to 1,250 feet (380 m) long and 50 feet (15 m) wide to save money.[44] The city suggested that the Harlem Ship Canal Bridge could be relocated for that purpose.[43] Ultimately, the city made an agreement with the three railroads to relocate the first span down the Harlem River, only ten years after it had been constructed.[4][46][43] The Board of Estimate authorized the Commissioner of Bridges to repurchase the bridge from the IRT.[26] Accordingly, the spans of the old Harlem Ship Canal Bridge were replaced with the new double-decker spans in three phases. After the old spans were disconnected from their old location and moved aside, the corresponding sections of the new Broadway Bridge were floated into place.[47] The southern approach at Broadway was replaced in October 1905,[48][49] followed by the northern approach in November.[41][42][50]

At 207th Street, the Foundation and Contracting Company started constructing the pier at the center of the river in November 1903,[38][44] completing it ten months later.[43][44] The relocated bridge, initially slated to be known as the Fordham Heights Bridge, was formally renamed the University Heights Bridge in May 1904.[44] The Snare & Triest Company was hired in 1905 to perform additional work on the relocated bridge's approaches, as well as construct an additional span for the western approach.[43][51][52] The same year, the Department of Bridges issued $821,215 in capital stock to fund the relocation.[53] The existing spans underwent major modifications before being installed at 207th Street.[43][47] The Harlem Ship Canal Bridge's southern approach was towed by barges to 207th Street in May 1906 and reinstalled as the University Heights Bridge's western approach.[54] The following month, the swing span was towed from its Broadway location[55][56] and lifted onto the new pivot pier at 207th Street.[57][58][59] In November 1907, the old northern approach was towed to Fordham Road and reinstalled as the University Heights Bridge's eastern approach.[60][61] The relocation was conducted under the supervision of chief engineer Othniel F. Nichols.[33][62][63] The bridge reopened to traffic on January 8, 1908.[60][64][65]

Usage

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View from the east
 
View from the north

The Union Railway Company planned to extend their Fordham Road streetcar line from the Bronx to Manhattan when the bridge was announced.[66][67] By late 1908, after the opening of the bridge, the Union Railway applied for permission for a Manhattan extension.[68] After the permission was granted, streetcar service across the bridge began in November 1910.[69] The bridge was designated as part of U.S. Route 9X in December 1934,[70] which was redesignated as New York State Route 9X shortly afterward.[71] The highway designation was deleted in the 1940s.[72][73] The Fordham Road streetcar service was replaced with the Bx19 bus, later the Bx12 bus, in 1948.[74] The next year, the deck was replaced and the streetcar tracks were removed.[27][75] A freestanding gantry for the streetcar's electric wires remained on the swing span's eastern end through the 1980s.[76]

Mayor John Lindsay proposed enacting tolls along the University Heights Bridge, as well as all other free bridges across the East and Harlem rivers, in 1971.[77][78] The proposal failed in 1977 after the United States Congress moved to ban tolls on these bridges.[79] The city and state were planning to restore or replace the bridge by the 1980s. A $1.25 billion bond issue, proposed in 1983, had provided $15 million for the bridge's rehabilitation.[80] The Landmarks Preservation Commission held a hearing to designate the crossing as an official city landmark, which would mandate that any bridge replacement would have to conform with the original design. Manhattan Community Board 12 voted against the landmark designation and the city and state governments advised against designating the bridge as a landmark.[13] Despite the opposition, on September 11, 1984, the bridge was designated a city landmark.[2]

The bridge's condition continued to deteriorate; in late 1987, vehicles weighing over 15 short tons (13 long tons; 14 t) were banned from crossing the bridge, and wheelchair-accessible buses were swapped with lighter, non-accessible buses.[81] By 1988, the deck contained several holes and was supported by corroded steel beams. The NYCDOT estimated that it would cost $24 million to fix the corroded approach viaduct,[82] and the New York State Department of Transportation received a $34.3 million low bid for the bridge's reconstruction that year.[83] The replacement of the deteriorated structure was a high priority for residents of University Heights.[84] The bridge was entirely reconstructed starting in 1989,[33] with a budgeted cost of $35 million.[30][75][85] Because of the bridge's landmark status, the replacement latticework had to be built in the same design as in the old span.[4][13][75] Mechanical and electrical equipment was also replaced, and the northern sidewalk was removed.[13][30] Reconstruction was performed in three phases: the southern portions of the approach viaducts were renovated first, followed by the swing span and the northern portions of the approaches.[30] The bridge reopened on February 18, 1992.[75][85] The Fordham Road overpass was renovated starting the same year. The work was supposed to be finished in 1995 but was delayed by two years because of a lack of coordination with other government agencies, which were renovating the University Heights station and the I-87 exit and entrance ramps.[86]

On June 12, 2008, the New York City Bridge Centennial Commission organized a parade to mark the centennial of the bridge. The event was attended by Bronx Borough President Adolfo Carrión, Jr. and Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer.[63][87] The celebration was the commission's first such event.[88]

Critical reception

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Architectural critic Montgomery Schuyler stated that the Macombs Dam and University Heights Bridges were "highly creditable works, in an artistic as well as in a scientific sense."[13][89] The University Heights Bridge was also described by Engineering Magazine in 1909 as "probably the prettiest of the swing bridges".[90]

See also

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References

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Notes

  1. ^ "New York City Bridge Traffic Volumes" (PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. 2016. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1984, p. 1.
  3. ^ "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on February 8, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 867. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
  5. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1984, p. 5.
  6. ^ "Average Weekday NYC Transit Bus Ridership". MTA New York City Transit. 2012. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  7. ^ "Bridges and Tunnels Annual Condition Report" (PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. 2014. p. 147. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Landmarks Preservation Commission 1984, p. 2.
  9. ^ "William Hubert Burr". Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer. 49: 59. January 9, 1904 – via HathiTrust.
  10. ^ a b c d Diamonstein-Spielvogel, Barbaralee (2011). The Landmarks of New York (5th ed.). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 344. ISBN 978-1-4384-3769-9.
  11. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1984, p. 3.
  12. ^ Condit, C.W. (1960). American Building Art: The Nineteenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 311. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Gray, Christopher (February 25, 1990). "Streetscapes: The University Heights Bridge; A Polite Swing to Renovation for a Landmark Span". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  14. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1984, p. 4.
  15. ^ Boller, Alfred (2016) [1876]. Practical treatise on the construction of iron highway bridges. LULU Press. pp. 83–87. ISBN 978-1-332-02847-4. OCLC 978485942.
  16. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1984, pp. 1–2.
  17. ^ Kadinsky, Sergey (2016). Hidden Waters of New York City: A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes, Ponds, Creeks, and Streams in the Five Boroughs. New York, NY: Countryman Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-1-58157-566-8.
  18. ^ "Inwood Hill Park: Spuyten Duyvil Creek". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  19. ^ Eldredge & Horenstein 2014, pp. 102–105.
  20. ^ "Harlem Canal Parades" (PDF). The New York Times. June 17, 1895. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  21. ^ a b c d Burr 1897, p. 3.
  22. ^ "Harlem Bridge History". The New York Times. May 27, 1900. p. 26. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021 – via newspapers.com  .
  23. ^ a b c d e Engineering Record 1906, p. 116.
  24. ^ a b "To Span the Ship Canal" (PDF). The New York Times. February 1, 1893. p. 10. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  25. ^ Burr 1897, p. 4.
  26. ^ a b c d e "Swapping Bridges". New-York Tribune. August 14, 1904. p. 47. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021 – via newspapers.com  .
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h Landmarks Preservation Commission 1984, p. 7.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g "N.Y.C. Department of Transportation – Infrastructure – Harlem River Bridges". nyc.gov. New York City Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  29. ^ New York (N.Y.). Board of Aldermen; New York (N.Y.). Common Council (1905). Proceedings of the Board of Aldermen. The Board. p. 801. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  30. ^ a b c d Lewis, John (February 8, 1989). "35M repair for bridge". New York Daily News. p. 93. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021 – via newspapers.com  .
  31. ^ a b c Berlow, Lawrence (2015). Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World: Bridges, Tunnels, Dams, Roads and Other Structures. Taylor & Francis. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-135-93261-9. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  32. ^ "Existing Stations; University Heights". Sustainable Communities Bronx Metro North Study (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. 2018. pp. 83, 85. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  33. ^ a b c New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1.
  34. ^ United States Congress (1891). 51st Congress, Session I, Chapter 907 (Sept. 19, 1890) (PDF). Revised Statutes of the United States, Passed at the First Session of the Forty-third Congress, 1873–'74: Supplement to the Revised Statutes of the United States. ... Vol.1–2 1874/1891-1901. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 800. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  35. ^ "Low Bridges Wanted.; Objections to the Proposed Harlem River Improvements". The New York Times. April 18, 1890. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  36. ^ New York (N.Y.) (1892). The City Record. p. 2054. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  37. ^ "The City's Low Death Rate: Brought Down to 21.05 by the Health Board for 1895" (PDF). The New York Times. January 1, 1895. p. 6. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  38. ^ a b c "Cutting, New Street Through Four Blocks; Delancey Street Project to be One of Unusual Interest" (PDF). The New York Times. December 27, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  39. ^ "Interborough Rapid Transit System, Underground Interior" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. October 23, 1979. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
  40. ^ "Work on the Subway; One Section of the New Road Has Not Been Touched" (PDF). The New York Times. March 23, 1902. p. 9. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  41. ^ a b "New Ship Canal Span Is Floated Into Place; Builders Use the Harlem's Tide for Lifting Power" (PDF). The New York Times. November 7, 1905. p. 7. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  42. ^ a b "Tide Moves Bridge Span: Portion of Old Harlem Structure Replaced by New". New-York Tribune. November 7, 1905. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021 – via newspapers.com  .
  43. ^ a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Commission 1984, p. 6.
  44. ^ a b c d e New York (N.Y.). Department of Bridges; McClellan, G.B. (1905). Report of the Commissioner of Bridges to the Hon. George B. McClellar, Mayor of the City of New York, December 31, 1904. The Department. pp. 169–170. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  45. ^ "Two New Harlem Bridges" (PDF). The New York Times. June 3, 1903. p. 16. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  46. ^ Howe 1910, p. 3.
  47. ^ a b Howe 1910, p. 25.
  48. ^ Howe 1910, p. 5.
  49. ^ "Span of Ship Canal Bridge in Place" (PDF). The New York Times. October 20, 1905. p. 2. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  50. ^ Howe 1910, pp. 6–7.
  51. ^ New York (N.Y.). Department of Bridges (1912). Annual Report: For the Year Ending ... The Department. p. 225. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  52. ^ "Contracts Awarded". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 75 (1935): 811. April 15, 1905. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
  53. ^ Journal of Proceedings. 1905. p. 275. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  54. ^ Howe 1910, p. 8.
  55. ^ Howe 1910, p. 9.
  56. ^ Engineering Record 1906, p. 118.
  57. ^ Howe 1910, p. 10.
  58. ^ "Tide Lifts Bridge Span: Pontoon System Used". New-York Tribune. June 15, 1906. p. 1. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2021 – via newspapers.com  .
  59. ^ "Steel Draw Is Floated a Mile and Then Reset; Travels From Broadway to Fordham Road in Ship Canal" (PDF). The New York Times. June 15, 1906. p. 16. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  60. ^ a b Howe 1910, p. 13.
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  63. ^ a b Kigner, Elise (June 24, 2008). "University Heights Bridge Turns 100". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on January 24, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
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  75. ^ a b c d Borges, Eddie (February 19, 1992). "University Heights Bridge open again". New York Daily News. p. 35. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021 – via newspapers.com  .
  76. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1984, pp. 7–8.
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Sources

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