Strigil: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Ancient Greek and Roman cleaning tool}} |
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[[File:Roman - Strigil - Walters 541926.jpg|thumb|upright|Bronze strigil (Roman, 1st century AD, [[Walters Art Museum]]]] |
[[File:Roman - Strigil - Walters 541926.jpg|thumb|upright|Bronze strigil (Roman, 1st century AD, [[Walters Art Museum]]]] |
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The '''strigil''' ({{ |
The '''strigil''' ([[Latin language|Latin]]: strigilis) or '''stlengis''' ({{langx|grc|στλεγγίς}}, probably a [[loanword]] from the [[Pre-Greek substrate]]) is a tool for the cleansing of the body by scraping off [[dirt]], [[perspiration]], and [[oil]] that was applied before [[bathing]] in [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] cultures. In these cultures the strigil was primarily used by men, specifically male athletes; however, in [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] culture there is evidence of strigils being used by both sexes.<ref name=depuma-429-430>{{cite journal|last1=De Puma|first1=Richard|title=A Third-Century B.C.E. Etruscan Tomb Group from Bolsena in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|pages=429–40}}</ref> The standard design is a curved blade with a handle, all of which is made of metal.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Padgett|first1=J. Michael|title=Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection.|date=2002|publisher=Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University.|pages=36–48}}</ref> |
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Strigils were commonly used by individuals who were engaging in |
Strigils were commonly used by individuals who were engaging in vigorous activities, in which they accumulated large amounts of dirt and sweat on their bodies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boardman|first1=J.|last2=Kenyon|first2=K. M.|last3=Moynahan|first3=E. J.|last4=Evans|first4=J. D.|title=The Olive in the Mediterranean: Its Culture and Use [and Discussion]|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=1976|pages=187–96|doi=10.1098/rstb.1976.0080|volume=275}}</ref> The people who used the strigil included athletes, the wealthy, soldiers, and more. However, wealthy or prestigious individuals often had slaves to wield the strigils and clean their bodies, rather than doing it themselves.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Leader|first1=Ruth E.|title=In Death Not Divided: Gender, Family, and State on Classical Athenian Grave Stelae.|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|page=683}}</ref> |
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Strigils were not only significant in a practical sense, but culturally as well. They are often found in tombs or burials, in some cases along with a bottle of oil.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boardman|first1=John|title=Sickles and Strigils|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|pages= |
Strigils were not only significant in a practical sense, but culturally as well. They are often found in tombs or burials, in some cases along with a bottle of [[oil]].<ref name=boardman-136-137>{{cite journal|last1=Boardman|first1=John|title=Sickles and Strigils|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|pages=136–137}}</ref> |
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==Representations== |
==Representations== |
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===Timeline=== |
===Timeline=== |
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| ⚫ | Strigils were not used in the earlier ages of Greek history. This is supported by [[Homer]]’s poems, which state that oil was applied after bathing and was not removed. Furthermore, strigils are not mentioned in literature until the later portion of the fifth century [[Before Christ|BC]].<ref name=boardman-136-137/> As early as the sixth century BC, however, representations of strigils can be found on [[vase]]s.<ref name=boardman-136-137/> By the fourth century BC, strigils are depicted in other types of artwork, such as [[skyphos|skyphoi]] and statues.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Padgett|first1=J. Michael|title=Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection.|date=2002|publisher=Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University.|pages=36–48}}</ref> |
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[[File:Vatican Apoxyomenos by Lysippus (copy by Carlo Freter) - Hearst Castle - DSC07023.JPG|upright=1.0|thumb|Vatican [[Apoxyomenos]] by [[Lysippus]] (copy by Carlo Freter) at [[Hearst Castle]].]] |
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| ⚫ | Strigils were not used in the earlier ages of Greek history. This is supported by [[Homer]]’s poems, which state that oil was applied after bathing and was not removed. Furthermore, strigils are not mentioned in literature until the later portion of the fifth century |
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In Book 23 of the Iliad, during the funeral games for Patroclus, Homer describes the athletes using strigils to clean themselves after physical contests. This is one of the earliest literary references to the strigil in Greek culture, illustrating its use in the context of athletic events, which were an important part of Greek social and religious life. |
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Implications for the Timeline |
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Strigil in the Iliad: The mention of the strigil in the Iliad suggests that the tool was already in use during the time period that Homer describes (the Mycenaean period, if we follow traditional dating). However, since the Iliad was composed much later, it reflects the practices and cultural elements of Homer's own time (the 8th century BCE), not necessarily the exact customs of the Bronze Age Greeks. |
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Cultural Continuity: The use of the strigil in the Iliad indicates that this tool was part of a long-standing tradition in Greek culture, dating back to at least the early 1st millennium BCE, if not earlier. This continuity also explains how the practice could be transmitted to the Etruscans during their period of close interaction with the Greeks. |
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===Cultural depictions=== |
===Cultural depictions=== |
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As stated above, strigils are represented throughout Greek, Roman, and Etruscan cultures in varying ways. Strigils were often depicted alongside olive oil and an athlete.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Padgett|first1=J. Michael|title=Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection.|date=2002|publisher=Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University.|pages=36–48}}</ref> The [[Croatian Apoxyomenos]] is a statue that displays the use of a strigil by an athlete.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boardman|first1=J.|last2=Kenyon|first2=K. M.|last3=Moynahan|first3=E. J.|last4=Evans|first4=J. D.|title=The Olive in the Mediterranean: Its Culture and Use [and Discussion]|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=1976|pages=187–96|doi=10.1098/rstb.1976.0080|volume=275}}</ref> Strigils were also represented on some sarcophagi, such as the marble strigil sarcophagus of a Greek physician, which has elaborate S-shaped curves on it to symbolize strigils.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gontar|first1=Cybele Trione|title=The Campeche Chair in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.|journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal|page=183}}</ref> |
As stated above, strigils are represented throughout Greek, Roman, and Etruscan cultures in varying ways. Strigils were often depicted alongside olive oil and an athlete.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Padgett|first1=J. Michael|title=Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection.|date=2002|publisher=Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University.|pages=36–48}}</ref> The [[Croatian Apoxyomenos]] is a statue that displays the use of a strigil by an athlete.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boardman|first1=J.|last2=Kenyon|first2=K. M.|last3=Moynahan|first3=E. J.|last4=Evans|first4=J. D.|title=The Olive in the Mediterranean: Its Culture and Use [and Discussion]|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=1976|pages=187–96|doi=10.1098/rstb.1976.0080|volume=275}}</ref> Strigils were also represented on some sarcophagi, such as the marble strigil sarcophagus of a Greek physician, which has elaborate S-shaped curves on it to symbolize strigils.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gontar|first1=Cybele Trione|title=The Campeche Chair in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.|journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal|page=183}}</ref> |
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One source offers an alternative portrayal of strigils, |
One source offers an alternative portrayal of strigils, "a secondary meaning for the word stlengis, strigil, is wreath or tiara." To support the claim that a strigil may have been viewed as a tiara or wreath, there was a fifth-century grave that had a strigil across the forehead of a corpse.<ref name=boardman-136-137/> |
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====Burials and tombs==== |
====Burials and tombs==== |
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Strigils were significant beyond merely being tools for cleansing; they were also a common offering given to the deceased during burial.<ref |
Strigils were significant beyond merely being tools for cleansing; they were also a common offering given to the deceased during burial.<ref name=boardman-136-137/> For instance, three graves from Greece in the third century BC, which contained adult males, all had iron strigils.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fossey|first1=John M.|title=The Ritual Breaking of Objects in Greek Funerary Contexts: A Note.|journal=Folklore|pages=21–23}}</ref> |
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In the excavation of another third century |
In the excavation of another third century BC tomb, which contained an Etruscan woman, there was an inscribed silver strigil along with a mirror. Strigils were commonly found in the tombs of Etruscan women, and it seemed to be an essential part of women’s bathing equipment.<ref name=depuma-429-430/> The inscribed silver strigil of the Etruscan tomb has two inscriptions on the handle: One being śuthina, an inscription found on numerous objects in the tomb. While the other, more significant inscription is a monogram, R:M, which reads as Ra:Mu. The monogram is speculated to be the beginning of the Etruscan woman’s name.<ref name=depuma-429-430/> |
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In 2018, archaeologists discovered in [[Assos]] many strigils. Some of the strigils found were iron, but most were made of bronze.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/photo-2-000-year-old-athletes-tools-unearthed-in-turkeys-assos-138414#photo-5 2,000-year-old athletes' tools unearthed in Turkey's Assos]</ref> |
In 2018, archaeologists discovered in [[Assos]] many strigils. Some of the strigils found were iron, but most were made of bronze.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/photo-2-000-year-old-athletes-tools-unearthed-in-turkeys-assos-138414#photo-5 2,000-year-old athletes' tools unearthed in Turkey's Assos]</ref> |
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===Composition and design=== |
===Composition and design=== |
||
As is obvious from the strigils found in the previously discussed tombs, strigils could differ in the type of metal used, design, etc., depending on the status of the individual it belonged to, time period, and other relevant factors. The typical metals used for strigils were bronze and iron.<ref name=boardman-136-137/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fossey|first1=John M.|title=The Ritual Breaking of Objects in Greek Funerary Contexts: A Note.|journal=Folklore|pages=21–23}}</ref> |
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Some other variations of strigils are as follows: [[Hippias]], an ancient Greek [[sophist]] who created his own strigil, made it in a unique way which allowed for sweat to drain through a small channel.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hunink|first1=Vincent|title=Apuleius, Florida IX, 34f|journal=Hermes|pages=382–84}}</ref> Literature from [[Plutarch]] states that [[Sparta]]ns used [[Reed (plant)|reeds]] at times instead of the typical metal strigils.<ref |
Some other variations of strigils are as follows: [[Hippias]], an ancient Greek [[sophist]] who created his own strigil, made it in a unique way which allowed for sweat to drain through a small channel.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hunink|first1=Vincent|title=Apuleius, Florida IX, 34f|journal=Hermes|pages=382–84}}</ref> Literature from [[Plutarch]] states that [[Sparta]]ns used [[Reed (plant)|reeds]] at times instead of the typical metal strigils.<ref name=boardman-136-137/> |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*{{Commonscat-inline|Strigils}} |
*{{Commonscat-inline|Strigils}} |
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{{Ancient Roman medicine}} |
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[[Category:Cleaning tools]] |
[[Category:Cleaning tools]] |
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[[Category:Sport in ancient Greece]] |
[[Category:Sport in ancient Greece]] |
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[[Category:Sport in ancient Rome]] |
[[Category:Sport in ancient Rome]] |
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[[Category:Ancient Roman tools]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:32, 28 November 2024
The strigil (Latin: strigilis) or stlengis (Ancient Greek: στλεγγίς, probably a loanword from the Pre-Greek substrate) is a tool for the cleansing of the body by scraping off dirt, perspiration, and oil that was applied before bathing in Ancient Greek and Roman cultures. In these cultures the strigil was primarily used by men, specifically male athletes; however, in Etruscan culture there is evidence of strigils being used by both sexes.[1] The standard design is a curved blade with a handle, all of which is made of metal.[2]
Strigils were commonly used by individuals who were engaging in vigorous activities, in which they accumulated large amounts of dirt and sweat on their bodies.[3] The people who used the strigil included athletes, the wealthy, soldiers, and more. However, wealthy or prestigious individuals often had slaves to wield the strigils and clean their bodies, rather than doing it themselves.[4]
Strigils were not only significant in a practical sense, but culturally as well. They are often found in tombs or burials, in some cases along with a bottle of oil.[5]
Representations
[edit]Timeline
[edit]Strigils were not used in the earlier ages of Greek history. This is supported by Homer’s poems, which state that oil was applied after bathing and was not removed. Furthermore, strigils are not mentioned in literature until the later portion of the fifth century BC.[5] As early as the sixth century BC, however, representations of strigils can be found on vases.[5] By the fourth century BC, strigils are depicted in other types of artwork, such as skyphoi and statues.[6]
In Book 23 of the Iliad, during the funeral games for Patroclus, Homer describes the athletes using strigils to clean themselves after physical contests. This is one of the earliest literary references to the strigil in Greek culture, illustrating its use in the context of athletic events, which were an important part of Greek social and religious life. Implications for the Timeline Strigil in the Iliad: The mention of the strigil in the Iliad suggests that the tool was already in use during the time period that Homer describes (the Mycenaean period, if we follow traditional dating). However, since the Iliad was composed much later, it reflects the practices and cultural elements of Homer's own time (the 8th century BCE), not necessarily the exact customs of the Bronze Age Greeks.
Cultural Continuity: The use of the strigil in the Iliad indicates that this tool was part of a long-standing tradition in Greek culture, dating back to at least the early 1st millennium BCE, if not earlier. This continuity also explains how the practice could be transmitted to the Etruscans during their period of close interaction with the Greeks.
Cultural depictions
[edit]As stated above, strigils are represented throughout Greek, Roman, and Etruscan cultures in varying ways. Strigils were often depicted alongside olive oil and an athlete.[7] The Croatian Apoxyomenos is a statue that displays the use of a strigil by an athlete.[8] Strigils were also represented on some sarcophagi, such as the marble strigil sarcophagus of a Greek physician, which has elaborate S-shaped curves on it to symbolize strigils.[9]
One source offers an alternative portrayal of strigils, "a secondary meaning for the word stlengis, strigil, is wreath or tiara." To support the claim that a strigil may have been viewed as a tiara or wreath, there was a fifth-century grave that had a strigil across the forehead of a corpse.[5]
Burials and tombs
[edit]Strigils were significant beyond merely being tools for cleansing; they were also a common offering given to the deceased during burial.[5] For instance, three graves from Greece in the third century BC, which contained adult males, all had iron strigils.[10]
In the excavation of another third century BC tomb, which contained an Etruscan woman, there was an inscribed silver strigil along with a mirror. Strigils were commonly found in the tombs of Etruscan women, and it seemed to be an essential part of women’s bathing equipment.[1] The inscribed silver strigil of the Etruscan tomb has two inscriptions on the handle: One being śuthina, an inscription found on numerous objects in the tomb. While the other, more significant inscription is a monogram, R:M, which reads as Ra:Mu. The monogram is speculated to be the beginning of the Etruscan woman’s name.[1]
In 2018, archaeologists discovered in Assos many strigils. Some of the strigils found were iron, but most were made of bronze.[11]
Composition and design
[edit]As is obvious from the strigils found in the previously discussed tombs, strigils could differ in the type of metal used, design, etc., depending on the status of the individual it belonged to, time period, and other relevant factors. The typical metals used for strigils were bronze and iron.[5][12] Some other variations of strigils are as follows: Hippias, an ancient Greek sophist who created his own strigil, made it in a unique way which allowed for sweat to drain through a small channel.[13] Literature from Plutarch states that Spartans used reeds at times instead of the typical metal strigils.[5]
Gallery
[edit]-
Roman strigils, 1st century BC -
Apoxyomenos: an athlete cleaning himself -
Strigil Sarcophagus in Saint-Victor de Marseille Abbey
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c De Puma, Richard. "A Third-Century B.C.E. Etruscan Tomb Group from Bolsena in the Metropolitan Museum of Art". American Journal of Archaeology: 429–40.
- ^ Padgett, J. Michael (2002). Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University. pp. 36–48.
- ^ Boardman, J.; Kenyon, K. M.; Moynahan, E. J.; Evans, J. D. (1976). "The Olive in the Mediterranean: Its Culture and Use [and Discussion]". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275: 187–96. doi:10.1098/rstb.1976.0080.
- ^ Leader, Ruth E. "In Death Not Divided: Gender, Family, and State on Classical Athenian Grave Stelae". American Journal of Archaeology: 683.
- ^ a b c d e f g Boardman, John. "Sickles and Strigils". The Journal of Hellenic Studies: 136–137.
- ^ Padgett, J. Michael (2002). Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University. pp. 36–48.
- ^ Padgett, J. Michael (2002). Objects of Desire: Greek Vases from the John B. Elliot Collection. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University. pp. 36–48.
- ^ Boardman, J.; Kenyon, K. M.; Moynahan, E. J.; Evans, J. D. (1976). "The Olive in the Mediterranean: Its Culture and Use [and Discussion]". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275: 187–96. doi:10.1098/rstb.1976.0080.
- ^ Gontar, Cybele Trione. "The Campeche Chair in the Metropolitan Museum of Art". Metropolitan Museum Journal: 183.
- ^ Fossey, John M. "The Ritual Breaking of Objects in Greek Funerary Contexts: A Note". Folklore: 21–23.
- ^ 2,000-year-old athletes' tools unearthed in Turkey's Assos
- ^ Fossey, John M. "The Ritual Breaking of Objects in Greek Funerary Contexts: A Note". Folklore: 21–23.
- ^ Hunink, Vincent. "Apuleius, Florida IX, 34f". Hermes: 382–84.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Strigils at Wikimedia Commons
