The Whisky War, also known as the Liquor Wars,[1] was a bloodless war and border dispute between the Kingdom of Denmark and Canada over Hans Island. Between 1973 and 2022, the island was under dispute between the two nations, although never amounting to direct conflict or violence.[2]
| Whisky War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Arctic policy of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Arctic policy of Canada | |||||||||
 The commanding officer of the Danish warship HDMS Triton on Hans Island during August 2003 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Canada | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
 Per Stig Møller |
Bill Graham | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
 Royal Danish Army  Royal Danish Navy |
 Royal Canadian Navy | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 3 HDMS | unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| none | none | ||||||||
Both countries agreed on a process in 2005 to resolve the issue,[3] which was finally settled in 2022, resulting in the creation of a land border on the island between the two states.[4]
Background
edit
Hans Island (known as Tartupaluk in Greenlandic) is in the middle of the Kennedy Channel between Greenland and Ellesmere Island. Hans Island is approximately 1.3 km2 in size and is barren. Hans Island is not inhabited, though it was previously used by indigenous Inuit populations in the area during the 19th century.[5] The Canadian claim to the island arose from the 1880 purchase of Hudson's Bay Company land to Canadian Government territory. The Danish argument was that Hans Island was vital to their indigenous populations for fishing, creating an integral part of the nearby Greenlandic area.[6]
Land dispute
editCanada and Denmark signed an agreement through the United Nations on 17 December 1973.[7] The agreement set out to delimit the continental shelf between the two nations. This was influenced by the maritime boundary line, which fell almost directly down the middle of Hans Island.[5] The agreement states:
The Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government of Canada... Have agreed as follows: Article I. The dividing line in the area between Greenland and the Canadian Arctic Islands, established for the purpose of each Party's exploration and exploitation of the natural resources of that part of the continental shelf which in accordance with international law appertains to Denmark and to Canada respectively, is a median line which has been determined and adjusted by mutual agreement. Article II. 1. In implementation of the principle set forth in article I, the dividing line in the area between latitude 61 00' N and latitude 75 00' N (Davis Strait and Baffin Bay) shall be a series of geodesic lines.[7]
Although the agreement was passed by both nations, there still was a longstanding dispute between the two nations. It was seen as low-priority from the Canadian side. A Canadian Special Senate Committee on the Arctic meeting was held on March 18, 2019, where the conflict was deemed "almost insignificant" by Michael Byers, a Professor and Canada Research Chair at the University of British Columbia, consulting as a civilian on the matter.[8]
Conflict
editIn 1984, Canadian soldiers visited the island and planted a Canadian flag, also leaving a bottle of Canadian whisky.[9] The Danish Minister of Greenland Affairs came to the island himself later the same year with the Danish flag, a bottle of Schnapps, and a letter stating "Welcome to the Danish Island" (Velkommen til den danske ø).[10][11][12] The two countries proceeded to take turns planting their flags on the island and exchanging alcoholic beverages.[13] In 2005 a Canadian man and an unknown source on the Danish side also posted advertisements on Google to "promote their claims".[13][14][15]
The minor border dispute was often considered humorous between the two nations, with diplomats displaying good humour. Despite the serious official nature of the matter, the manner in which the conflict was prosecuted was light-hearted, demonstrated by the length of time taken to settle the dispute, if nothing else. Both nations are on friendly terms, and are also founding members of NATO.
Peaceful resolution
editCanadian newspaper The Globe and Mail reported on June 10, 2022, that the Canadian and Danish governments had settled on a border across the island, dividing it between the Canadian territory of Nunavut and the Danish autonomous territory of Greenland. The resolution occurred during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and was thus meant to create a symbolic example to other nations, implying to Russia that land disputes can be resolved peacefully.[16]
The resolution had the side effect of giving Canada and Denmark a land border with each other, meaning that both countries no longer border only one other country (the United States and Germany, respectively).
The resolution was ratified by the Folketing on December 19, 2023, thereby ending the dispute from a Danish perspective.[17]
Timeline
edit- 1980–1983 – Canadian firm Dome Petroleum did research on and around the island.[18][19]
- 1984 – Canadian soldiers place a bottle of Canadian whisky and their flag on the island.
- 1984 – Tom Høyem, Danish Minister for Greenland, chartered a helicopter to the island, placing a flag and a bottle there.[20]
- 1988 – The Danish Arctic Ocean patrol cutter HDMS Tulugaq arrived at the island, built a cairn and placed a flagpole and Danish flag on the island.[citation needed]
- 1995 – The Danish liaison officer and geodesists flew in and placed another flagpole and flag.[citation needed]
- Late August 1997 – The Danish Arctic/Ocean patrol cutter HDMS Agpa tried to reach the island, but was forced to turn around 241 km (150 mi) from the Island, owing to extreme ice.[citation needed]
- 2001 – Keith Dewing and Chris Harrison, geologists with the Geological Survey of Canada who were mapping northern Ellesmere Island, flew by helicopter to the island.[21]
- August 13, 2002 – The Danish inspection ship HDMS Vædderen arrived and erected a new cairn, flagpole and flag, finding the 1988 flag missing and the 1995 flag in pieces.[citation needed]
- August 1, 2003 – The crew of the Danish frigate HDMS Triton landed on the island and replaced the Danish flag again.[citation needed]
- July 13, 2005 – Canadian soldiers land on the Island, placing a traditional Inuit stone marker (Inukshuk) with a plaque and a Canadian flag.[22]
- July 20, 2005 – As a symbolic move, Canadian Defence Minister Bill Graham set foot on the island.[23]
- July 25, 2005 – A Danish government official announced Denmark would issue a letter of protest to Canada.[citation needed]
- July 25, 2005 – Deputy premier of Greenland, Josef Motzfeldt, stated the island had been occupied by Canada, stating experts should determine which country the island belongs to.[24]
- July 28, 2005 – The Danish Ambassador to Canada published an article in the Ottawa Citizen newspaper regarding the Danish view on the Hans Island issue.[25]
- August 4, 2005 – The Danish Arctic/Ocean patrol cutter HDMS Tulugaq was sent from Naval Station Grønnedal to Hans Island to assert Danish sovereignty. The cutter was expected to arrive in three weeks' time.[26]
- August 8, 2005 – Danish newspapers reported Canada wished to open negotiations regarding the future of Hans Island. The news was welcomed by Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen, who stated "It is time to stop the flag war. It has no place in a modern, international world. Countries like Denmark and Canada must be able to find a peaceful solution in a case such as this."[27]
- August 16, 2005 – According to Danish Foreign Minister Per Stig Møller, Denmark and Canada agreed to reopen negotiations regarding the future of Hans Island. Denmark would immediately begin geological surveys in the area, and Per Stig Møller would meet his Canadian counterpart Pierre Pettigrew in New York City in the middle of September. Should they fail to reach an agreement, both governments have agreed to submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague. The government of Greenland agreed to this course of action. Regarding the Danish patrol cutter HDMS Tulugaq then en route to Hans Island, the minister stated "I have instructed the ship to sail there, but they will not go ashore tearing down [the Canadian] flag and replacing it with a new one. It would be a somewhat childish [behaviour] between two NATO allies."[28]
- August 20, 2005 – Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister, Pierre Pettigrew, stated Canada's claim to the island had a firm basis in international law and would likely not end up before a world court. "Our sovereignty over the island has a very strong foundation", the minister said in a telephone interview with a Canadian Press journalist.[29]
- September 19, 2005 – According to Canada's Foreign Affairs Minister, Pierre Pettigrew, Canada and Denmark have agreed on a process to resolve the dispute over the island. Pettigrew and his Danish counterpart, Per Stig Møller, met in New York on this day. Pettigrew said the two countries would work together "to put this issue behind us." However Pettigrew reiterated Canada has sovereignty over the island.[10]
- August 16, 2006 – A Vancouver geologist receives a prospecting permit for Hans Island from the Canadian government.[30]
- March 17, 2007 – Scientists from the University of Toronto and the Technical University of Denmark announced plans to install an automated weather station on the island, some time in the summer of 2007.[31]
- July 2007 – Canada updates satellite photos and recognizes its line constructed for the earlier maritime agreement would have run roughly through the middle of the island; negotiations continue with Denmark over establishing an international land boundary or island sovereignty.[32]
- May 4, 2008 – An international group of scientists from Australia, Canada, Denmark, and the UK installed an automated weather station on Hans Island.[33]
- April 11, 2012 – Proposal for Canada and Denmark to split Hans Island.[34]
- November 29, 2012 – Canada and Denmark settle an agreement on the exact border between them, though without defining the border near Hans Island.[35]
- May 23, 2018 – Canada and Denmark announce a joint task force to settle the dispute over Hans Island.[36]
- February 2019 – Canadian geologist John Robins is granted a minerals exploration claim for Hans Island by the Canadian government as part of efforts to help the cause of Canada's sovereignty claim.[37]
- September 12, 2019 – The Government of Greenland decided to approve a temporary closure of Hans Island for the application for mineral exploration permits. This approval was based on an agreement between Canada and Denmark. The Canadian geologist John Robins therefore also had his minerals exploration claim for Hans Island suspended by the Canadian government. The Dane Andreas G. Jensen also had his application for mineral exploration permit rejected by the Kingdom of Denmark, because of this closure agreement.[38]
- June 10, 2022 – Meant as evidence on the possibility of diplomatic approaches while the Russian invasion of Ukraine developed, Canada and Denmark settled on a border across the island, dividing it between the Canadian territory of Nunavut and the semi-autonomous Danish constituent country of Greenland.[16]
- June 14, 2022 – The plan for dividing the island between the two nations was officially unveiled.[39]
- October 5, 2023 – A Danish proposal to consent to ratifying the treaty was proposed in the Folketing.[40][41]
- December 19, 2023 – The Danish parliament approves the proposal to ratify the treaty.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Blazeski, Goran (September 18, 2016). "The Hans Island 'liquor wars' between Canada and Denmark may be the cutest dispute in history". The Vintage News.
- ^ Bender, Jeremy (January 10, 2016). "2 countries have been fighting over an uninhabited island by leaving each other bottles of alcohol for over 3 decades". Business Insider.
- ^ Frizzell, Sara (May 28, 2018). "Truce? Canada, Greenland, Denmark inch closer to settling decades-old spat over Hans Island". CBC News.
- ^ Beaumont, Peter (June 14, 2022). "Canada and Denmark end decades-long dispute over barren rock in Arctic". The Guardian.
- ^ a b Lackenbauer, Whitney; Nielsen, Rasmus Leander (August 28, 2022). ""Close, like-minded partners committed to democratic principles": Settling the Hans Island/Tartupaluk Territorial Dispute". Arctic Yearbook: 1–11.
- ^ Hofverberg, Elin (June 22, 2022). "The Hans Island "Peace" Agreement between Canada, Denmark, and Greenland | In Custodia Legis". The Library of Congress. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ a b Sharp, Mitchell; Hjorth-Nielson, H. (September 19, 1974). "Agreement relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between Greenland and Canada (with annexes). Signed at Ottawa on 17 December 1973" (PDF). United Nations — Treaty Series. 950 (13550): 152–154.
- ^ Canada, Senate of. "Special Senate Committee on the Arctic (42nd Parliament, 1st Session)". SenCanada. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
- ^ Healy, Amber (October 14, 2018). "Why Canada Keeps Leaving Bottles of Whiskey on a Remote Island". Insh. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
- ^ a b "Canada, Denmark agree to resolve dispute over Arctic island". CBC News. September 19, 2005. Archived from the original on January 27, 2007.
- ^ Levin, Dan (November 7, 2016). "Canada and Denmark Fight Over Island With Whisky and Schnapps". The New York Times.
- ^ Møller, Peter (June 14, 2022). "Verdens fredeligste grænsestrid blev indledt med en flaske cognac – nu er der sluttet fred". TV2 News.
- ^ a b "Canada and Denmark end decades-long dispute over barren rock in Arctic". The Guardian. June 14, 2022.
- ^ "Island squabble goes Google". CNN. Reuters. July 28, 2005. Archived from the original on July 31, 2005.
- ^ "Nye våben i striden om Hans Ø". Berlingske. July 29, 2005.
- ^ a b Chase, Steven (June 10, 2022). "Canada and Denmark reach settlement over disputed Arctic island, sources say". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
- ^ a b "50 års uenighed slut: Danmark udvides med nyt stort havområde – Ekstra Bladet". December 19, 2023. Archived from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
- ^ Malcolm, Andrew H. (February 11, 1979). "Dome Petroleum Is Gambling on an Ice-Bound Bonanza". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
- ^ Tan, Andrew T.H., ed. (October 18, 2010). The Politics of Maritime Power: A Survey. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-13683-343-4. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
- ^ "Taissumani: August 29, 1871 – Hall Names Hans Island". Nunatsiaq News. August 26, 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
- ^ George, Jane (April 9, 2004). "Greenland, Canada squabbling over pet rock". Nunatsiaq News. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
- ^ "Hans Island". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
- ^ "Hans Island". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
- ^ Lynge, Mads (July 25, 2005). "Josef Motzfeldt: Uforskammet af Canada". Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (in Danish). Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
- ^ Kristensen, Poul E. D. "Hans Island". Embassy of Denmark, Canada. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
- ^ http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/article.jhtml?articleID=267507 [permanent dead link]
- ^ "Canada vil forhandle om Hans Ø" [Canada will negotiate on Hans Island]. Jyllands-Posten (in Danish). August 8, 2005. Archived from the original on September 18, 2005.
- ^ Avnskjold, Rasmus (August 16, 2005). "Ø-farcen er slut" [The island farce is over]. BT.dk (in Danish).
- ^ "Canada has claim to Hans Island: Pettigrew". CTV.ca. August 20, 2005. Archived from the original on December 6, 2005. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
- ^ "Geologist to prospect on disputed Hans Island in Arctic". CBC News. August 16, 2006. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
- ^ Weber, Bob (March 15, 2007). "Canadian, Danish scientists join Hans". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on March 19, 2007. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
- ^ "Satellite imagery moves Hans Island boundary: report". CBC News. The Canadian Press. July 26, 2007. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
- ^ "Arctic Weather Station : Hans Island". Scottish Association for Marine Science. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014.
- ^ "April 11, 2012 audio report on Hans Island". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved April 24, 2012.
- ^ Mackrael, Kim (November 29, 2012). "Canada, Denmark closer to settling border dispute". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
- ^ "Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark (with Greenland) announce the establishment of a Joint Task Force on Boundary Issues" (Press release). Ottawa: Government of Canada. Global Affairs Canada. May 23, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
- ^ Weber, Bob (April 4, 2019). "Canadian miner files exploratory claim on disputed Arctic island of Hans". CTV News. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
- ^ "Indstilling til Naalakkersuisut om midlertidig lukning af Tartupaluk (Hans Ø) for ansøgning om mineraltilladelser" [Recommendation to the Naalakkersuisut on temporary closure of Tartupaluk (Hans Island) for application for mineral permits]. Naalakkersuisut (in Danish). September 12, 2019. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
- ^ Austen, Ian (June 14, 2022). "Canada and Denmark End Their Arctic Whisky War". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
- ^ "SIDSTE STJERNEITEM". Folketinget (in Danish). January 9, 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
- ^ "Forslag til folketingsbeslutning om Danmarks indgåelse af overenskomst af 14. juni 2022 mellem Kongeriget nDanmarks regering sammen med Naalakkersuisut på den ene side og Canadas regering på den anden side om maritim afgrænsning og landeafgrænsning i området mellem Grønland og Canada" (PDF).
80°49′35″N 66°27′30″W / 80.82639°N 66.45833°W