Vidyapati (c. 1352 – 1448), also known by the sobriquet Maithil Kavi Kokil (the poet cuckoo of Maithili), was a Maithili and Sanskrit polymath-poet-saint, playwright, composer, biographer,[2] philosopher,[3] law-theorist,[4] writer, courtier and royal priest.[5] He was a devotee of Shiva, but also wrote love songs and devotional Vaishnava songs.[6] He had knowledge of, and composed works in Sanskrit, Prakrit, Apabhramsha and Maithili.[6][7]
Vidyapati | |
|---|---|
 Statue of Vidyapati | |
| Personal | |
| Born | c. 1352 |
| Died | 1448 (aged 95–96) |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Spouse | Shushila |
| Parents |
|
| Sect | Shaktism |
Vidyapati's influence was not just restricted to Maithili and Sanskrit literature but also extended to other Eastern Indian literary traditions.[5] The language at the time of Vidyapati, the prakrit-derived late Abahattha, had just begun to transition into early versions of the Eastern language such as Maithili. Thus, Vidyapati's influence on making these languages has been described as "analogous to that of Dante in Italy and Chaucer in England".[8]
Early life
editVidyapati was born to a Maithil Brahmin family in the village of Bisapī (now Bisfi) in the present-day Madhubani district of the Mithila region of northern Bihar, India.[1][6][9] The name Vidyapati ("master of knowledge") is derived from two Sanskrit words, vidya ("knowledge") and pati ("master"). There is confusion as to his exact date of birth due to conflicting information from his own works and those of his patrons.[10]
He was the son of Gaṇapati Ṭhakkura, a Maithil Brahmin said to be a great devotee of Shiva.[9] His mother name was Hansini Devi. Vidyapati was married to Shushila.[11] He was a priest in the court of Rāya Gaṇeśvara, the reigning chief of Tirhut.[10] A number of his near ancestors were notable in their own right including his great-grandfather, Devāditya Ṭhakkura, who was a Minister of War and Peace in the court of Harisimhadeva.
Vidyapati was heavily associated with the Oiniwar dynasty of Mithila and worked in the courts of seven Kings and two Queens of this dynasty.[10] Vidyapati's first commission was by Kīrttisiṃha, who ruled Mithila from around 1370 to 1380.[9] This led to the Kīrtilatā, a long praise-poem for his patron in verse.[9] This work contains an extended passage praising the courtesans of Delhi, foreshadowing his later virtuosity in composing love poetry.[9] Though Kīrttisiṃha didn't commission any more works, Vidyapati secured a position at the court of his successor, Devasimha.[9] The prose story collection Bhūparikramaṇa was written under Devasimha's auspices.[9] Vidyapati developed a close friendship with Devasimha's heir apparent Sivasimha and started focusing on love songs.[9] He wrote some five hundred love songs, primarily between 1380 and 1406.[9] The songs he composed after that period were devotional praises of Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, and Ganga.[9]
There was a close friendship between Sivasimha, king of Mithila from 1402 to 1406, and Vidyapati.[9] As soon as Sivasimha ascended to his throne, he granted Vidyapati his home village of Bisapi, an act recorded on a copper plate.[9] On the plate, Sivasimha calls him "the new Jayadeva".[9] The poet also accompanied his king to Delhi, at the sultan's demand.[9] A story about that encounter relates how the king was held by the sultan and Vidyapati negotiated for his release by displaying his clairvoyant powers.[9] Sivasimha's favorable patronage and the courtly environment encouraged Vidyapati's experiments in love songs written in Maithili, a language everyone at court could enjoy.[9] In 1406, Sivasimha went missing in a battle with a Muslim army.[9] After this defeat, Vidyapati and the court took refuge at a king's court in Rajabanauli(also known as Banauli), in modern-day Nepal.[9] Lakhima Devi, the chief queen of Sivasimha, reigned for 12 years.[12] After that, Padmasimha became the ruler of Mithila. Vidyapati returned to serve Padmasimha and continue writing, primarily treatises on law and devotional manuals.[9]
At about 1430 or earlier, he is known to have returned to his village, Bisapi.[9] He often visited its temple of Shiva.[9]
He is recorded as having two wives, three sons and four daughters.
Political career
editThe independence of the kings Vidyapati worked for was often threatened by incursions by Muslim sultans. The Kīrttilatā makes reference to an incident where the Oiniwar King, Raja Gaṇeśvara, was killed by the Turkish commander, Malik Arsalan in 1371. By 1401, Vidyapati requested the help of the Jaunpur Sultan in overthrowing Arsalan and installing Gaṇeśvara's sons, Vīrasiṃha and Kīrttisiṃha, on the throne. With the Sultan's assistance, Arsalan was deposed and Kīrttisiṃha, the oldest son, became the ruler of Mithila.[5]
The conflicts of his time are evident in his works. In his early praise-poem Kīrttilatā, he slyly criticizes his patron for his perceived deference to Muslims.[9]
Love songs
editWhile working under his second patron, Devasimha, and especially under his successor Sivasimha, Vidyapati started composing Maithili songs of the love of Radha and Krishna. He seems to have only composed love songs between 1380 and 1406, though he kept writing until near his death in 1448.[9] He seems to have ceased writing love songs after his patron and friend Sivasimha went missing in a battle and his court had to go into exile.[9] These songs, which would eventually number five hundred, broke with convention. They were written in vernacular Maithili as songs, not as formal poems in literary Sanskrit as was done before. Until Vidyapati, Maithili wasn't employed as a literary medium.
He applied the tradition of Sanskrit love poetry to the "simple, musical, and direct" Maithili language.[9] His inheritance from the Sanskrit tradition include its repertory of standard images to describe beauty ("eyes large and tender like a doe's") and standard settings to invoke certain moods and feelings (spring with its increasing heat as an analogy for rising passion).[9] Vidyapati also drew from the beauty of his home in Madhubani ("forest of honey"), with its mango groves, rice fields, sugar cane, and lotus ponds.[9]
In the tradition of Jayadeva's Gita Govinda, Vidyapati's songs were simultaneously praises of love-making and praises of Krishna; praise of Krishna involved praise of love-making.[9] The intensity and poetic virtuosity of the songs were integral to these songs' function as a way to directly worship god and earn spiritual merit.[9] Vidyapati's continuation of Jayadeva's program in a different language earned him the title "the new Jayadeva".[9] His work did differ from his predecessor's in two ways. His songs were independent from one another unlike the Gita Govinda, which comprises twelve cantos telling an overarching story of the couple's separation and reunion.[9] While Jayadeva wrote from Krishna's perspective, Vidyapati preferred Radha's; "her career as a young girl, her slowly awakening youth, her physical charm, her shyness, doubts and hesitations, her naive innocence, her need for love, her surrender to rapture, her utter anguish when neglected – all of these are described from a woman's point of view and with matchless tenderness."[9]
These songs frequently mention the queens of king Sivasimha, an indicator that they were meant to be enjoyed by the court.[9] At times, his poems identify Krishna with king Sivasimha and Radha with the king's chief queen, Lakhima Devi.[9] They were sung by a court singer, Jayati, who sent the songs to music.[9] They were learned by dancing girls and eventually spread out of the court.[9]
His love songs have been collected into the Padāvalī, probably not by Vidyapati himself.[8][6]
Devotional songs
editThough he wrote hundreds of love songs about the romance of Radha and Krishna, he was not a special devotee of Krishna or Vishnu.[9] Instead, he lavished attention on Shiva and Durga but also wrote songs about Vishnu and Ganga.[9] He is particularly known for his songs of the love of Shiva and Parvati and prayers for Shiva as the supreme Brahman.
A song titled All My Inhibition:
All my inhibition left me in a flash,
When he robbed me off my clothes,
But his body became my new dress.
Like a bee hovering on a lotus leaf
He was there in my night, on me![2]
Influence
editOdia literature
editVidyapati's influence reached Odisha through Bengal. The earliest composition in Brajabuli, an artificial literary language popularized by Vidyapati, is ascribed to Ramananda Raya, the governor of Godavari province of the King of Odisha, Gajapati Prataprudra Dev. He was a disciple of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. He recited his Brajabuli poems to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, when he first met him on the bank of river Godavari at Rajahmundry, southern provincial capital of Kingdom of Odisha.[13]
Bengali literature
editBengali Vaishnavas like Chitanya and Chandidas adopted Vidyapati's love songs about Radha and Krishna as Vaishnava hymns.[9] All major Bengali poets of the medieval period were influenced by Vidyapati. As a result, an artificial literary language, known as Brajabuli was developed in the sixteenth century. Brajabuli is basically Maithili (as prevalent during the medieval period) but its forms are modified to look like Bengali.[14] The medieval Bengali poets, Gobindadas Kabiraj, Jnandas, Balaramdas and Narottamdas composed their padas (poems) in this language. Rabindranath Tagore composed his Bhanusingha Thakurer Padabali (1884) in a mix of Western Hindi (Braj Bhasha) and archaic Bengali and named the language Brajabuli as an imitation of Vidyapati (he initially promoted these lyrics as those of a newly discovered poet, Bhanusingha). Other 19th-century figures in the Bengal Renaissance like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee have also written in Brajabuli.
Tagore was much influenced by Vidyapati. He set the poet's Bhara Badara to his own tune.[citation needed]
Legacy
edit
Vidyapati has been kept alive in popular memory over the past six centuries; he is a household name in Mithila.[6] His love songs are sung at weddings in the region.[9] Many myths have arisen about him and people continue to sing his songs.
Bidāpat Nāch
editA form of folk dance-drama street theater, Bidāpat Nāch, where "bidāpat" is derived from "Vidyapati", is performed in Purnia district in north Bihar.[15] While several groups performed in multiple villages in that area in the 20th century, there was just one group left in one village by 2012.[6][15]
In mythology
editVidyapati's life has been mythologised in different ways. Many of his admirers ascribe miracles to him and detail his interaction with the gods.[10] Among these stories is one which details that Shiva came down to earth to speak with Vidyapati after being impressed with his piety. This incarnation of Lord Shiva is known as Ugna. Ugna served as the servant of the poet Vidyapati.
Another story exists involving him and the Goddess Ganga.[6][10] When his death was imminent, he decided to go to the river Ganga, but was too tired to continue just a few miles away. He resolves that if his piety was pure, the river would come to him.[6] And so it happens.[6] The goddess obliges and the river rises to let him take a final dip in holy waters.[6] At some point in the past, the town where this is believed to have happened was renamed Vidyapati Nagar ("town of Vidyapati") and a Shiva temple was built there.[6]
In popular culture
editPahari Sanyal played Vidyapati in the 1937 Bengali film Vidyapati, which received a lot of appreciation. The film starred Prithviraj Kapoor as King Shiva Singha of Mithila.[16] Another film, also titled Vidyapati, was made in 1964 by Prahlad Sharma, starring Bharat Bhushan and Simi Garewal in the lead roles.[3]
In December 2018, Darbhanga Airport was renamed Kavi Kokil Vidyapati Airport.[17]
Works
editTexts
edit- Maṇimañjarīnāṭikā (Sanskrit, Tirahuta script) – a conventional romantic play (nāṭikā)[6]
- Bhūparikramaṇa ("around the world", Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a collection of eight prose stories set in different locales[6]
- Kīrttilatā (Avahaṭṭha, Devanagari script) – a praise-biography in verse detailing the victory of Vidyapati's patron Kirttisimha's over his rival Malik Arsalan composed in the Sanskrit genre ākhyāyikā.[6]
- Puruṣaparīkṣā (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a treatise on political ethics and ideal masculinity, composed broadly in the Sanskrit kathā genre.[6]
- Gorakṣavijaya (Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Maithili; Mithilākṣara script) – a musical play about Tantric saint Gorakṣanātha rescuing his teacher Matsyendranātha from a worldly life back to the life of a yogi[6]
- Kīrttipatākā (Avahaṭṭha, Tirahutā script) – a partially-extant praise-biography in verse for another of Vidyapati's patrons, Sivasimha.[6]
- Harikeli (Avahaṭṭha, Tirahutā script) – a partially-extant allegorical love play between Krishna and the Gopis, with Raya Arjuna/Jagat Simha (a cousin of Sivasimha) as protagonist.[6]
- Likhanāvalī (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a manual for scribes, with model letters, business documents, and affidavits[6]
- Śaivasarvasvasāra (Sanskrit; one manuscript in Mithilākṣara script, two in Devanagari) – describes the significance and merits of worshipping Shiva, with proscribed rituals, citing extensively from the Puranas.[6]
- Gaṅgāvākyāvalī (Sanskrit) – a text glorifying the religious significance of Ganga, with citations from the Puranas.[6]
- Vibhāgasāra (Sanskrit, Tirahuta script) – a dharmaśāstra focusing on property law, with citations from many Smritis.[6]
- Dānavākyāvalī (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a guide to types of ritual donations and their spiritual merits[6]
- Durgābhaktitaraṅgiṇī (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a guide to the proper worship of Durga, especially during Navaratri or in the month of Asvin.[6]
- Gayāpattalaka (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) – a text about funerary rituals.[6]
- Varṣakṛtya (Sanskrit) – a text describing the festivals that are to be observed through the year (probably the festivals that were observed in Mithila at that time).[6]
- Padāvalī (Maithili, Tirahuta/Bangla/Devanagari scripts depending on version) – a compilation of Vidyapati's songs in praise of Krishna, likely not put together by him.[6][15]
Translations
editHis works have been translated to several languages, including English.[8] Vidyapati's love songs were translated into English as part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works.[9]
Notes
edit- ^ a b c Vidyapati at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ a b Vidyapati Poetry, allpoetry.com
- ^ a b Firoze Rangoonwalla; Vishwanath Das (1970). Indian Filmography: Silent & Hindi Films, 1897-1969. J. Udeshi.
- ^ Jha, Pankaj (2019), "Vidyapati and Mithila", A Political History of Literature, Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–36, doi:10.1093/oso/9780199489558.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-948955-8, retrieved 17 March 2022
- ^ a b c Pankaj Jha (20 November 2018). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. OUP India. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-19-909535-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Jha, Pankaj (14 February 2019), "Vidyapati and Mithila", A Political History of Literature, Oxford University Press, pp. 3–36, doi:10.1093/oso/9780199489558.003.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-948955-8, retrieved 7 March 2021
- ^ Kumar, Arun (2018). Grierson : Bhasha Aur Sahitya Chintan (in Hindi). Vani Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-87889-33-0.
- ^ a b c Coomaraswamy, Ananda Kentish (1915). Vidyāpati: Bangīya Padābali; Songs of the Love of Rādhā and Krishna. London: The Old Bourne Press.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Love Songs of Vidyāpati. Translated by Bhattacharya, Deben. London: G. Allen & Unwin. 1963.
- ^ a b c d e Pankaj Jha (20 November 2018). A Political History of Literature: Vidyapati and the Fifteenth Century. OUP India. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-0-19-909535-3.
- ^ "जिनके घर महादेव करते थे चाकरी, शिव पर पत्नी चलाती थी हुक्म; उन्हीं को भुला दिया". Hindustan.
- ^ Upendra Thakur (1956). History of Mithila. Mithila Institute. pp. 320–322.
- ^ Mallik, Basanta Kumar (2004). Paradigms of Dissent and Protest: Social Movements in Eastern India, C. AD 1400-1700. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-522-6.
- ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 515.
During the sixteenth century, a form of an artificial literary language became established ... It was the Brajabulī dialect ... Brajabulī is practically the Maithilī speech as current in Mithilā, modified in its forms to look like Bengali.
- ^ a b c Woolford, Ian Alister (May 2012). Renu Village : An Ethnography of North Indian Fiction (PhD thesis). The University of Texas at Austin.
- ^ Chandra, Balakrishnan; Pali, Vijay Kumar. "100 Years of Bollywood – Vidyapati 1937". IndiaVideo.org. Invis Multimedia Pvt. Ltd. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
- ^ "Darbhanga MP meets PM Modi; demands renaming of airport". Hindustan Times. 12 August 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
Bibliography
edit- Coomaraswamy, Anand, ed. (1915), VIDYĀPATI: BANGĪYA PADĀBALI (PDF), London: The Old Bourne Press
Further reading
edit- Archer, W. G., ed. (1963), Love Songs of Vidyapati; Tr. by Deben Bhattacharya, London: George Allen and Unwyn
External links
edit
- Vidyapati at Encyclopædia Universalis
- Vidyapati at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- Works by Vidyapati at Project Gutenberg
- 27 poems transl. Deben Bhattacharya, from Love Songs of Vidyapati, (UNESCO) 1963