sustineo

Latin

Etymology

From sub- +‎ teneō (“hold; restrain”). Compare, on composition and meaning, with the later formed subteneō (“to hold underneath”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /susˈti.ne.oː/, [s̠ʊs̠ˈt̪ɪneoː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /susˈti.ne.o/, [susˈt̪iːneo]

Verb

sustineō (present infinitive sustinēre, perfect active sustinuī, supine sustentum); second conjugation

1. to hold up or upright, uphold, support, sustain

   Synonyms: sustentō, teneo, concipio, capesso, subsistō, suffero, capio, retineo

2. to keep up, bear up, tolerate

   Synonyms: tolerō, sino, patio, accipio, recipio, subeo, perpetior, sufferō, sustentō, suscipiō, perfero, dūrō, ferō

3. to hold or keep back or in, stay, check, restrain, control
4. to keep back, put off, defer, delay
5. to uphold, sustain, maintain, preserve

   Synonyms: teneo, retineo, capio, comprehendo, obsideo, servo

6. to guard, protect

   Synonyms: salvō, tūtor, vindicō, cū̆stōdiō, sospitō, teneō, adimō, prōtegō, tegō, dēfendō, adsum, tueor, ēripiō, arceō, servō, prohibeō

   Antonyms: immineō, īnstō, obiectō

7. to undergo, endure, deign, withstand, hold out
   • 8 CE, Ovid, Fasti 2.415–416:

     quōs lupa nūtrit, perdere cognātae sustinuēre manūs.

     Those whom the she-wolf suckles, the hands of [their own] relatives withstood to destroy.
     (Twin babes Romulus and Remus had been subjected to infant exposure.)

Conjugation

Conjugation of sustineō (second conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	sustineō	sustinēs	sustinet	sustinēmus	sustinētis	sustinent
	imperfect	sustinēbam	sustinēbās	sustinēbat	sustinēbāmus	sustinēbātis	sustinēbant
	future	sustinēbō	sustinēbis	sustinēbit	sustinēbimus	sustinēbitis	sustinēbunt
	perfect	sustinuī	sustinuistī	sustinuit	sustinuimus	sustinuistis	sustinuērunt, sustinuēre
	pluperfect	sustinueram	sustinuerās	sustinuerat	sustinuerāmus	sustinuerātis	sustinuerant
	future perfect	sustinuerō	sustinueris	sustinuerit	sustinuerimus	sustinueritis	sustinuerint
passive	present	sustineor	sustinēris, sustinēre	sustinētur	sustinēmur	sustinēminī	sustinentur
	imperfect	sustinēbar	sustinēbāris, sustinēbāre	sustinēbātur	sustinēbāmur	sustinēbāminī	sustinēbantur
	future	sustinēbor	sustinēberis, sustinēbere	sustinēbitur	sustinēbimur	sustinēbiminī	sustinēbuntur
	perfect	sustentus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	sustentus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	sustentus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	sustineam	sustineās	sustineat	sustineāmus	sustineātis	sustineant
	imperfect	sustinērem	sustinērēs	sustinēret	sustinērēmus	sustinērētis	sustinērent
	perfect	sustinuerim	sustinuerīs	sustinuerit	sustinuerīmus	sustinuerītis	sustinuerint
	pluperfect	sustinuissem	sustinuissēs	sustinuisset	sustinuissēmus	sustinuissētis	sustinuissent
passive	present	sustinear	sustineāris, sustineāre	sustineātur	sustineāmur	sustineāminī	sustineantur
	imperfect	sustinērer	sustinērēris, sustinērēre	sustinērētur	sustinērēmur	sustinērēminī	sustinērentur
	perfect	sustentus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	sustentus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	sustinē	—	—	sustinēte	—
	future	—	sustinētō	sustinētō	—	sustinētōte	sustinentō
passive	present	—	sustinēre	—	—	sustinēminī	—
	future	—	sustinētor	sustinētor	—	—	sustinentor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		sustinēre	sustinuisse	sustentūrum esse	sustinērī	sustentum esse	sustentum īrī
participles		sustinēns	—	sustentūrus	—	sustentus	sustinendus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		sustinendī	sustinendō	sustinendum	sustinendō	sustentum	sustentū

Derived terms

• sustentō
• sustinēns
• sustinentia

 

Related terms

• abstineō
• attineō
• circumteneō
• contineō
• dētineō
• distineō
• obtineō
• pertineō
• retineō
• teneō
• trānstineō

 

Descendants

• Asturian: sostener
• Catalan: sostenir
• English: sustain
• French: soutenir
• Friulian: sostignî
• Galician: soster
• Italian: sostenere
• Ladin: sustenir
• Old French: sustenir, soustenir
• Papiamentu: nister
• Piedmontese: sosten-e
• Portuguese: sustentar, suster
• Romanian: susține
• Sicilian: sustèniri
• Spanish: sostener

References

• “sustineo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “sustineo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• sustineo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to bring horses to the halt when at full gallop: equos incitatos sustinere
    
  • to fulfil the duties of one's position: munus explere, sustinere
    
  • to bear the blame of a thing: culpam alicuius rei sustinere
    
  • to hold out for four months: obsidionem quattuor menses sustinere
    
  • to resist the attack, onset: impetum sustinere (B. G. 1. 26)
    
  • to stop rowing; to easy: sustinere, inhibere remos (De Or. 1. 33)
    
• sustineo in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎^[2], pre-publication website, 2005-2016