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User:Kiwi Rex/sandbox

< User:Kiwi Rex

Size lists

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List of largest theropod dinosaurs (10+ meters)

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Animal Length
 Mass
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (MSNM v 4047) 14 m (Sereno et al. 2022[1]) 7.4 t (Sereno et al. 2022)
Giganotosaurus carolinii (MUCPv-95) 12.7-13.7 m (Paul, 2024)

13.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016[2])

7.8-10 t (Paul, 2024)
8.2 t (Hartman, 2013[3])

8.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Tyrannotitan chubutensis (MPEF-PV 1156) 13 m (Paul)? 6.2 t (Persons et al. 2020[4])

9 t (Paul)?

Tyrannotitan chubutensis (MPEF-PV 1157) 12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
12.2 m (Holtz, 2012[5])
13 m (Paul)? 		5.7 t (Persons et al.)
7 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

9 t (Paul)?

Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (SGM-Din 1) 12 m (Paul; Holtz)

12.8 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016)

7 t (Paul)

7.8 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Tyrannosaurus rex (RSM P2523.8 - "Scotty") 12-13 m 8.8 t (Persons et al.)
Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR2081 - "Sue") 12 m (Paul) 7.5 t (Paul)
8.4 t (Hartman; Persons et al.)

9.75 t (Henderson, 2018)

Siats meekerorum 11.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 3.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
Mapusaurus roseae (MCF-PVPH-108-145) 11.5 m (Paul)
12.6 m (Holtz)

12.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

6 t (Paul)

7.6 t (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi)

Deinocheirus mirificus 11.5 m (Paul)
12 m (Holtz; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 		5.5 t (Paul)

6.2 t (Persons et al.)

7 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Oxalaia quilombensis 11 m (Holtz)

13.3 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis 11 m (Paul)

11.9 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
13 m (Holtz)

3.7 t (Persons et al.)

4.1 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

5 t (Paul)

Acrocanthosaurus atokensis 11 m (Paul)

11.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
12 m (Holtz)

3.59 t (Persons et al.)

4.9 t (Paul; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Bahariasaurus ingens 11 m (Paul)

12.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

4 t (Paul)

4.6 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Torvosaurus tanneri (CPS 1010) 11 m (Holtz)

12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

4.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
Allosaurus (Saurophaganax) maximus 10.5 m (Paul)

12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
13 m (Holtz)

3 t (Paul)

3.8 (Persons et al.)

4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Rajasaurus narmadensis 10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

11 m (Paul)

3 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

5 t (Paul)

Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis (CV00216) 10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

11 m (Paul)

2.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi; Paul)
Allosaurus amplexus (=A. fragilis?) (AMNH 5767) 10.4 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 2.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
Meraxes gigas 10 m (Paul) 4 t (Paul)
Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis 10 m (Paul)

11 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

4 t (Paul)

5.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Suchomimus tenerensis 9.5 m (Paul)

9.78 m (Henderson)
11 m (Holtz)

2.14 t (Henderson)

3.1 t (Paul)

3.2 t (Persons et al.)

Tarbosaurus bataar 9.5 m (Paul)
10 m (Holtz; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 		4 t (Paul)

4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Therizinosaurus cheloniformis 9 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

9.6 m (Holtz)
10 m (Paul)

4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

5-10 t (Paul)

Ichthyovenator laosensis 8.5 m (Paul)

10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

2 t (Paul)

2.4 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Sinotyrannus kazuouensis 7.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

9 m (Paul)
10 m (Holtz)

1.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

2.5 t (Paul)

Abelisaurus comahuensis 7.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

10 m (Paul)

1.65 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

4 t (Paul)

List of largest land mammals (6+ tonnes)

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Rank Animal Mass
 Height
Image
20 Forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) 2.5 - 6 t 2.5 m  
19 Gomphotherium steinheimense 6.7 t 3.17 m  
18 Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) 2.7 - 7 t 2.4 - 3.43 (average male: 2.7 m)  
17 Woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) 3 - 8.2 t (average: 6 t) 2.6 - 3.5 m  
16 South African mammoth (Mammuthus subplanifrons) 9 t 3.68 m  
15 Bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) 3 - 10.4 t (average male: 6 t) 2.6 - 3.96 m (average male: 3.2 m)  
14 Deinotherium proavum 10.3 - 10.5 t 3.6 m
13 American Mastodon (Mammut americanum) 6.5 - 11 t (average: 8 t) 2.3 - 3.25 m  
12 Mammuthus meridionalis 10.7 - 11 t 3.97 m  
11 Deinotherium giganteum 8.8 - 12 t 3.6 - 4 m  
10 Stegotetrabelodon syrticus 11 - 12 t 4 m  
9 Palaeoloxodon recki 12.3 t 4.3 m  
8 Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) 9.2 - 12.5 t (average: 9.5 t) 3.72 - 4.2 m  
7 Stegodon zdansky 12.7 t 3.87 m  
6 Deinotherium "thraceiensis" 13.2 t 4 m
5 Steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) 9 - 14.3 t (average: 11 t) 3.89 - 4.5 m  
4 Straight-tusked elephant (Palaeloxodon antiquus) 11 - 15 t (average: 13 t) 3.8 - 4.2 m  
3 Zygolophodon borsoni (=Mammut borsoni) 14 - 16 t 3.9 - 4.1 m  
2 Indricotherium transouralicum (=Baluchitherium grangeri) - comparable to Paraceratherium and Dzungariotherium 7.7 - 20 t 4.8 - 5.3 m  
1 Asian straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon namadicus) 13 - 22 t 4.35 - 5.2 m  

List of largest sauropods

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Animal Paul (2019)[6] Molina-Pérez & Larramendi (2020)[7] Image
Maraapunisaurus fragillimus 35-40 m

80-120 t

35 m

70 t

 
Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi? 30-55 t 37 m

95 t

Argentinosaurus huinculensis 35+ m

65-75 t

35-36 m

75-80 t

 
"Mamenchisaurus" sinocanadorum 35 m

60-80 t

25 m

24 t

 
Barosaurus lentus (BYU 9024) - 45 m

60 t

Puertasaurus reuili ~45-55 t 27-28 m

50-56 t

 
Patagotitan mayorum (MPEF-PV 3400) 31 m

50-55 t

31 m

55 t

 
Brachiosaurus - 26.5 m

50 t

"Antarctosaurus" giganteus ~45-55 t 30.5 m

45 t

 
Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi ~45-55 t 28 m

40 t

 
Paralititan stromeri ~30-55 t? 27 m

30 t

 
Huanghetitan ruyangensis ~45-55 t 24 m

30 t

Giraffatitan brancai (HMN XV2) - 25 m

48 t

Mamenchisaurus jingyanensis - 31 m

45 t

Mamenchisaurus sinojapanorum - 30.5 m

44 t

Dreadnoughtus schrani (MPM-PV 1156) 28-31 t 24 m

35 t

 
Giraffatitan brancai (HMN MB.R.2181) 25-32 t -  
Futalognkosaurus dukei 29 t 24 m

30-36 t

 
Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (SMP VP-1625) 27 t
Brontosaurus louisae (CM 3018) 18 t  

List of largest cetaceans (10+ tonnes)

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*=estimate

Rank Animal Length Average mass
 Record mass
 Image
13 Antarctic minke whale (Pterobalaena bonaerensis) 08 - 11.9 m 8 t 10.4 t  
12 Giant beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) 10 - 13 m 12 t 14 t
11 Bryde's whale (Rorqualus brydei) 11.9 - 16.5 m 17 t 40 t  
10 Sei whale (Rorqualus borealis) 13.6 - 19.5 (22?) m 22.5 t 45 t  
9 Grey whale (Eschrichtius robustus) 13 - 15 m 24 t 45 t  
8 Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 12 - 19 27.5 t 48 t  
7 Cachalot (Physeter macrocephalus) 11 - 20.5 (24?) m 30.7 t

female: 15.5 tmale: 46 t

57 t  
6 Southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) 13 - 17 m 60 t 90 (110?) t  
5 North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) 13 - 18.5 60 t 106 (110?) t  
4 Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticeti) 14 - 20 (24.5?) m 60 t 100 (120?) t  
3 Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 18.5 - 25.9 (27.3?) m 60 t 74 t
114 t* 		 
2 Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) 13 - 19.8 (21.3?) 70 t 100 (135?) t?  
1 Blue whale (Rorqualus musculus) 20 - 29.9 (33? 33.6?) m 100 t 173 t
211.5 t* 		 

List of biological kingdoms

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Eukaryotes are now understood a subgroup of Archaea instead of a truly distinct "domain."[8] The bacterial and eukaryote kingdoms are respectively listed as proposed by Luketa (2012)[9] and Tedersoo (2017).[10]

Domain Bacteria

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Paraphyletic Archaea with DPANN as the earliest-divergent clade

Domain Archaea

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  • "DPANN" [included in Euryarchaeota?]
  • Kingdom Euryarchaeota
  • "Kingdom Proteoarchaeota" [paraphyletic[11]]
    • Kingdom Crenarchaeota s.l.
    • Jordarchaeia
    • Odinarchaeia + Baldrarchaeia
    • (Lokiarchaeles + Helarchaeales) + (Thorarchaeia + Hermodarchaeia)
    • Sifarchaeia
    • Wukongarchaeia
    • Njordarchaeales + (Gerdarchaeles + Heimdallarchaeales)
    • Hodarchaeales

Eukaryota

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"Subdomain Excavata"

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Subdomain Archaeplastida

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Subdomain Harosa

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CRuMs [included in Obazoa in Tedersoo's taxonomy]

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Subdomain Unikontamoebae

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Subdomain Obazoa

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Others/incertae sedis

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List of animal classes

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The following is a list of the classes in each phylum of the kingdom Animalia. There are 74+ classes of animals in 32 phyla in this list. The internal classification of many small phyla usually lacks the class rank. The taxonomy of Annelida and Platyhelminthes is still evolving from older gradistic classifications to a system with monophyletic classes.

Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera and Acanthocephala may also be classified as a single phylum[12]; Chaetognatha might be included in clade Gnathifera[13]:

  • Phylum Gnathifera
    • Class Gnathostomulida
    • Class Micrognathozoa
    • [?Class Chaetognatha]
    • Subphylum Syndermata
      • Subclass Seisonida
      • Subclass Eurotatoria
      • Class Acanthocephala

Annelida (segmented worms)

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N/A

Traditional classes:

Arthropoda (arthropods: insects, crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, and millipedes)

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Subphylum Chelicerata

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Subphylum Myriapoda

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Subphylum Pancrustacea

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Superclass Allotriocarida

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Superclass Multicrustacea

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Superclass Oligostraca

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Brachiopoda ("lamp shells")

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Bryozoa (moss animals)

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Chaetognatha (arrow worms)

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  • Sagittoidea

Chordata (vertebrates, tunicates, and lancelets)

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See below a list of chordate orders.

Subphylum (or Phylum) Cephalochordata

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Subphylum (or Phylum) Urochordata

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Subphylum (or Phylum) Vertebrata

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Cnidaria (marine stinging animals)

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Ctenophora

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N/A

Cycliophora (tiny marine animals)

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  • Eucycliophora

Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, and others)

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Subphylum Asterozoa

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Subphylum Crinozoa

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Subphylum Echinozoa

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Entoprocta [=Kamptozoa]

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Gastrotricha (hairybacks)

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N/A

Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)

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N/A

Hemichordata

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Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)

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Loricifera

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N/A

Micrognathozoa

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  • Micrognathea

Mollusca (mollusks)

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Nematoda (roundworms)

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Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)

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Nemertea (ribbon worms)

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Onychophora (velvet worms)

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  • Udeonychophora

Orthonectida

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N/A

Phoronida

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N/A

Placozoa

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Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

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Porifera (sponges)

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Priapulida (priapulid worms)

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N/A

Rhombozoa [=Dicyemida s.l.]

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N/A

Rotifera [=Syndermata]

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Tardigrada (tardigrades, water bears, or moss piglets)

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Xenacoelomorpha

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List of extant chordate orders

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This second list contains a list of all of the living classes and orders that are located in the Phylum Chordata.

The tunicate "Class Ascidiacea" as traditionally defined is paraphyletic. This may be solved by including the Thaliacea in Ascidiacea.[14] The 'orders' Phlebobranchia and Aplousobranchia may form a monophyletic group together.[15]

Some authors divide Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, and/or Sauropsida into two or more classes.[10][16][17][18][19][20]

Cephalochordatea/Leptocardii: Lancelets

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  • Order Amphioxiformes

Tunicata

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Larvacea: larvaceans

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Ascidiacea (=Acopa)

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Vertebrata

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Class Cyclostomata: Jawless vertebrates

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Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fish

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Class Actinopterygii: Ray-finned fish

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Subclass Cladistei
Subclass Chondrostei
Subclass Neopterygii

Class Actinistia: Coelacanths

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  • Order Coelacanthiformes

Class Dipnoi: Lungfish

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Class Amphibia: Amphibians

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Class Sauropsida: Sauropsids/Sauroids[21]

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Class Mammalia: Mammals

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Definitions of Aves

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  1. "The most inclusive clade containing Vultur gryphus but not Crocodylus niloticus" (adapted[30] from Patterson, 1993[31]). Alternative names: Avemetatarsalia, Panaves[30].
  2. "The clade stemming from the first panavian with feathers homologous (synapomorphic) with those of of Vultur gryphus" (adapted[30] from Ji & Ji, 1996[32]: "Because Sinosauropteryx has extremely short and primitive feathers, it is undoubtedly a member of the class Aves"; and Lee and Spencer, 1997[33]). Alternative names: Avifilopluma[30], Ornithodira[34].
  3. The most inclusive dinosaur clade containing Vultur gryphus but not Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia and Euparkeria capensis (adapted from Thulborn, 1975[35]: "A new classification of archosaurs and birds is presented, wherein the theropod ancestors of birds are transferred to the class Aves"). Alternative name: Theropoda[30].
  4. The clade of dinosaurs possessing "feathers with fully modern anatomy" (Martyniuk, 2012[36]). Alternative name: Aviremigia[36], Pennaraptora[37]?
  5. The clade stemming from the last common ancestor of Archaeopteryx lithographica and Vultur gryphus (adapted from Padian & Chiappe, 1998[38],[39]; Livezey & Zusi, 2007[40]). Alternative name: Ornithes[36]. Criticism: "The traditional division between herpetological (“pre-Archaeopteryx”) and ornithological (“post-Archaeopteryx”) parts of the avian evolution should be abandoned, as it is fundamentally misleading [...] the internode represented by the last common ancestor of Archaeopteryx and birds (node that is often used to identifiy the "ancestral bird") does not show any significant divergence in mosphospace ocupation, compared to the adjacent nodes along the [avian stem lineage]. Its historical meaning aside, once analysed using a large-scale morphological and taxonomic sampling, Archaeopteryx does not mark any peculiar evolutionary shift toward the origin of modern birds or the evolution of flight." (Cau, 2018[41])
  6. "The clade stemming from the first panavian with feathered wings homologous (synapomorphic) with those of Vultur gryphus and used for powered flight" (adapted[30] from Ji & Ji, 2001[42]). Alternative name: Avialae[30] (only Gauthier defines Avialae this way. Most other authors use a branch-based definition[43]).
  7. The least inclusive group containing Enantiornithes and Neornithes (adapted from Thulborn, 1984[44] and Paul, 1988). Alternative names: Ornithothoraces, Carinatae[30].
  8. "The crown clade stemming from the most recent common ancestor of Struthio camelus, Tinamus major and Vultur gryphus" (Gauthier, 1986[45]; from Gauthier & De Queiroz, 2001[30]). Alternative name: Neornithes. Criticism: "adopting a crown-clade approach does not increase taxonomic stability. Indeed, because the boundaries of traditional more inclusive clades are usually defined on anatomical features or morphological gaps perceived (rightly or wrongly) to be significant, such clades would probably tend to be more highly corroborated than crown-clade" (Lee & Spencer, 1997[33])

Cladograms

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Tree of life

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Bacteria

Archaea

DPANN

Euryarchaeota

Crenarchaeota/TACK

"Asgardarchaeota"

Eukaryota

Euglenozoa

Percolozoa

Tsukubamonas

Jakobida

Diaphoretickes
Archaeplastida
Rhodaria

Picozoa

Rhodelphea

Rhodoplantae

Glaucocystoplantae

Viridiplantae

Pancryptista

Endohelea

Cryptista

Hemimastigophora

Provora

Haptista

TSAR

Telonemidae

Harosa
Halvaria

Straminopiles/Heterokonta

Alveolata

Rhizaria

Parabasalia

Fornicata

Preaxostyla/Anaeromonada

Opimoda

Ancyromonadida

Malawimonadidae

CRuMs

Amorphea

Amoebozoa

Obazoa

Breviatidae

Apusomonadidae

Opisthokonta
Holomycota

Cristidiscoidea/Nucleariae

Fungi s.l.
Rozellomyceta

Rozellida

Microsporidia

Aphelididae

Eumycota/Fungi s.s.

Holozoa

Ichthyosporea/Mesomycetozoa

Pluriformea

Corallochytrium

Syssomonas

Tunicaraptor unikontum

Filozoa

Filasterea/Ministeriida

Choanoflagellata

Animalia/Metazoa

Eukaryota (Brown et al., 2018[46])

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Ancyromonadida

Malawimonadidae

CRuMs

Amorphea

Amoebozoa

Obazoa

Breviatea

Apusomonada

Opisthokonta

Metamonada

Discoba

Diaphoretickes
Archaeplastida

Rhodophyta

Glaucophyta

Chloroplastida

Cryptista

Haptophyta

Sar

Rhizaria

Alveolata

Stramenopiles

Archaeplastida

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other Diaphoretickes

Rhodoplantae

Glaucocystoplantae

Viridiplantae

Prasinodermophyta

Chlorophyta

Streptophyta

Mesostigma viride

Chlorokybophyta

Spirotaenia

Chlorokybus

Klebsormidiales

Phragmoplastophyta

Charophyceae

Coleochaetophyceae

Zygnematophyceae

Embryophyta

Marchantiophyta

Bryophyta sensu stricto

Anthocerophyta

Tracheophyta

Lycopodiopsida

Euphyllophyta

Polypodiophyta

Spermatophyta
Acrogymnospermae

Gingko biloba

Cycadales

Pinidae

Araucariales

Cupressales

Pinaceae

Gnetales

Angiospermae

Amborella trichopoda

Nymphaeales

Magnoliidae

Chlorantaceae

Ceratophyllum

Eudicotidae

monocots

Vertebrata

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Cyclostomata

Petromyzontiformes

Myxinidae

Eugnathostomata
Chondrichthyes

Chimaeriformes

Elasmobranchii

Euteleostomi
Actinopterygii

Polypteridae

Actinopteri

Acipenseriformes

Neopterygii

Holostei

Teleostei

Sarcopterygii

Latimeria

Dipnotetrapodomorpha
Dipnoi

Neoceratodus forsteri

Lepidosirenidae

Neotetrapoda
Lissamphibia

Apoda

Batrachia

Urodela

Anura

Amniota
Mammalia

Monotremata

Theria

Marsupialia

Placentalia

Sauria
Lepidosauria

Sphenodon punctatus

Squamata

Archelosauria
Testudines

Pleurodira

Cryptodira

Archosauria

Crocodylia

Neornithes

Tetrapoda

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Lissamphibia  

Amniota
Mammalia

Monotremata  

Theria

Marsupialia  

Placentalia  

Sauria

Lepidosauria  

Archelosauria

Testudines  

Archosauria

Crocodilia  

Aves  

Amniota (Simões et al., 2022)[47]

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Seymouriamorpha

Amniota

Diadectomorpha

Araeoscelidia

Protorothyris

Captorhinidae

crown group
Synapsida

Caseasauria

Varanopidae

Ophiacodontidae

Edaphosauridae

Ianthodon

Haptodus

Lupeosaurus

Palaeohatteria

Tetraceratops

Sphenacodontidae

Sauropsida

Acleistorhinidae

Microleter

Australothyris

Milleretta

Milleropsis

Mesosaurus

Neoreptilia

Procolophonia

Neodiapsida
Younginiformes

Claudiosaurus

Youngina

Hovasaurus

Acerosodontosaurus

Saurosternon

Eunotosaurus

Coelurosauravus

Sauria

Lepidosauria

Archelosauria

Pappochelys

Odontochelys

Testudinata

Archosauromorpha

Ichthyosauromorpha

Thalattosauria

Sauropterygia

Protorosauria

Protorosaurus

Macrocnemus

Tanystropheus

Kuehneosauridae

Langobardisaurus

Megalancosaurus

Crocopoda

Allokotosauria

Rhynchosauria

Prolacerta

Archosauriformes

Sauropsida

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Synapsida

Sauropsida

Mesosauridae

Lanthanosuchoidea

Millerettidae

Australothyris

Microleter

Bolosauria

Procolophonia

Neodiapsida

Younginiformes

Claudiosaurus

Sauria

Lepidosauria

Testudinata

Odontochelys

Chinlechelys

Proganochelys

Rhaptochelydia

Archosauromorpha

Tanystropheidae

Rhynchosauria

Teyujagua

Tasmaniosaurus

Archosauriformes

Diapsida (Sobral, Simões & Schoch; 2020[48])

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Araeoscelidia

Neodiapsida

Acerosodontosaurus

Hovasaurus

Saurosternon

Claudiosaurus

Youngina

Coelurosauravus

crown Reptilia

Pantestudines

Sauria
Lepidosauromorpha

Palaeagama

Vellbergia

Sophineta

Rhynchocephalia

Squamata

Megachirella

Marmoretta

Huehuecuetzpalli

Eichstaettisaurus

crown Squamata

Archosauromorpha

Choristodera

Protorosaurus

Macrocnemus

Kuehneosauridae

Tanystropheus

Langobardisaurus

Megalancosaurus

Thalattosauria

Ichthyosauromorpha

Sauropterygia

Archosauriformes

Howesia

Mesosuchus

Trilophosaurus

Teyumbaita

Hyperodapedon

Avifilopluma (phylogeny of feathered animals)

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Pterosauria

Sordes pilosus (brush-like filaments)

Jeholopterus ninchengensis (tufts of filaments)

Yanliao anurognathid (monofilaments)

Dinosauria
Ornithischia

Tianyulong confuciusi (monofilaments)

Thyreophora

Kulindadromeus zaibakalicus (tufts of filaments)

Tenontosaurus sp.

Hadrosauroidea

Pachycephalosauria

Ceratopsia

Psittacosaurus sp. (monofilaments)

Ceratopsidae

Eusauropoda

Theropoda

Early Jurassic theropods (feather tracks)

Tetanurae

Concavenator corcovatus (quill knobs)

Sciurumimus albersdoerferi (monofilaments)

Tyrannosauroidea

Yutyrannus huali (monofilaments)

Dilong paradoxus (tufts of filaments)

Sinocalliopteryx gigas (monofilaments)

Juravenator starki (monofilaments)

Sinosauropteryx prima (monofilaments)

Maniraptoriformes

Ornithomimus edmontonicus (monofilaments?; open pennaceous feathers)

Shuvuuia deserti (monofilaments)

Beipiaosaurus inexpectus (monofilaments; brush-like filaments)

Pennaraptora

Oviraptorosauria (closed pennaceous feathers)

Eumaniraptora (monofilaments, tufts of filaments, open pennaceous feathers, closed pennaceous feathers)


Dinosauromorpha (Paul, 1988)

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†Lagosuchia

†Lagerpeton

†Lagosuchidae

†Lagosuchus

†Lewisuchus

Staurikosauria

†Staurikosaurus

†Ischisaurus

†Herreravia

†Frenguellisaurus

†"Protoavis"?

†Herrerasaurus

†Aliwalia

Theropoda

†Procompsognathus

†Coelophysidae

†Coelophysis

†Elaphrosaurus?

†Halticosaurinae

†Liliensternus

†Dilophosaurus

†Spinosauridae

†Baryonyx

†Spinosaurus

†Ceratosauridae

†Ceratosaurus

†Sarcosaurus

Intertheropoda
†Megalosauridae

†Megalosaurus

Abelisaurinae

†Carnotaurus

†Noasaurus?

†Abelisaurus

Eustreptospondylidae

†Eustreptospondylus

†Piatnitzkysaurus

†Gasosaurus

†Marshosaurus

†Metriacanthosaurus

Avetheropoda

†Compsognathus

†Coelurus

†Ornitholestinae

†Proceratosaurus

†Ornitholestes

Allosaurinae

†Allosaurus

†Chilantaisaurus

†Acrocanthosaurus

†Indosaurus

†Labocania

†Tyrannosauridae

†Aublysodon

†Tyrannosaurinae

Protoavia

†Archaeopteryx

Dromaeosaurinae

†Dromaeosaurus

†Velociraptor

†Caenagnathidae

†Ornithomimidae?

†Troodon

†Avimimus

birds

Dracohors

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Baron, Norman & Barrett (2017)[49]

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Silesauridae

Agnosphytis

Herrerasauria

Eodromaeus

Herrerasauridae

Dinosauria
Sauropodomorpha

Eoraptor

Guaibasauridae

other sauropodomorphs

Chindesaurus

Tawa

Ornithoscelida

Avepoda

Ornithischia

Daemonosaurus

Heterodontosauridae

Eocursor

Genasauria

Cau (2018)

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†Silesauridae

"Dinosauria"
†Herrerasauria

†Herrerasauridae

†Tawa

†Daemonosaurus

Dinosauria sensu lato

†Sauropodomorpha

†Eodromaeus

Dinosauria sensu stricto (=Ornithoscelida)

†Ornithischia

Theropoda

Baron & Williams (2018)

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Silesauridae

Herrerasauria

Dinosauria

Sauropodomorpha

Ornithoscelida

Ornithischia

Theropoda

Eoraptor

Eodromaeus

Tawa

Daemonosaurus

Avepoda

Asilisaurus

Silesauridae

Ornithischia

Saurischia

Herrerasaurus

Staurikosaurus

Sanjuansaurus

Chindesaurus

Tawa

Daemonosaurus

Caseosaurus

Eodromaeus

Guaibasaurus

Eusaurischia

Theropoda

Sauropodomorpha

Buriolestes

Eoraptor

Pampadromaeus

Panphagia

Saturnalia

Chromigosaurus

Pantydraco

Efraasia

Plateosaurus

Dinosauria

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†Sauropodomorpha

†Buriolestes

†Pampadromaeus

†Panphagia

†Saturnalia

†Chromogisaurus

†Bagualosauria

†Bagualosaurus

†Nambalia

†Arcusaurus

†Thecodontosaurus

†Pantydraco

†Efraasia

†Plateosauravus

†Ruehlia

†Plateosaurus

†Unaysauridae

†Massopoda

†Riojasauridae

†Massospondylidae

†Yunnanosaurus

†Jingshanosaurus

†Seitaad

†Anchisauria

†Guaibasaurus

†Eoraptor

†Alwalkeria

†Eodromaeus

†Herrerasauridae

†Daemonosaurus

†Tawa

Avepoda

†Coelophysoidea

†Dilophosaurus

Neotheropoda

†Ceratosauria

Tetanurae

†Carnosauria

Coelurosauria

†Tyrannosauroidea

†Coeluridae

Maniraptoromorpha

†Ornitholestes

Maniraptoriformes

†Ornithomimosauria

Maniraptora

†Alvarezsauridae

Pennaraptora

†Oviraptorosauria

Paraves

†Chilesaurus

†Silesauridae?

†Ornithischia

†Heterodontosauridae

†Eocursor

†Genasauria
†Thyreophora

†Scutellosaurus

†Emausaurus

†Scelidosaurus

†Ankylosauria

†Stegosauria

†Lesothosaurus

†Neornithischia

†Agilisaurus

†Hexinlusaurus

†Yandusaurus

†Kulindadromeus

†Leaellynasaura

†Jeholosauridae

†Nanosaurus

†Thescelosauridae

†Elasmaria

†Hypsilophodon

†Iguanodontia

†Marginocephalia

†Pachycephalosauria

†Ceratopia

Tetanurae (Apesteguía et al., 2016)

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Piatnitzkysaurus

Orionides

Megalosauria

Neotetanurae

Metriacanthosauridae

Avetheropoda

Allosaurus

Coelurosauria s.l.

Carcharodontosauridae

Coelurosauria s.s.

Neovenator

Chilantaisaurus

Gualicho

Megaraptora

Tyrannoraptora

Hominina (Dembo et al., 2016[50])

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Sahelanthropus tchadensis  

Ardipithecus

"Australopithecus" anamensis

"Australopithecus" afarensis  

"Australopithecus" garhi  

Kenyanthropus platyops

Australopithecus africanus  

Paranthropus aethiopicus  

Paranthropus robustus  

Paranthropus boisei  

Homo floresiensis  

Homo sediba  

Homo habilis  

Homo rudolfensis  

Homo georgicus

Homo ergaster  

Homo erectus  

Homo naledi  

Homo antecessor  

Homo sapiens s.s.  

Homo heidelbergensis  

Homo neanderthalensis  

Homo (Ni et al., 2021)

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Homo habilis (OH7, OH24, ER 1805)

Homo gautengensis (Stw 53)

Homo georgicus

Homo ergaster (KNM ER 3733, KNM ER 3883)

Homo louisleakeyi (OH 9)

Sangiran 2, Sangiran 17

Homo erectus nankinensis

Homo erectus pekinensis (X, XII, XIII, I, II, III, RC)

Hexian

Homo erectus newyorkensis (Sambungmacan 1, 3)

Homo erectus soloensis (Ngandong 7, 9, 12)

Homo mauritanicus (Ternifine 1,2,3,4)

Homo saldanensis

Petralona 1

Homo rhodesiensis (Broken Hill)

Homo bodoensis

Homo cepranensis

Homo heidelbergensis (Mauer 1)

Homo tautavelensis (Arago II, XIII, XXI, XLVII)

Namada

Maba

Xuchang

Ndutu cranium

Homo neanderthalensis

Homo steinheimensis

Homo antecessor

Rabat

Eliye springs

Jinniushan

Hualongdong

Dali

Xiahe mandible

Homo longi type

Jebel Irhoud 1, 2

LH 18

Homo helmei (Florisbad)

Tabun 2

Homo sapiens sapiens

Tables and taxoboxes

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Dinosaurs
Temporal range: Late Triassic–Present, 233.23 – 0 Mya (Possible Middle Triassic record)
 
A collection of fossil dinosaur skeletons. Clockwise from top left: Heterodontosaurus tucki (a bipedal ornithischian); Allosaurus fragilis and Stegosaurus stenops (a large theropod and a plated stegosaur respectively); Edmontosaurus annectens (a duck-billed ornithopod); North Island giant moa, common ostrich and kiwi (palaeognath birds); Diplodocus (a giant sauropod); Titanoceratops ouranos (a horned ceratopsian); Scolosaurus thronus (an armored ankylosaur)
 
Row 1: Sauropodomorphs Plateosaurus engelhardti; ornithischians Styracosaurus albertensis and Scolosaurus cutleri

Row 2: Common ostrich (Struthio camelus); sauropodomorph Barosaurus lentus with theropods Allosaurus fragilis
Row 3: Hadrosaurid ornithischians; theropod Sinocalliopteryx gigas

Scientific classification  
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dracohors
Clade: Dinosauria
Owen, 1842
Major groups

Chicken
 
A rooster (left) and hen (right) perching on a roost
Domesticated
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Metazoa
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Subclass:
Archosauria
Infraclass:
Dinosauria
Order:
Galliformes
Family:
Phasianidae
Genus:
Gallus
Species:
G. gallus
Wikispecies Taxonomicon Nelson (1969) Rosen (1981) Margulis & Schwartz (1982) McKenna & Bell (1997) Dubois (2006) Benton (2015) Ruggiero (2015) Tedersoo (2017) Clade name
Superregnum Dominium Epiregnum Superregnum Dominium Eukaryota
Subdominium Obazoa
Superregnum Opisthokonta
Regnum Regnum Regnum Subregnum Regnum Regnum Animalia (=Metazoa)
Subregnum Subregnum Infraregnum Eumetazoa (=Epitheliozoa)
Subregnum Hyporegnum Subregnum Subregnum Bilateria
Superphylum Infraregnum Series Catoregnum Infraregnum Deuterostomia
Phylum Phylum Phylum Provincia Phylum Phylum Chordata
Phylum Phylum Craniata?
Subphylum Subphylum Subphylum Subphylum Subphylum Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclassis Superclassis Subphylum Infraphylum Infraphylum Infraphylum Gnathostomata
Classis Classis Hypophylum Classis Osteichthyes (=Euteleostomi)
Subclassis Subclassis Hyperclassis Subclassis Superclassis Sarcopterygii
Infraclassis Dipnotetrapodomorpha
Infraclass Infraclassis Tetrapodomorpha
Superclassis Series Superclassis Epiclassis Superclassis Superclassis Tetrapoda
Divisio Classis Superordo Reptiliomorpha
Subclassis Series Amniota
Infraclassis Classis Synapsida
Ordo Superordo Ordo Therapsida
Subordo Ordo Subordo Cynodontia
Infraordo Eucynodontia
Infraordo Probainognathia
Infrasubordo Mammaliamorpha
Classis Mammaliaformes
Classis Classis Cohort Classis Classis Ordo Classis Classis Mammalia
Subclassis Divisio Theriiformes
Infraclassis Holotheria
Subclassis Superlegio Superlegio Trechnotheria
Legio Legio Cladotheria
Infraclassis Sublegio Zatheria
Subclassis Infralegio Sublegio Tribosphenida (=Boreosphenida)
Supercohort Superordo Subclassis Supercohort Subordo Infralegio Subclassis Theria
Cohort Infraclassis Series Infraclassis Infraordo Supercohort Infraclassis Eutheria
Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Placentalia
Superordo Magnordo Superordo Boreoeutheria
Superordo Grandordo Grandordo Euarchontoglires
Superordo Grandordo Cacordo Superordo Euarchonta
Ordo Primatomorpha
Ordo Ordo Ordo Subordo Ordo Ordo Primates
Subordo Infraordo Infraordo Subordo Haplorhini
Infraordo Parvordo Parvordo Subordo Simiiformes (=Anthropoidea)
Parvordo Infraordo Catarrhini
Superfamilia Superfamilia Superfamilia Hominoidea
Familia Familia Familia Familia Familia Hominidae
Subfamilia Subfamilia Subfamilia Homininae
Tribus Tribus Subtribus Hominini
Subtribus Subtribus Hominina
Genus Genus Homo
Wikispecies Systema Naturae 2000 Diversity of Life Nelson (1969) Bakker & Galton (1975) Bakker (1986) Paul (1988) Olshevsky (1991) Dubois (2006) Martyniuk (2012) Benton (2015) Ruggiero (2015) Clade name
Classis Classis Cohort? Infraclassis Classis Sauropsida
Subclassis Eureptilia
Subclassis Subclassis Classis Superclassis Subclassis Hypoclassis Infraclassis Diapsida
Catoclassis Infraclassis Neodiapsida
Cohort? Classis Reptilia
Infraclassis Infraclassis Classis Classis Epiordo Infraclassis Archosauromorpha
Subclassis Classis Infraclassis Divisio Archosauriformes
Divisio Divisio Superordo Superordo Subdivisio Archosauria (=Avesuchia)
Subdivisio Infraclassis Infradivisio Panaves
Subsectio Infradivisio Superordo Ordo Infrasubdivisio Ornithodira (=Avifilopluma)
Subclassis? Subclassis or Infraclassis? Dinosauriformes
Superordo Superordo Superordo Classis Subclassis? Subclassis or Infraclassis? Subordo Superordo Dinosauria
Ordo Ordo Ordo Subclassis Infraordo Ordo Saurischia
Subordo Subordo Subordo Ordo Infraclassis Superordo Ordo Hypordo Subordo Theropoda
Infraordo Infraordo Infraordo Infraordo Tetanurae
Ordo Avetheropoda
Divisio Subordo Divisio Coelurosauria
Subdivisio Subordo Subdivisio Maniraptoriformes
Infradivisio Cacordo Infradivisio Maniraptora
Classis Pennaraptora
Subordo Cohort Paraves
Subclassis Subclassis Classis Superordo Phalanx? Classis? Avialae
Classis Infraclassis Phalanx? Classis? Ornithes?
Infraclassis Subclassis Pygostylia (=Avebrevicauda)
"Pygostylia"
Superordo Superordo? Classis? Infraclassis Ornithothoraces
Supercohort Ornithuromorpha
Parvclassis Classis? Cohort Ornithurae
Subclassis Classis? Subcohort Carinatae
Infraclassis Parvclassis Superordo Series Subclassis Superdivisio Subclassis Neornithes

References

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