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Changing short description from "Genus of tropical gymnosperms in the family Gnetaceae" to "Genus of gymnosperms in family Gnetaceae"
 
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{{Short description|Genus of gymnosperms in family Gnetaceae}}
== Description ==
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{short description|genus of tropical gymnosperms in the family Gnetaceae}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Gnetum macrostachyum in Thailand.jpg
| image = Gnetum luofuense 125787614.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Gnetum macrostachyum]]'' in Thailand
| image_caption = ''[[Gnetum luofuense]]'' in China
| grandparent_authority = T.M.Fries
| grandparent_authority = [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart]]
| parent_authority = [[John Lindley|Lindley]]x
| parent_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]
| taxon = Gnetum
| taxon = Gnetum
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
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}}
}}


'''''Gnetum''''' is a genus of [[gymnosperm]]s, the sole genus in the family '''Gnetaceae''' and order '''Gnetales'''. They are [[tropical]] [[evergreen]] [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[liana]]s. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess [[vessel elements]] in the [[xylem]]. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-[[pollination|pollinated]] as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating [[scorpionflies]].<ref name="Ren">Ren D, Labandeira CC, Santiago-Blay JA, Rasnitsyn A, Shih CK, Bashkuev A, Logan MA, Hotton CL, Dilcher D. (2009). Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies. Science, 326 (5954), 840-847. {{DOI|10.1126/science.1178338}}</ref> Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the ''Gnetum'' lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater.<ref name="Won1">Won H, Renner SS: The internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA in the gymnosperm ''Gnetum''. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2005, 36:581-597. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.011}}</ref><ref name="Won2">Won, H., and S. S. Renner. 2006. Dating dispersal and radiation in the gymnosperm ''Gnetum'' (Gnetales) – clock calibration when outgroup relationships are uncertain. Systematic Biology 55(4): 610-622. {{doi|10.1080/10635150600812619}}</ref>
'''''Gnetum''''' is a genus of [[gymnosperm]]s, the sole genus in the family '''Gnetaceae''' within the [[Gnetophyta]]. They are [[tropical]] [[evergreen]] [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[liana]]s. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess [[vessel elements]] in the [[xylem]]. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-[[pollination|pollinated]] as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating [[scorpionflies]].<ref name="Ren-2009">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1178338 |title=A Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies |date=2009 |last1=Ren |first1=Dong |last2=Labandeira |first2=Conrad C. |last3=Santiago-Blay |first3=Jorge A. |last4=Rasnitsyn |first4=Alexandr |last5=Shih |first5=Chungkun |last6=Bashkuev |first6=Alexei |last7=Logan |first7=M. Amelia V. |last8=Hotton |first8=Carol L. |last9=Dilcher |first9=David |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5954 |pages=840–847 |pmid=19892981 |pmc=2944650 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..840R }}</ref> Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the ''Gnetum'' lineages now found in [[Africa]], [[South America]] and [[Southeast Asia]] are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater.<ref name="Won-2005">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.011 |title=The internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA in the gymnosperm Gnetum |date=2005 |last1=Won |first1=Hyosig |last2=Renner |first2=Susanne S. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=581–597 |pmid=16099382 |bibcode=2005MolPE..36..581W }}</ref><ref name="Won-2006">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/10635150600812619 |title=Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)—Clock Calibration when Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain |date=2006 |last1=Won |first1=Hyosig |last2=Renner |first2=Susanne S. |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=610–622 |pmid=16969937 }}</ref>


Their leaves are rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and stilbenes. Of the species studied so far, Gnetum have photosynthetic and transpiration capacities which are considerably lower than those of other seed plants, due to the absence of multiple chloroplast genes essential for photosynthesis, a trait they seem to share with [[Ephedra (plant)|''Ephedra'']] and ''[[Welwitschia]]'', as well as [[Conifer|conifers]].<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6370715/ Significance of Photosynthetic Characters in the Evolution of Asian Gnetum (Gnetales)]</ref> This plant is a climbing plant that uses its arial roots to wrap around trees in order to get to the sun light. It is a vining plant that you would rarely see as a shrub or a tree. They are found in warmer and tropical climates. There are over 50 different species of Gnetum.
Their leaves are rich in phytochemicals such as flavonoids and stilbenes. Of the species studied so far, ''Gnetum'' have photosynthetic and transpiration capacities which are considerably lower than those of other seed plants, due to the absence of multiple chloroplast genes essential for [[photosynthesis]], a trait they seem to share with the other living members of Gnetophyta, [[Ephedra (plant)|''Ephedra'']] and ''[[Welwitschia]]'', as well as [[conifer]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=6370715 | date=2019 | last1=Deng | first1=N. | last2=Hou | first2=C. | last3=Liu | first3=C. | last4=Li | first4=M. | last5=Bartish | first5=I. | last6=Tian | first6=Y. | last7=Chen | first7=W. | last8=Du | first8=C. | last9=Jiang | first9=Z. | last10=Shi | first10=S. | title=Significance of Photosynthetic Characters in the Evolution of Asian Gnetum (Gnetales) | journal=Frontiers in Plant Science | volume=10 | page=39 | doi=10.3389/fpls.2019.00039 | doi-access=free | pmid=30804953 }}</ref> There are over 50 different species of ''Gnetum''.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}


==Species==
==Species==
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}}
}}
}}
{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of ''Gnetum''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |last2=Qu |first2=Xiao-Jian |last3=Parins-Fukuchi |first3=Caroline |last4=Yang |first4=Ying-Ying |last5=Yang |first5=Jun-Bo |last6=Yang |first6=Zhi-Yun |last7=Hu |first7=Yi |last8=Ma |first8=Hong |last9=Soltis |first9=Pamela S. |last10=Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last11=Li |first11=De-Zhu |last12=Smith |first12=Stephen A. |last13=Yi |first13=Ting-Shuang |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms |journal=Nature Plants |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4 |volume=7 |issue= 8|pages=1015–1025 |doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|biorxiv=10.1101/2021.03.13.435279 |pmid= 34282286|s2cid=232282918 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stull |first1=Gregory W. |display-authors=et al. |year=2021 |title=main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre |journal=Figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Gene_duplications_and_genomic_conflict_underlie_major_pulses_of_phenotypic_evolution_in_gymnosperms/14547354 |doi-access=}}</ref>|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:450px
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Micrognemones''
|1=''[[Gnetum buchholzianum|G. buchholzianum]]'' <small>Engler</small>
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum africanum|G. africanum]]'' <small>(de Loureiro) Welwitsch</small>
|2={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Gnetum''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Gnetum''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum costatum|G. costatum]]'' <small>Schum.</small>
|2=''[[Gnetum gnemon|G. gnemon]]'' <small>von Linné</small>
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Gnemonoides''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum raya|G. raya]]'' <small>Markgraf</small>
|2=''[[Gnetum gnemonoides|G. gnemonoides]]'' <small>Brongniart</small>
}}
|label2=subsection
|sublabel2=''Araeognemones''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum leyboldii|G. leyboldii]]'' <small>Tulasne</small>
|2=''[[Gnetum nodiflorum|G. nodiflorum]]'' <small>Brongniart</small>
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum schwackeanum|G. schwackeanum]]'' <small>Taubert & Schenck ex Taubert & Markgraf</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum paniculatum|G. paniculatum]]'' <small>Spruce ex Bentham</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum camporum|G. camporum]]'' <small>(Markgraf) Stevenson & Zanoni</small>
|2=''[[Gnetum urens|G. urens]]'' <small>(Aublet) Blume</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=section
|sublabel1=''Scandentia''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum microcarpum|G. microcarpum]]'' <small>Blume</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum diminutum|G. diminutum]]'' <small>Markgraf</small>
|2=''[[Gnetum klossii|G. klossii]]'' <small>Merrill ex Markgraf</small>
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=subsection
|sublabel1=''Stipitati''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum parvifolium|G. parvifolium]]'' <small>(Warburg) Cheng</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum luofuense|G. luofuense]]'' <small>Cheng</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum indicum|G. indicum]]'' <small>(de Loureiro) Merrill</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum hainanense|G. hainanense]]'' <small>Cheng ex Fu, Yu & Gilbert</small>
|2=''[[Gnetum montanum|G. montanum]]'' <small>Markgraf</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=subsection
|sublabel2=''Sessiles''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum macrostachyum|G. macrostachyum]]'' <small>Hooker</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum latifolium|G. latifolium]]'' <small>Blume</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum edule|G. edule]]'' <small>(Willdenow) Blume</small>
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum neglectum|G. neglectum]]'' <small>Blume</small>
|2=''[[Gnetum leptostachyum|G. leptostachyum]]'' <small>Blume</small>
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum ula|G. ula]]'' <small>Brongniart</small>
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gnetum tenuifolium|G. tenuifolium]]'' <small>Ridley</small>
|2=''[[Gnetum cuspidatum|G. cuspidatum]]'' <small>Blume</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

There are around 50 different species of ''Gnetum''. The [[Catalogue of Life]] lists 44 species.{{r|col}}
*''[[Gnetum interruptum]]'' <small>Biye</small>
*''[[Gnetum latispicum]]'' <small>Biye</small>
*''Gnetum'' sect. ''Gnetum''
*''Gnetum'' sect. ''Gnetum''
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Gnetum'' - 2 species of trees; [[Southeast Asia]], [[Pacific Islands]]
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Gnetum'' – 2 species of trees; [[Southeast Asia]], [[Pacific Islands]]
***''[[Gnetum gnemon]]'' - [[Tibet]], [[Yunnan]], [[Assam]], [[Indochina]], [[Nicobar Islands]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Philippines]], [[New Guinea]], [[Melanesia]], [[Micronesia]]
***''[[Gnetum gnemon]]'' – [[Tibet]], [[Yunnan]], [[Assam]], [[Indochina]], [[Nicobar Islands]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Philippines]], [[New Guinea]], [[Melanesia]], [[Micronesia]]
***''[[Gnetum costatum]]'' - New Guinea, [[Solomon Islands]]
***''[[Gnetum costatum]]'' – New Guinea, [[Solomon Islands]]
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Micrognemones'' - 2 species of lianas; tropical west [[Africa]]
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Micrognemones'' – 2 species of lianas; tropical west [[Africa]]
***''[[Gnetum africanum]]'' - central Africa from [[Cameroon]] to [[Angola]]
***''[[Gnetum africanum]]'' – central Africa from [[Cameroon]] to [[Angola]]
***''[[Gnetum buchholzianum]]'' - central Africa from [[Nigeria]] to [[Zaire]]
***''[[Gnetum buchholzianum]]'' – central Africa from [[Nigeria]] to [[Zaire]]
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Araeognemones'' - 9 species of lianas; tropical [[South America]] and [[Central America]] - Ituá
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Araeognemones'' – 9 species of lianas; tropical [[South America]] and [[Central America]] - Ituá
***''[[Gnetum camporum]]'' - [[Venezuela]]
***''[[Gnetum camporum]]'' – [[Venezuela]]
***''[[Gnetum leyboldii]]'' - [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama]], Venezuela, [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], Amazonian [[Brazil]]
***''[[Gnetum leyboldii]]'' – [[Costa Rica]], [[Panama]], Venezuela, [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], Amazonian [[Brazil]]
***''[[Gnetum nodiflorum]]'' - Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum nodiflorum]]'' – Guianas, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum paniculatum]]'' - Guianas, Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum paniculatum]]'' – Guianas, Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum schwackeanum]]'' - Amazonas State of southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum schwackeanum]]'' – Amazonas State of southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum urens]]'' - Guianas, Venezuela, Peru, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum urens]]'' – Guianas, Venezuela, Peru, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum venosum]]'' - Bolívar State of southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
***''[[Gnetum venosum]]'' – Bolívar State of southern Venezuela, northwestern Brazil
*''Gnetum'' sect. ''Scandentia'' [''Gnetum'' sect. ''Cylindrostachys''] - about 20 species of lianas; southern Asia
*''Gnetum'' sect. ''Scandentia'' [''Gnetum'' sect. ''Cylindrostachys''] - about 20 species of lianas; southern Asia
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Stipitati''
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Stipitati''
***''[[Gnetum arboreum]]'' - Luzon in Philippines
***''[[Gnetum arboreum]]'' – Luzon in Philippines
***''[[Gnetum contractum]]'' - southern [[India]]
***''[[Gnetum contractum]]'' – southern [[India]]
***''[[Gnetum edule]]'' - southern India
***''[[Gnetum edule]]'' – southern India
***''[[Gnetum gracilipes]]'' - [[Yunnan]] + [[Guangxi]] in [[China]]
***''[[Gnetum gracilipes]]'' – [[Yunnan]] + [[Guangxi]] in [[China]]
***''[[Gnetum latifolium]]'' - Assam, much of Southeast Asia, [[New Guinea]], [[Bismarck Archipelago]]
***''[[Gnetum latifolium]]'' – Assam, much of Southeast Asia, [[New Guinea]], [[Bismarck Archipelago]]
***''[[Gnetum montanum]]'' - [[Himalayas]], southern China, northern [[Indochina]]
***''[[Gnetum montanum]]'' – [[Himalayas]], southern China, northern [[Indochina]]
***''[[Gnetum oblongum]]'' - [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]]
***''[[Gnetum oblongum]]'' – [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]]
***''[[Gnetum pendulum]]'' - Tibet, southern China
***''[[Gnetum pendulum]]'' – Tibet, southern China
***''[[Gnetum tenuifolium]]'' - Peninsular Malaysia, [[Thailand]], [[Sumatra]]
***''[[Gnetum tenuifolium]]'' – Peninsular Malaysia, [[Thailand]], [[Sumatra]]
***''[[Gnetum ula]]''
***''[[Gnetum ula]]''
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Sessiles''
**''Gnetum'' subsect. ''Sessiles''
***''[[Gnetum acutum]]'' - [[Sarawak]]
***''[[Gnetum acutum]]'' – [[Sarawak]]
***''[[Gnetum bosavicum]]'' - Papua New Guinea
***''[[Gnetum bosavicum]]'' – Papua New Guinea
***''[[Gnetum catasphaericum]]'' - southern China
***''[[Gnetum catasphaericum]]'' – southern China
***''[[Gnetum cleistostachyum]]'' - southern China
***''[[Gnetum chinense]]'' <small>Yang, Liu, & Chang</small> – northern China
***''[[Gnetum cuspidatum]]'' - Indochina, [[Indonesia]], Malaysia, Philippines
***''[[Gnetum cleistostachyum]]'' – southern China
***''[[Gnetum diminutum]]'' - [[Borneo]]
***''[[Gnetum cuspidatum]]'' – Indochina, [[Indonesia]], Malaysia, Philippines
***''[[Gnetum formosum]]'' - [[Vietnam]]
***''[[Gnetum diminutum]]'' – [[Borneo]]
***''[[Gnetum giganteum]]'' - Guangxi in China
***''[[Gnetum formosum]]'' – [[Vietnam]]
***''[[Gnetum globosum]]'' - [[Pahang]] in Malaysia
***''[[Gnetum giganteum]]'' – Guangxi in China
***''[[Gnetum gnemonoides]]'' - New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Indonesia, Philippines
***''[[Gnetum globosum]]'' – [[Pahang]] in Malaysia
***''[[Gnetum gnemonoides]]'' – New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Indonesia, Philippines
***''[[Gnetum hainanense]]'' - southern China
***''[[Gnetum hainanense]]'' – southern China
***''[[Gnetum klossii]]'' - Sabah
***''[[Gnetum klossii]]'' – Sabah
***''[[Gnetum leptostachyum]]'' - [[Laos]], Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo
***''[[Gnetum leptostachyum]]'' – [[Laos]], Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo
***''[[Gnetum loerzingii]]'' - [[Sumatra]]
***''[[Gnetum loerzingii]]'' – [[Sumatra]]
***''[[Gnetum luofuense]]'' - [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Jiangxi]]
***''[[Gnetum luofuense]]'' – [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Jiangxi]]
***''[[Gnetum macrostachyum]]'' - Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea
***''[[Gnetum macrostachyum]]'' – Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea
***''[[Gnetum microcarpum]]'' - Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra
***''[[Gnetum microcarpum]]'' – Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra
***''[[Gnetum neglectum]]'' - Borneo
***''[[Gnetum neglectum]]'' – Borneo
***''[[Gnetum oxycarpum]]'' - Sumatra
***''[[Gnetum oxycarpum]]'' – Sumatra
***''[[Gnetum parvifolium]]'' - Laos, Vietnam, southern China
***''[[Gnetum parvifolium]]'' – Laos, Vietnam, southern China
***''[[Gnetum raya]]'' - Borneo
***''[[Gnetum raya]]'' – Borneo
***''[[Gnetum ridleyi]]'' - Peninsular Malaysia
***''[[Gnetum ridleyi]]'' – Peninsular Malaysia


==Uses==
==Uses==
Many ''Gnetum'' species are edible, with the [[seed]]s being roasted, and the foliage used as a [[leaf vegetable]].<ref>Hoe, V.B. and Siong, K.H., "The Nutritional Value of Indigenous Fruits and Vegetables in Sarawak,"Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 8, no. 1, 1998, pp 24-31</ref> The plant is harvested and used for a good source of fiber. There is no sense of danger in consuming the fruit or the seeds.There is also a study done on the plant to see if it has any medicinal properties. The study has to do with platelets and nuclear blood cells.The family Gnetaceae is well known as a rich source of plant-derived stilbenoids as well as Cyperaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Leguminosae and [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224284860_Stilbenoids_from_Gnetum_macrostachyum_Attenuate_Human_Platelet_Aggregation_and_Adhesion Vitaceae.]
Many ''Gnetum'' species are edible, with the [[seed]]s being roasted, and the foliage used as a [[leaf vegetable]].<ref>Hoe, V.B. and Siong, K.H., "The Nutritional Value of Indigenous Fruits and Vegetables in Sarawak,"Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 8, no. 1, 1998, pp 24-31</ref> The plant is harvested and yields a useful fiber.{{clarify|reason=Dietary or fabric?|date=April 2022}} There is no sense of danger in consuming the fruit or the seeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gnetum gnemon {{!}} plant {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Gnetum-gnemon |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>


There is also a study done on the plant to see if it has any medicinal properties, finding some anti-coagulation effects due to its stilbenoid content. The family Gnetaceae is well known as a rich source of plant-derived [[stilbenoid]]s as well as [[Cyperaceae]], [[Dipterocarpaceae]], [[Fabaceae]], and [[Vitaceae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Stilbenoids from Gnetum macrostachyum Attenuate Human Platelet Aggregation and Adhesion |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224284860 |journal= Phytotherapy Research|year=2012|doi=10.1002/ptr.4605|last1=Kloypan |first1=Chiraphat |last2=Jeenapongsa |first2=Rattima |last3=Sri-In |first3=Piyawit |last4=Chanta |first4=Surin |last5=Dokpuang |first5=Dech |last6=Tip-Pyang |first6=Santi |last7=Surapinit |first7=Nattanan |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=1564–1568 |pmid=22511550 |s2cid=43249684 }}</ref>
== Endangered ==
Some species of Gnetum are in danger of dying out. The habitats are being removed with the trees being cut down to create industry. The tropical rainforest are being destroyed so many of the species are going extinct such as Gnetum ''oxycarpum.'' The rainforest are being torn down and being turned into farmland. Gnetum live in only a small part of the rainforest.


== Taxonomy ==
== Conservation ==
Some species of ''Gnetum'' are in danger of dying out. The habitats are being removed with the trees being cut down to create industry. The tropical rainforest are being destroyed so many of the species are going extinct such as ''Gnetum oxycarpum''. The rainforests are being torn down and being turned into farmland. ''Gnetum'' live in only a small part of the rainforest.

* Kingdom: Plantae
* Division: Gnetophyta
* Class: Gnetopsida
* Order: Gnetales
* Family: Gnetaceae    Gnetums
* Genus: ''Gnetum''
* Species: ''macrostachyum'' Hook. f.
* Residential: Native

== Leaves, Stems, and Root ==
Gnetum has oval shaped leaves, that are not waxy. With veining going through the leaves. The stems are long thick stems that are able to bend when vining. The roots are thick arial roots that attach to the forest floor as well as the bark of trees in order to climb up the branches.

== Fruit, seed, and Flower ==
The flowers are a star shaped flower that come in a variety of reds and pinks. The fruits are small round fruits that are green when not ripe then turn red when they are ready to be picked. The seeds are a round seed that is a light brown in the middle of the plant.


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:倪藤果 Gnetum gnemon -檳城熱帶果園 Tropical Fruit Farm, Penang- (9222653200).jpg|[[Gnetum gnemon]] carpellate cones
File:倪藤果 Gnetum gnemon -檳城熱帶果園 Tropical Fruit Farm, Penang- (9222653200).jpg|''[[Gnetum gnemon]]'' carpellate/female cones
File:Gnetum latifolium - കറുത്ത ഓടൽ.jpg|[[Gnetum latifolium]] staminate cones
File:Gnetum latifolium - കറുത്ത ഓടൽ.jpg|''[[Gnetum latifolium]]'' staminate/male cones
File:Gnetum africanum Leaves (Eru, Okok).jpg|Gathered leaves of [[Gnetum africanum]]
File:Gnetum africanum Leaves (Eru, Okok).jpg|Gathered leaves of ''[[Gnetum africanum]]''
File:Gnetum gnemon seeds, by Omar Hoftun.jpg|[[Gnetum gnemon]] seeds
File:Gnetum gnemon seeds, by Omar Hoftun.jpg|''[[Gnetum gnemon]]'' seeds
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=8. Gnetum macrostachyum - Useful Tropical Plants, https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Gnetum%2Bmacrostachyum.
{{reflist|25em}}

9. Catalogue of life: 2010 annual checklist. Catalogue of Life - 2010 Annual Checklist :: Species details. (n.d.). Retrieved December 23, 2021, from http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2010/details/species/id/7279121

10.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (n.d.). Retrieved December 23, 2021, from https://www.iucnredlist.org/

<ref name="col">
{{cite web
|access-date=October 24, 2024
|title=Gnetum L.
|url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VXX3
|website=Catalogue of Life
}}
</ref>

}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat|Gnetum}}
{{Commons category|Gnetum}}
*[http://www.conifers.org/gn/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - ''Gnetum'']
*[http://www.conifers.org/gn/index.htm Gymnosperm Database - ''Gnetum'']
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Gnetum.html Sorting ''Gnetum'' names]
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Gnetum.html Sorting ''Gnetum'' names]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X2161E/x2161e06.htm Uses of ''Gnetum'' in Africa (FAO)]
*[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X2161E/x2161e06.htm Uses of ''Gnetum'' in Africa (FAO)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111234159/http://www.fao.org/docrep/X2161E/x2161e06.htm |date=January 11, 2019 }}
*Kloypan, Chiraphat & Jeenapongsa, Rattima & Sri-In, Piyawit & Chanta, Surin & Dokpuang, Dech & Tip-Pyang, Santi & Surapinit, Serm. (2012). Stilbenoids from Gnetum macrostachyum Attenuate Human Platelet Aggregation and Adhesion. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 26. 1564-8. 10.1002/ptr.4605. <ref>{{Citation|title=Renaissance|date=2021-12-08|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaissance&oldid=1059309664|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref>
*Kloypan, Chiraphat & Jeenapongsa, Rattima & Sri-In, Piyawit & Chanta, Surin & Dokpuang, Dech & Tip-Pyang, Santi & Surapinit, Serm. (2012). Stilbenoids from Gnetum macrostachyum Attenuate Human Platelet Aggregation and Adhesion. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 26. 1564–8. 10.1002/ptr.4605.
*https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1916.tb05408.x
*https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1916.tb05408.x {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222040854/https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1916.tb05408.x |date=December 22, 2021 }}
*http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-334161...
*http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-334161...

{{WestAfricanPlants|Gnetum}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Gnetum}}
{{Plant classification}}
{{Acrogymnospermae classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q131550}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q131550}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Gnetaceae]]
[[Category:Gnetaceae]]

Latest revision as of 05:58, 1 November 2024

Gnetum
Gnetum luofuense in China
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Gnetophyta
Order: Gnetales
Mart
Family: Gnetaceae
Blume
Genus: Gnetum
L.
Type species
Gnetum gnemon
Map showing the range of Gnetum
Distribution
Synonyms[1]
  • Gnemon Rumph. ex Kuntze
  • Thoa Aubl.
  • Abutua Lour.
  • Arthostema Neck.

Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae within the Gnetophyta. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpionflies.[2] Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater.[3][4]

Their leaves are rich in phytochemicals such as flavonoids and stilbenes. Of the species studied so far, Gnetum have photosynthetic and transpiration capacities which are considerably lower than those of other seed plants, due to the absence of multiple chloroplast genes essential for photosynthesis, a trait they seem to share with the other living members of Gnetophyta, Ephedra and Welwitschia, as well as conifers.[5] There are over 50 different species of Gnetum.[citation needed]

Species

[edit]
Phylogeny of Gnetum[6]

subsection Araeognemones

subsection Micrognemones

section Gnetum

section Scandentia

subsection Gnemonoides

subsection Stipitati

subsection Sessiles

Phylogeny of Gnetum[7][8]
section

G. buchholzianum Engler

Micrognemones

G. africanum (de Loureiro) Welwitsch

section
subsection

G. costatum Schum.

G. gnemon von Linné

Gnetum
subsection

G. raya Markgraf

G. gnemonoides Brongniart

Gnemonoides
subsection

G. leyboldii Tulasne

G. nodiflorum Brongniart

G. schwackeanum Taubert & Schenck ex Taubert & Markgraf

G. paniculatum Spruce ex Bentham

G. camporum (Markgraf) Stevenson & Zanoni

G. urens (Aublet) Blume

Araeognemones
Gnetum
section

G. microcarpum Blume

G. diminutum Markgraf

G. klossii Merrill ex Markgraf

subsection

G. parvifolium (Warburg) Cheng

G. luofuense Cheng

G. indicum (de Loureiro) Merrill

G. hainanense Cheng ex Fu, Yu & Gilbert

G. montanum Markgraf

Stipitati
subsection

G. macrostachyum Hooker

G. latifolium Blume

G. edule (Willdenow) Blume

G. ula Brongniart

Sessiles
Scandentia

There are around 50 different species of Gnetum. The Catalogue of Life lists 44 species.[9]

Uses

[edit]

Many Gnetum species are edible, with the seeds being roasted, and the foliage used as a leaf vegetable.[10] The plant is harvested and yields a useful fiber.[clarification needed] There is no sense of danger in consuming the fruit or the seeds.[11]

There is also a study done on the plant to see if it has any medicinal properties, finding some anti-coagulation effects due to its stilbenoid content. The family Gnetaceae is well known as a rich source of plant-derived stilbenoids as well as Cyperaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Fabaceae, and Vitaceae.[12]

Conservation

[edit]

Some species of Gnetum are in danger of dying out. The habitats are being removed with the trees being cut down to create industry. The tropical rainforest are being destroyed so many of the species are going extinct such as Gnetum oxycarpum. The rainforests are being torn down and being turned into farmland. Gnetum live in only a small part of the rainforest.

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ Ren, Dong; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Santiago-Blay, Jorge A.; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr; Shih, Chungkun; Bashkuev, Alexei; Logan, M. Amelia V.; Hotton, Carol L.; Dilcher, David (2009). "A Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies". Science. 326 (5954): 840–847. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..840R. doi:10.1126/science.1178338. PMC 2944650. PMID 19892981.
  3. ^ Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne S. (2005). "The internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA in the gymnosperm Gnetum". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 36 (3): 581–597. Bibcode:2005MolPE..36..581W. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.011. PMID 16099382.
  4. ^ Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne S. (2006). "Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)—Clock Calibration when Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain". Systematic Biology. 55 (4): 610–622. doi:10.1080/10635150600812619. PMID 16969937.
  5. ^ Deng, N.; Hou, C.; Liu, C.; Li, M.; Bartish, I.; Tian, Y.; Chen, W.; Du, C.; Jiang, Z.; Shi, S. (2019). "Significance of Photosynthetic Characters in the Evolution of Asian Gnetum (Gnetales)". Frontiers in Plant Science. 10: 39. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00039. PMC 6370715. PMID 30804953.
  6. ^ Hou, Chen; Humphreys, Aelys M.; Thureborn, Olle; Rydin, Catarina (April 2015). "New insights into the evolutionary history of Gnetum (Gnetales)". Taxon. 64 (2): 239–253. doi:10.12705/642.12.
  7. ^ Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.03.13.435279. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 232282918.
  8. ^ Stull, Gregory W.; et al. (2021). "main.dated.supermatrix.tree.T9.tre". Figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14547354.v1.
  9. ^ "Gnetum L." Catalogue of Life. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  10. ^ Hoe, V.B. and Siong, K.H., "The Nutritional Value of Indigenous Fruits and Vegetables in Sarawak,"Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 8, no. 1, 1998, pp 24-31
  11. ^ "Gnetum gnemon | plant | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  12. ^ Kloypan, Chiraphat; Jeenapongsa, Rattima; Sri-In, Piyawit; Chanta, Surin; Dokpuang, Dech; Tip-Pyang, Santi; Surapinit, Nattanan (2012). "Stilbenoids from Gnetum macrostachyum Attenuate Human Platelet Aggregation and Adhesion". Phytotherapy Research. 26 (10): 1564–1568. doi:10.1002/ptr.4605. PMID 22511550. S2CID 43249684.
[edit]
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