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==Overview== |
==Overview== |
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The term ''kefir'' is of Turkish origin, from'' köpür'' → ''köpük'' (foam),<ref name="Sözlerin Soyağacı - Etymological Dictionary of Modern Turkish">http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=kefir</ref> and |
The term ''kefir''' is of Turkish origin, from'' köpür'' → ''köpük'' (foam),<ref name="Sözlerin Soyağacı - Etymological Dictionary of Modern Turkish">http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=kefir</ref> and has become the most commonly used name, although it is known in other regions by various names. Kefir grains are a combination of [[bacteria]] and [[yeast]]s in a matrix of [[protein]]s, [[lipid]]s, and [[sugar]]s, and this symbiotic matrix forms "grains" that resemble [[cauliflower]]. For this reason, a complex and highly variable community of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts can be found in these grains. |
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Kefir grains contain a water-soluble [[polysaccharide]] known as [[kefiran]], which imparts a rope-like texture and feeling in the mouth; it ranges in color from white to yellow, and may grow to the size of walnuts. |
Kefir grains contain a water-soluble [[polysaccharide]] known as [[kefiran]], which imparts a rope-like texture and feeling in the mouth; it ranges in color from white to yellow, and may grow to the size of walnuts. |
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Revision as of 23:47, 14 June 2012
 Kefir grains, which are a symbiotic culture of yeasts and bacteria, are used to make kefir | |
| Alternative names | Kefīrs, keefir, kephir, kewra, talai, mudu kekiya, milk kefir, búlgaros |
|---|---|
| Type | Yoghurt |
| Main ingredients | milk, kefir grains (bacteria, yeasts, proteins, lipids, sugar) |
Kefir (pronounced /kəˈfɪər/ kə-FEER[1]) (alternately kefīrs, keefir, kephir, kewra, talai, mudu kekiya, milk kefir, búlgaros) is a fermented milk drink made with kefir grains that originated with shepherds of the North Caucasus region,[citation needed] who discovered that fresh milk carried in leather pouches would occasionally ferment into a carbonated beverage. It is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep's milk with kefir grains. Traditional kefir was made in skin bags that were hung near a doorway; the bag would be knocked by anyone passing through the doorway to help keep the milk and kefir grains well mixed.[2]
Marco Polo mentioned kefir when recounting his travels.[3]
Overview
The term kefir' is of Turkish origin, from köpür → köpük (foam),[4] and has become the most commonly used name, although it is known in other regions by various names. Kefir grains are a combination of bacteria and yeasts in a matrix of proteins, lipids, and sugars, and this symbiotic matrix forms "grains" that resemble cauliflower. For this reason, a complex and highly variable community of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts can be found in these grains.
Kefir grains contain a water-soluble polysaccharide known as kefiran, which imparts a rope-like texture and feeling in the mouth; it ranges in color from white to yellow, and may grow to the size of walnuts.
Traditional kefir is fermented at ambient temperatures, generally overnight. Fermentation of the lactose yields a sour, carbonated, slightly alcoholic beverage, with a consistency similar to thin yogurt.[5] Kefir fermented by small-scale dairies early in the 20th century achieved alcohol levels between one and two percent, but kefir made commercially with modern methods of production has less than 1% alcohol, possibly due to reduced fermentation time.[6]
Variations that thrive in various other liquids exist, and they vary markedly from kefir in both appearance and microbial composition. Water kefir (or kefir d'acqua) is grown in water with sugar (sometimes with added dry fruit such as figs, and lemon juice) for a day or more at room temperature.
Production
Production of traditional kefir requires a starter community of kefir grains which are added to the liquid one wishes to ferment. Kefir grains cannot be produced from scratch, but the grains grow during fermentation, and additional grains are produced. Kefir grains can be bought from or donated by other growers.
The traditional, or artisanal, method of making kefir is achieved by directly adding kefir grains (2–10%) to milk in a loosely covered acid proof container which is traditionally agitated once or more times a day. It is not filled to capacity, allowing room for some expansion as the kefiran and carbon dioxide gas produced causes the liquid level to rise. If the container is not light proof it should be stored in the dark to prevent degradation of vitamins and inhibition of the culture. After a period of fermentation lasting around 24 hours, ideally at 20–25 °C (68–77 °F), the grains are removed from the liquid by sieving and reserved as the starter for a fresh amount of liquid. The temperature during fermentation is not critical as long as it is not above one that will kill the culture (about 40 °C / 104 °F), or much below 4 °C (39 °F) where the process will cease.[citation needed]
The fermented liquid which contains live microflora from the grain, may now be consumed as a beverage, used in recipes, or kept aside for several days to undergo a slower secondary fermentation which further thickens and sours the liquid. Without refrigeration the shelf life is two to three days. The grains will enlarge in the process of kefir production, and eventually split. Grains can be dried at room temperature or lyophilized (freeze-dried) or frozen.[citation needed]
The Russian method permits production of kefir on a larger scale, and uses two fermentations. The first step is to prepare the cultures by incubating milk with grains (2–3%), as just described. The grains are then removed by filtration and the resulting liquid mother culture is added to milk (1–3%) which is fermented for 12 to 18 hours.[citation needed]
Kefir can be produced using lyophilized cultures commonly available as a powder from health food shops. A portion of the resulting kefir can be saved to be used a number of times to propagate further fermentations but ultimately does not form grains, and a fresh culture must be obtained.
Preliminary research
One can possibly change the nutrient content of kefir by simply fermenting for shorter or longer periods, possibly with each stage providing value. For instance, kefir over-ripened (which increases the sour taste) significantly increases folic acid content.[7] One study showed that kefir also may aid in lactose digestion as a catalyst.[8] However, the study showed that there is simply a lower amount of lactose in kefir than in whole milk, with lactose still having an effect on lactose-intolerant subjects. Flatulence, the most commonly reported symptom of lactose consumption, was shown to be lower by 50% after the consumption of kefir compared to the consumption of milk.[9]
Researcher Steven Hertzler stated: "Both kefir and yogurt improve lactose digestion simply because some of the bacterial cells give up their lives in the intestinal tract, release their enzymes and digest the lactose. It's a one-shot deal. However, kefir has additional microorganisms that may be able to colonize the intestines and benefit health further by protecting the intestine against disease-causing bacteria."[9]
The kefiran in kefir has been shown in one study to suppress an increase in blood pressure and reduce serum cholesterol levels in rats.[10]
Kefir contains compounds that have antimutagenic and antioxidant properties in vitro, although it is not established that these compounds have any physiological properties when kefir is consumed.[11]
Consumption
Kefir is a drink popular across Eastern and Northern Europe.
Kefir, known as "yogurt de pajaritos" (bird's yogurt), has been regularly consumed in Chile for over a century, where it may have been introduced by any of the various waves of migrants from the former Ottoman empire and migrants from Eastern Europe.
The health benefits of kefir have recently popularized it in America, Australia, and the United Kingdom, and kefir can be found in pasturised form in many stores and supermarkets.
Milk types
Kefir grains will ferment the milk from most mammals, and will continue to grow in such milk. Typical milks used include cow, goat, and sheep, each with varying organoleptic and nutritional qualities. Raw milk has been traditionally used.
Kefir grains will also ferment milk substitutes such as soy milk, rice milk, and coconut milk, as well as other sugary liquids including fruit juice, coconut water, beer wort and ginger beer. However, the kefir grains may cease growing if the medium used does not contain all the growth factors required by the bacteria.
Milk sugar is not essential for the synthesis of the polysaccharide that makes up the grains (kefiran), and studies have shown that rice hydrolysate is a suitable alternative medium.[12] Additionally, it has been shown that kefir grains will reproduce when fermenting soy milk, although they will change in appearance and size due to the differing proteins available to them.[13]
Culinary uses
As it contains yeasts, kefir can be used to make a sourdough bread. It is also useful as a buttermilk substitute in baking. Kefir is one of the main ingredients in cold borscht. Other variations of kefir soups and foods prepared with kefir are popular across the former Soviet Union and Poland. Kefir may be used in place of milk on ==Kefir grains preparation==
Possible origin of kefir grains
About the origin of kefir Chen et al (2009)[14] write:
- Motaghi et al. (1997) [15] produced kefir grains in a goat-hide bag using pasteurized milk inoculated with sheep intestinal flora, followed by culture on the surface of milk. Despite intensive research and many attempts to produce kefir grains from the pure or mixed cultures that are normally present in the grains, no successful results have been reported to date. This failure can probably be ascribed to the fact that very little is known about the mechanism of grain formation.
This possible origin is also mentioned in Semih Ötles and Özlem Çağındı (2003)[16]
Other fermented dairy products
See also
References
- ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kefir
- ^ Prescott, Harley, Klein. Microbiology 7th ed. Pg. 1040
- ^ Koroleva, N.S. (1988). "Technology of kefir and kumys". IDF Bull. (227): 96–100.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ http://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=kefir
- ^ Kowsikowski, F., and V. Mistry. 1997. Cheese and Fermented Milk Foods, 3rd ed, vol. I. F. V. Kowsikowski, Westport, Conn.
- ^ Farnworth, Edward R. (2003). Handbook of Fermented Functional Foods. CRC. ISBN 0-8493-1372-4.
- ^ Kneifel, W (1991). "Vitamin profiles of kefirs made from milks of different species". International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 26 (4): 423–428. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1991.tb01985.x.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Hertzler, Steven R. (2003). "Kefir improves lactose digestion and tolerance in adults with lactose maldigestion". J Am Diet Assoc. 103 (5). Elsevier, Inc.: 582–587. doi:10.1053/jada.2003.50111. PMID 12728216. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b "Kefir may bolster lactose tolerance in intolerant people". ScienceDaily. 2003-05-30. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ^ Maeda, H (2004-12-30). "Effects of an exopolysaccharide (kefiran) on lipids, blood pressure, blood glucose, and constipation". BioFactors. 22 (1–4). IOS Press: 197–200. doi:10.1002/biof.5520220141. PMID 15630283. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Liu, Je-Ruei; Chen, Ming-Ju; Lin, Chin-Win (2005). "Antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of milk-kefir and soymilk-kefir". J Agric Food Chem. 53 (7): 2467–2474. doi:10.1021/jf048934k. PMID 15796581.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Maeda, H (2004-08-25). "Structural characterization and biological activities of an exopolysaccharide kefiran produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens WT-2B(T)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52 (17). American Chemical Society: 5533–8. doi:10.1021/jf049617g. PMID 15315396. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Abraham, Analía G. (1999). "Characterization of kefir grains grown in cows' milk and in soy milk". Journal of Dairy Research. 66 (2). Cambridge University Press: 327–333. doi:10.1017/S0022029999003490. PMID 10376251. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Chen, T.-H.; Chen, M.-J. (2009). "Microbiological and chemical properties of kefir manufactured by entrapped microorganisms isolated from kefir grains" (PDF). Journal of Dairy Science. 92: 3002–3013. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1669.
- ^ Motaghi, M.; Mazaheri, M.; Moazami, N.; Farkhondeh, A.; Fooladi, M. H.; Goltapeh, E. M. (1997). "Short Communication: Kefir production in Iran" (PDF). World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology. 13 (5): 579–581. doi:10.1023/A:1018577728412.
- ^ Otles, Semih; Cagındı, Ozlem (2003). "Kefir: A Probiotic Dairy-Composition, Nutritional and Therapeutic Aspects" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2 (2): 54–59. doi:10.3923/pjn.2003.54.59.
Further reading
- Katz, Sandor Ellix (2003). Wild Fermentation: The Flavor, Nutrition, and Craft of Live-Culture Foods. Chelsea Green Publishing Company. ISBN 1-931498-23-7.
- Dr. Ted Farnworth, editor-in-chief of Medicinal Food News, Kefir a Fermented Milk Probiotic
External links
- Zoogloea.com Kefir Making.
- Fermented Foods: Kefir, from the National Center for Home Food Preservation
Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). . Collier's New Encyclopedia. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.- Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
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