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Coordinates: 22°18′N 72°22′E / 22.300°N 72.367°E / 22.300; 72.367
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{short description|River in Rajasthan and Gujarat, India}}
{{short description|River in Rajasthan and Gujarat, India}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox river
{{Infobox river
| name = Sabarmati River
| name = Sabarmati River
| native_name =
| name_native =
| native_name_lang =
| name_native_lang =
| name_other =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
⚫
| image = Sabarmati River (2020).jpg
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP -->
⚫
| image_size =
⚫
| image = Sabarmati River (2020).jpg
⚫
| image_caption = Sabarmati River near Ahmedabad, Gujarat
⚫
| image_size =
| map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=left|type=line|id=Q630397|text=Interactive Map}}
⚫
| image_caption = Sabarmati River near Ahmedabad, Gujarat
| map = Sabarmati_River_Basin.jpg
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Map of the Sabarmati River [[Drainage basin|watershed]]
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=
<!---------------------- LOCATION -->
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gandhinagar]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gandhinagar]]
⚫
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->| length = {{convert|371|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati">{{cite book |title=Sabarmati Basin |date=2014 |publisher=Government of India Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://archive.org/details/SabarmatiBasin |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref>
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| width_min =
⚫
| length = {{convert|371|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati">{{cite book |title=Sabarmati Basin |date=2014 |publisher=Government of India Ministry of Water Resources |url=https://archive.org/details/SabarmatiBasin |access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref>
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
⚫
| discharge1_location =
| depth_max =
⚫
| discharge1_min =
⚫
| discharge1_location=
⚫
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|120|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|120|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max =
| discharge1_max =
| discharge2_location= [[Ahmedabad]]<ref>{{Cite web
| discharge2_location = [[Ahmedabad]]<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Sabarmati Basin Station: Ahmedabad
| title = Sabarmati Basin Station: Ahmedabad
| publisher = UNH/GRDC
| publisher = UNH/GRDC
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| discharge2_avg = {{convert|33|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_avg = {{convert|33|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max = {{convert|484|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max = {{convert|484|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 =
⚫
| source1_location = [[Aravalli Range]], [[Udaipur District]], Rajasthan, [[India]]
| source1 =
⚫
| source1_coordinates =
⚫
| source1_location= [[Aravalli Range]], [[Udaipur District]], Rajasthan, [[India]]
⚫
| source1_elevation = {{convert|782|m|abbr=on}}
⚫
| source1_coordinates=
⚫
| mouth =
⚫
| source1_elevation= {{convert|782|m|abbr=on}}
⚫
| mouth =
| mouth_location = [[Gulf of Khambhat]], Gujarat, [[India]]
| mouth_location = [[Gulf of Khambhat]], Gujarat, [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates=
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation=
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| progression =
| river_system =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{cvt|30,680|km2}}<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| basin_size = {{cvt|30,680|km2}}<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| tributaries_left = Wakal River, Harnav River, [[Hathmati River]], Watrak River<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| tributaries_left = Wakal River, Harnav River, [[Hathmati River]], Watrak River<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| tributaries_right= Sei River<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| tributaries_right = Sei River<ref name="MOWR_Sabarmati" />
| custom_label =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| custom_data =
| extra =
| extra =
}}
}}


The '''Sabarmati river ''' is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.<ref name=":0a">{{Cite book|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/regionaloffices/ntbo/Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi-2011-12.pdf|title=Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati & Other West Flowing Rivers|publisher=Central Water Commission|year=2012|location=Gandhinagar|pages=14}}</ref> It originates in the [[Aravalli Range]] of the [[Udaipur District]] of [[Rajasthan]] and meets the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] of [[Arabian Sea]] after travelling {{cvt|371|km}} in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan and [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0a" /> {{cvt|48|km}} of the river length is in Rajasthan, while {{cvt|323|km}} is in Gujarat.<ref name=":0a" />
The '''Sabarmati River''' is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.<ref name=":0a">{{Cite book|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/regionaloffices/ntbo/Water%20Year%20Book/WYB-mahi-2011-12.pdf|title=Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati & Other West Flowing Rivers|publisher=Central Water Commission|year=2012|location=Gandhinagar|pages=14}}</ref> It originates in the [[Aravalli Range]] of the [[Udaipur District]] of [[Rajasthan]] and meets the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] of [[Arabian Sea]] after travelling {{cvt|371|km}} in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan and [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0a" /> {{cvt|48|km}} of the river length is in Rajasthan, while {{cvt|323|km}} is in Gujarat.<ref name=":0a" />


== Course ==
== Course ==
The Sabarmati River originates in the Aravalli hills in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The total length of the river is {{Convert|371|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects |date=2018 |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |year=2018 |isbn= |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Dhruv Sen |location= |pages=466 |oclc=}}</ref> After travelling {{Convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Rajasthan it flows into the Indian state of Gujarat where it is joined by a left bank tributary, Wakal, near the village Ghonpankhari.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=S. K. |title=Hydrology and water resources of India |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K |last3=Singh |first3=V. P. |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn= |location=Dordrecht |pages=589–579 |bibcode=2007hwri.book.....J |oclc=}}</ref> From there, the river continues southwest to Mhauri and meets a right bank tributary, the Sei River. Continuing its journey, it is joined by a left bank tributary, the Harnav River, before entering the Dharoi reservoir. After the Sabarmati passes the [[Dharoi dam]] it meets another left bank tributary, the [[Hathmati River]].<ref name=":1" /> From there, the river flows past the city of Ahmedabad and is joined by a left bank tributary, the Watrak River. The Sabarmati River continues to flow and drains into the Gulf of Khambhat, in the Arabian Sea.<ref name=":1" />
The Sabarmati River originates in the [[Aravalli Range]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. The total length of the river is {{Convert|371|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |year=2018 |isbn= |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Dhruv Sen |location= |pages=466 |oclc=}}</ref> After travelling {{Convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Rajasthan it flows into the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] where it is joined by a left bank tributary, Wakal, near the village Ghonpankhari.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=S. K. |title=Hydrology and water resources of India |last2=Agarwal |first2=Pushpendra K |last3=Singh |first3=V. P. |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn= |location=Dordrecht |pages=589–579 |bibcode=2007hwri.book.....J |oclc=}}</ref> From there, the river continues southwest to Mhauri and meets a right bank tributary, the [[Sei River]]. Continuing its journey, it is joined by a left bank tributary, the Harnav River, before entering the Dharoi reservoir. After the Sabarmati passes the [[Dharoi dam]] it meets another left bank tributary, the [[Hathmati River]].<ref name=":1" /> From there, the river flows past the city of Ahmedabad and is joined by a left bank tributary, the Watrak River. The Sabarmati River continues to flow and drains into the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], in the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name=":1" />


==Basin==
==Basin==
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The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon.<ref name="Sridhar_etal" /> An average flow of {{cvt|33|m3}} per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979.<ref name="UNH_GRDC">{{cite web |title=Sabarmati Basin, Station: Ahmedabad |url=http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2853050.html |website=UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields v 1.0 |publisher=UNH/GRDC |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> Over the past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood,<ref name="Sridhar_etal" /> when a flow of {{cvt|14,150|m3}} per second was measured at Dharoi.<ref name="Rakhecha_2002">{{cite book |last1=Rakhecha |first1=P.R. |title=Highest floods in India |date=2002 |publisher=IAHS |pages=167–172 |url=http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a271/iahs_271_167.pdf |access-date=13 May 2019 |chapter=The Extremes of the Extreme: Extraordinary Floods (Proceedings of a symposium held at Reykjavik, Iceland, July 2000), IAHS Publ. No. 271, 2002.}}</ref>
The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon.<ref name="Sridhar_etal" /> An average flow of {{cvt|33|m3}} per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979.<ref name="UNH_GRDC">{{cite web |title=Sabarmati Basin, Station: Ahmedabad |url=http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2853050.html |website=UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields v 1.0 |publisher=UNH/GRDC |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> Over the past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood,<ref name="Sridhar_etal" /> when a flow of {{cvt|14,150|m3}} per second was measured at Dharoi.<ref name="Rakhecha_2002">{{cite book |last1=Rakhecha |first1=P.R. |title=Highest floods in India |date=2002 |publisher=IAHS |pages=167–172 |url=http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a271/iahs_271_167.pdf |access-date=13 May 2019 |chapter=The Extremes of the Extreme: Extraordinary Floods (Proceedings of a symposium held at Reykjavik, Iceland, July 2000), IAHS Publ. No. 271, 2002.}}</ref>


== Religious significance ==
== Significance in Hinduism ==
In Rajasthan, it is believed that the Sabarmati River originated due to the penance of ascetic Kashyapa on [[Mount Abu]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |title=India : a sacred geography |publisher=Harmony |year=2012 |location=New York |pages=283}}</ref> His penance had pleased Shiva and in return, Shiva gave ascetic Kashyapa the [[Ganges]] River. The Ganges River flowed from Shiva's hair onto Mount Abu and became the Sabarmati River.<ref name=":2" /> In another legend surrounding the origin of the river, [[Shiva]] brought the [[Ganga (goddess)|goddess Ganga]] to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2002 |title=The sacrificial maiden river |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>
In [[Rajasthan]], it is believed that the Sabarmati River originated due to the penance of ascetic Kashyapa on [[Mount Abu]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |title=India : a sacred geography |publisher=Harmony |year=2012 |location=New York |pages=283}}</ref> His penance had pleased [[Shiva]] and in return, Shiva gave ascetic Kashyapa the [[Ganges]] River. The Ganges River flowed from Shiva's hair onto Mount Abu and became the Sabarmati River.<ref name=":2" /> In another legend surrounding the origin of the river, Shiva brought the [[Ganga (goddess)|goddess Ganga]] to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2002 |title=The sacrificial maiden river |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad-times/The-sacrificial-maiden-river/articleshow/20998055.cms |archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]]'s ''Kavya-mimamsa'' (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati ([[IAST]]: Śvabhravatī). The 11th century text ''[[Shringara-manjari-katha]]'' calls it "Sambhramavati" (literally, "full of fickleness").<ref>{{cite book |author=Kalpalata Munshi |title=Śṛṅgāramañjarī Kathā of Paramāra King Bhojadeva |series=Singhi Jain Series |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |year=1959 |pages=77, 22 (translation section) |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002914/100 }}</ref>
[[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajashekhara]]'s ''Kavya-mimamsa'' (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati ([[IAST]]: Śvabhravatī). The 11th century text ''[[Shringara-manjari-katha]]'' calls it "Sambhramavati" (literally, "full of fickleness").<ref>{{cite book |author=Kalpalata Munshi |title=Śṛṅgāramañjarī Kathā of Paramāra King Bhojadeva |series=Singhi Jain Series |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |year=1959 |pages=77, 22 (translation section) |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002914/100 }}</ref>


Jain Acharya [[Buddhisagarsuri]] has written many poems about the Sabarmati river.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-16|title=पीएम मोदी ने जिन जैन मुनि का ज़िक्र किया वो कौन हैं|language=hi|work=BBC News Hindi|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-49361515|access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref>
Jain Acharya [[Buddhisagarsuri]] has written many poems about the Sabarmati River.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-16|title=पीएम मोदी ने जिन जैन मुनि का ज़िक्र किया वो कौन हैं|language=hi|work=BBC News Hindi|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-49361515|access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref>


During [[Indian independence movement|India's independence struggle]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established the [[Sabarmati Ashram]] as his home on the banks of this river.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabarmati Ashram History|url=http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/index.php/en/about-gandhi-ashram/history}}</ref>
During [[Indian independence movement|India's independence struggle]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]] established the [[Sabarmati Ashram]] as his home on the banks of this river.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sabarmati Ashram History|url=http://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/index.php/en/about-gandhi-ashram/history}}</ref>
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==Dams==
==Dams==
There are several reservoirs on Sabarmati and its tributaries. The [[Dharoi dam]] is located on the main river. Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of [[Ahmedabad]] while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-up weir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-18 |title=Gujarat’s Dharoi dam water release: Lower promenades of Sabarmati riverfront closed till water recedes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-dharoi-dam-water-release-sabarmati-riverfront-closed-8097254/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
There are several reservoirs on the Sabarmati and its tributaries. The [[Dharoi dam]] is located on the main river.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-18 |title=Gujarat’s Dharoi dam water release: Lower promenades of Sabarmati riverfront closed till water recedes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-dharoi-dam-water-release-sabarmati-riverfront-closed-8097254/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of [[Ahmedabad]] while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-ueir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

In 2002, water from the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] river was released into the Sabarmati River through the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam|Sardar Sarovar dam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release of Narmada waters to Sabarmati brings hope of rich agricultural yields |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020909-narmada-waters-release-to-sabarmati-brings-hope-of-rich-agricultural-yields-better-life-796392-2002-09-08 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Economy ==

⚫
=== Sabarmati Riverfront ===
{{main|Sabarmati Riverfront}}


⚫
The Sabarmati Riverfront project is one of the most ambitious projects undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. As per the research conducted by couple of academics, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mehta, Vishwa & Bhatt, Bhasker. (2017). Waterfront Development: A Case Study of Sabarmati Riverfront. |website= ResearchGate | date=2017-03-01 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315825242}}</ref> As of 2020, the second phase of the project has received in-principle approval.<ref name="The Indian Express 2020">{{cite web | title=Sabarmati Riverfront Phase 2 plan receives in-principle approval | website=The Indian Express | date=2020-10-27 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/sabarmati-riverfront-phase-2-plan-receives-in-principle-approval-6890670/ | access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> [[KPMG]] has listed the Sabarmati Riverfront project in its top 100 most innovative global infrastructure projects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-03 |title=Sabarmati riverfront among top 100 global projects |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/Sabarmati-riverfront-among-top-100-global-projects/article20466471.ece |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
==Sabarmati Riverfront==
⚫
The [[Sabarmati Riverfront]] project is one of the most ambitious project undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. As per the research conducted by couple of academicians, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce the river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods.<ref>{{cite web | title=Mehta, Vishwa & Bhatt, Bhasker. (2017). Waterfront Development: A Case Study of Sabarmati Riverfront. |website= ResearchGate | date=2017-03-01 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315825242}}</ref> The second phase of the project has now received an in-principle approval.<ref name="The Indian Express 2020">{{cite web | title=Sabarmati Riverfront Phase 2 plan receives in-principle approval | website=The Indian Express | date=2020-10-27 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/sabarmati-riverfront-phase-2-plan-receives-in-principle-approval-6890670/ | access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati river circa 1752.jpg|Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati river circa 1752
File:Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati river circa 1752.jpg|Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati River circa 1752
File:Sabarmati River Ahmedabad India 1890.jpg|Sabarmati river in 1890
File:Sabarmati River Ahmedabad India 1890.jpg|Sabarmati River in 1890
File:Watercarts Sabarmati River Ahmedabad 1890.jpg|Watercarts in Sabarmati near Ahmedabad in 1890s
File:Watercarts Sabarmati River Ahmedabad 1890.jpg|Watercarts in Sabarmati near Ahmedabad in 1890s
File:Harnav River.jpg|View of the Harnav, a tributary of the Sabarmati
File:Harnav River.jpg|View of the Harnav, a tributary of the Sabarmati
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*[http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/atriob/contribution/parmar.htm Sustainable water project Sabarmati River Basin]
*[http://www.oieau.fr/ciedd/contributions/atriob/contribution/parmar.htm Sustainable water project Sabarmati River Basin]
*[http://wrmin.nic.in/riverbasin/sabarmati.htm Map of Sabarmati Basin]
*[http://wrmin.nic.in/riverbasin/sabarmati.htm Map of Sabarmati Basin]
*[http://www.water-international-france.fr/article.php3?id_article=147&idRubSel=213&id_parent=&id_rubrique=214&id_pere= Integrated management of the Sabarmati river basin]
*[http://www.water-international-france.fr/article.php3?id_article=147&idRubSel=213&id_parent=&id_rubrique=214&id_pere= Integrated management of the Sabarmati River basin]
*[http://deshgujarat.com/2007/01/19/ahmedabad-sabarmati-riverfront-projectvideo/ Information about sabarmati riverfront project of Ahmedabad]
*[http://deshgujarat.com/2007/01/19/ahmedabad-sabarmati-riverfront-projectvideo/ Information about sabarmati riverfront project of Ahmedabad]


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[[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Geography of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Geography of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Rivers of India]]

Latest revision as of 07:56, 24 August 2024

Sabarmati River
Sabarmati River near Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Map
Interactive Map
Location
CountryIndia
StateGujarat, Rajasthan
CitiesAhmedabad, Gandhinagar
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationAravalli Range, Udaipur District, Rajasthan, India
 • elevation782 m (2,566 ft)
Mouth 
 • location
Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat, India
Length371 km (231 mi)[1]
Basin size30,680 km2 (11,850 sq mi)[1]
Discharge 
 • average120 m3/s (4,200 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationAhmedabad[2]
 • average33 m3/s (1,200 cu ft/s)
 • minimum0 m3/s (0 cu ft/s)
 • maximum484 m3/s (17,100 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftWakal River, Harnav River, Hathmati River, Watrak River[1]
 • rightSei River[1]

The Sabarmati River is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India.[3] It originates in the Aravalli Range of the Udaipur District of Rajasthan and meets the Gulf of Khambhat of Arabian Sea after travelling 371 km (231 mi) in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan and Gujarat.[3] 48 km (30 mi) of the river length is in Rajasthan, while 323 km (201 mi) is in Gujarat.[3]

Course

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The Sabarmati River originates in the Aravalli Range in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The total length of the river is 371 km (231 mi).[4] After travelling 48 km (30 mi) in Rajasthan it flows into the Indian state of Gujarat where it is joined by a left bank tributary, Wakal, near the village Ghonpankhari.[5] From there, the river continues southwest to Mhauri and meets a right bank tributary, the Sei River. Continuing its journey, it is joined by a left bank tributary, the Harnav River, before entering the Dharoi reservoir. After the Sabarmati passes the Dharoi dam it meets another left bank tributary, the Hathmati River.[5] From there, the river flows past the city of Ahmedabad and is joined by a left bank tributary, the Watrak River. The Sabarmati River continues to flow and drains into the Gulf of Khambhat, in the Arabian Sea.[5]

Basin

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The catchment area of the Sabarmati basin is 21,674 km2 (8,368 sq mi) out of which 4,124 km2 (1,592 sq mi) lies in Rajasthan State and the remaining 18,550 km2 (7,160 sq mi) in Gujarat.[6] The basin is located in a semi-arid zone with rainfall ranging from 450 to 800 mm (18 to 31 in) in different parts of the basin.[7] The river traverses three geomorphic zones: rocky uplands, middle alluvial plains, and lower estuarine zone.[8]

The major tributaries are the Watrak, Wakal, Hathmati, Harnav, and Sei rivers.[3][6][9] Average annual water availability in the Sabarmati basin is 308 m3 (10,900 cu ft) per capita, which is significantly lower than the national average of 1,545 m3 (54,600 cu ft) per capita.[10]

The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon.[7] An average flow of 33 m3 (1,200 cu ft) per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979.[11] Over the past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood,[7] when a flow of 14,150 m3 (500,000 cu ft) per second was measured at Dharoi.[12]

Significance in Hinduism

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In Rajasthan, it is believed that the Sabarmati River originated due to the penance of ascetic Kashyapa on Mount Abu.[13] His penance had pleased Shiva and in return, Shiva gave ascetic Kashyapa the Ganges River. The Ganges River flowed from Shiva's hair onto Mount Abu and became the Sabarmati River.[13] In another legend surrounding the origin of the river, Shiva brought the goddess Ganga to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.[14]

History

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Rajashekhara's Kavya-mimamsa (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati (IAST: Śvabhravatī). The 11th century text Shringara-manjari-katha calls it "Sambhramavati" (literally, "full of fickleness").[15]

Jain Acharya Buddhisagarsuri has written many poems about the Sabarmati River.[16]

During India's independence struggle, Mahatma Gandhi established the Sabarmati Ashram as his home on the banks of this river.[17]

In 2018, an assessment by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) named the Kheroj-Vautha stretch of the Sabarmati among the most polluted river stretches in India.[18]

Dams

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There are several reservoirs on the Sabarmati and its tributaries. The Dharoi dam is located on the main river.[19] The Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of Ahmedabad while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-ueir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.[citation needed]

In 2002, water from the Narmada river was released into the Sabarmati River through the Sardar Sarovar dam.[20]

Economy

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Sabarmati Riverfront

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Main article: Sabarmati Riverfront

The Sabarmati Riverfront project is one of the most ambitious projects undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. As per the research conducted by couple of academics, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods.[21] As of 2020, the second phase of the project has received in-principle approval.[22] KPMG has listed the Sabarmati Riverfront project in its top 100 most innovative global infrastructure projects.[23]

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  • Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati River circa 1752
    Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati River circa 1752
  • Sabarmati River in 1890
    Sabarmati River in 1890
  • Watercarts in Sabarmati near Ahmedabad in 1890s
    Watercarts in Sabarmati near Ahmedabad in 1890s
  • View of the Harnav, a tributary of the Sabarmati
    View of the Harnav, a tributary of the Sabarmati
  • Construction work going on near the river under the Sabarmati River Front Development Project
    Construction work going on near the river under the Sabarmati River Front Development Project
  • River Sabarmati in Ahmedabad, Gujarat
    River Sabarmati in Ahmedabad, Gujarat
  • Sabarmati River near Ambod
    Sabarmati River near Ambod

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Sabarmati Basin. Government of India Ministry of Water Resources. 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  2. ^ "Sabarmati Basin Station: Ahmedabad". UNH/GRDC. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d Water Year Book 2011-12: Mahi, Sabarmati & Other West Flowing Rivers (PDF). Gandhinagar: Central Water Commission. 2012. p. 14.
  4. ^ Singh, Dhruv Sen, ed. (2018). The Indian rivers : scientific and socio-economic aspects. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 466.
  5. ^ a b c Jain, S. K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K; Singh, V. P. (2007). Hydrology and water resources of India. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 589–579. Bibcode:2007hwri.book.....J.
  6. ^ a b "Sabarmati River, India". National River Conservation Directorate.
  7. ^ a b c Sridhar, Alpa; Chamyal, L.S.; Patel, Mansi (25 August 2014). "Palaeoflood record of high-magnitude events during historical time in the Sabarmati River, Gujarat" (PDF). Current Science. 107 (4): 675–679. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  8. ^ Thokchom, Sarda; Bhattacharya, Falguni; Prasad, A. Durga; Dogra, N.N.; Rastogi, B.K. (2017). "Paleoenvironmental implications and drainage adjustment in the middle reaches of the Sabarmati river, Gujarat: Implications towards hydrological variability". Quaternary International. 454: 1–14. Bibcode:2017QuInt.454....1T. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.026. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  9. ^ Water Resources Assessment of Sabarmati River Basin, India. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  10. ^ Integrated Hydrological Data Book (PDF). New Delhi: Central Water Commission. 2016. p. 1.
  11. ^ "Sabarmati Basin, Station: Ahmedabad". UNH/GRDC Composite Runoff Fields v 1.0. UNH/GRDC. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  12. ^ Rakhecha, P.R. (2002). "The Extremes of the Extreme: Extraordinary Floods (Proceedings of a symposium held at Reykjavik, Iceland, July 2000), IAHS Publ. No. 271, 2002.". Highest floods in India (PDF). IAHS. pp. 167–172. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  13. ^ a b Eck, Diana L. (2012). India : a sacred geography. New York: Harmony. p. 283.
  14. ^ "The sacrificial maiden river". The Times of India. 2 September 2002. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
  15. ^ Kalpalata Munshi (1959). Śṛṅgāramañjarī Kathā of Paramāra King Bhojadeva. Singhi Jain Series. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 77, 22 (translation section).
  16. ^ "पीएम मोदी ने जिन जैन मुनि का ज़िक्र किया वो कौन हैं". BBC News Hindi (in Hindi). 16 August 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  17. ^ "Sabarmati Ashram History".
  18. ^ Jacob Koshy (17 September 2018). "More river stretches are critically polluted: Central Pollution Control Board". The Hindu.
  19. ^ "Gujarat's Dharoi dam water release: Lower promenades of Sabarmati riverfront closed till water recedes". The Indian Express. 18 August 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  20. ^ "Release of Narmada waters to Sabarmati brings hope of rich agricultural yields". India Today. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  21. ^ "Mehta, Vishwa & Bhatt, Bhasker. (2017). Waterfront Development: A Case Study of Sabarmati Riverfront". ResearchGate. 1 March 2017.
  22. ^ "Sabarmati Riverfront Phase 2 plan receives in-principle approval". The Indian Express. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  23. ^ "Sabarmati riverfront among top 100 global projects". www.thehindubusinessline.com. 3 July 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
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