咸陽

See also: 咸阳

Chinese

		all	positive (electric.); sun; male
trad. (咸陽)		咸	陽
simp. (咸阳)		咸	阳

Etymology

Xianyang is located at the south of the Jiuzong mountains and north or Wei River. This satisfied both meanings of the character 陽／阳 (yáng, “south side of mountain or north side of river”) in toponymy.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Xiányáng

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄤˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haam⁴ joeng⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Xiányáng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄤˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Siányáng
    • Wade–Giles: Hsien²-yang²
    • Yale: Syán-yáng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shyanyang
    • Palladius: Сяньян (Sjanʹjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: haam⁴ joeng⁴
    • Yale: hàahm yèuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haam⁴ joeng⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ham⁴ yêng⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: heam yang

Rime
Character	咸	陽
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	咸 (151)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	III
Fanqie	胡讒切	與章切
Baxter	heam	yang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛm/	/jɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæm/	/jiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɐm/	/iɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨm/	/jɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/ɣɐm/	/iaŋ/
Wang Li	/ɣɐm/	/jĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣăm/	/i̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xián	yáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam4	joeng4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤr[ə]m  laŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯːm  laŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	咸	陽
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xián	yáng
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛm ›	‹ yang ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁr[ə]m/	/*laŋ/
English	all; everywhere	bright
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	咸	陽
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13515	14590
Phonetic component	咸	昜
Rime group	侵	陽
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	咸	陽
Old Chinese	/*ɡrɯːm/	/*laŋ/
Notes	從口從戌會刺口之意， 鹹初文

Proper noun

咸陽

1. (historical) Xianyang (capital of the State of Qin and the Qin dynasty)

   • 秦之羣臣曰：“請以趙十五城為秦王壽。”藺相如亦曰：“請以秦之咸陽為趙王壽。”秦王竟酒，終不能加勝於趙。趙亦盛設兵以待秦，秦不敢動。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     秦之羣臣曰：“请以赵十五城为秦王寿。”蔺相如亦曰：“请以秦之咸阳为赵王寿。”秦王竟酒，终不能加胜于赵。赵亦盛设兵以待秦，秦不敢动。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 81 (21st Biography): Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru by Sima Qian, 206 BCE – 9 CE

     Qín zhī qúnchén yuē: “Qǐng yǐ Zhào shíwǔ chéng wèi Qínwáng shòu.” Lìn Xiàngrú yì yuē: “Qǐng yǐ Qín zhī Xiányáng wèi Zhàowáng shòu.” Qínwáng jìng jiǔ, zhōng bùnéng jiā shèngyú Zhào. Zhào yì shèng shè bīng yǐ dài Qín, Qín bùgǎn dòng. [Pinyin]

     The high-level officials of Qin said, "Please present a gift to the King of Qin with the fifteen cities of Zhao." Lin Xiangru also said, "Please present a gift to the King of Zhao with Xianyang of Qin." By the end of the banquet, the King of Qin had failed to be more superior to the King of Zhao from beginning to end. Zhao also deployed a large army in order to guard against Qin, so Qin did not dare to act.

2. (～市) Xianyang (a city in Shaanxi, China)

Descendants

• → English: Hsien-yang, Xianyang

References

“廉頗藺相如列傳”, in Baidu Baike (in Chinese) (wiki), 2022 October 17, retrieved January 7, 2024