Dinesh D'Souza

Dinesh D'Souza
Born	Dinesh Joseph D'Souza (1961-04-25) April 25, 1961 Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Education	B.A. in English, 1983
Alma mater	Dartmouth College
Occupation	Political commentator
Known for	Conservatism, Christian apologetics, political commentary, filmmaking
Spouse(s)	Dixie Brubaker ​ (m. 1992⁠–⁠2012)​ Debbie Fancher ​ (m. 2016)​
Children	1 daughter
Website	www.dineshdsouza.com

Dinesh Joseph D'Souza (Template:Lang-knn; born April 25, 1961) is an Indian American political commentator, author, filmmaker and convicted felon. D'Souza is affiliated with a number of conservative organizations and publications, including the American Enterprise Institute, the Heritage Foundation, the Hoover Institution, and Policy Review. From 2010 to 2012, he served as president of The King's College, a Christian school in New York City, until resigning after a marriage scandal where he had an alleged affair and became engaged to another women while still married.

Born in Mumbai, D'Souza came to the United States as an exchange student, graduating from Dartmouth College. He became a naturalized citizen in 1991. He is the author of several New York Times best-selling books, including on Christian apologetics, such as What's So Great About Christianity and Life After Death: The Evidence. D'Souza has also been a critic of New Atheism.

In 2012, D'Souza released 2016: Obama's America, a conservative political documentary film based on his 2010 book The Roots of Obama's Rage. Both posit without evidence that Barack Obama's attitude toward America derives from his father's anti-colonialism and from a psychological desire to fulfill his father's dream of diminishing the power of Western imperial states. The film was the highest-grossing conservative documentary film produced in the United States.

In January 2014, D'Souza was indicted on felony charges for campaign finance fraud, knowingly making illegal political contributions to a 2012 United States Senate campaign. On May 20, 2014, D'Souza pleaded guilty in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York to one charge of using a "straw donor" to make an illegal political campaign donation. On September 23, D'Souza was sentenced to eight months in a halfway house near his home in San Diego, five years probation, and a $30,000 fine.

Life and career

Early life and career

D'Souza was born in Mumbai in 1961. His parents were Roman Catholics from Goa in Western India: his father, an executive of Johnson & Johnson; his mother, a housewife. D'Souza attended the Jesuit St. Stanislaus High School in what then was Bombay. He graduated in 1976 and completed his 11th and 12th years at Sydenham College, also in Bombay. He went to the United States as an exchange student in 1978 through a Rotary International program. He attended Patagonia Union High School in Patagonia, Arizona. He attended Dartmouth College, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1983 and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa Society.

At Dartmouth, D'Souza became the editor of a monthly periodical called The Prospect. The paper and its writers ignited much controversy during D'Souza's editorship by, among other things, criticizing the College's affirmative action policies. He was also a writer for The Dartmouth Review, an independent student publication subsidized by alumni and organizations not affiliated with Dartmouth College.

After his time in Dartmouth, D'Souza then moved to Washington, D.C., where he served from 1985 to 1987 as an editor of Policy Review, a journal then published by The Heritage Foundation (and since acquired by the Hoover Institution). In his September 1985 article "The Bishops as Pawns", D'Souza theorized that Catholic bishops in the United States were being manipulated by American liberals in agreeing to oppose the U.S. military buildup and use of power abroad when, D'Souza believed, they knew very little about these subjects to which they were lending their religious credibility:

Interviews with these bishops suggest that they know little or nothing about the ideas and proposals to which they are putting their signature and lending their religious authority. The bishops are unfamiliar with existing defense and economic programs, unable to identify even in general terms the Soviet military capability, ignorant of roughly how much of the budget currently goes to defense, unclear about how much should be reallocated to social programs, and innocent of the most basic concepts underlying the intelligent layman's discussion of these questions.

— Dinesh D'Souza

He served as a policy adviser to President Ronald Reagan between 1987 and 1988.

In 1991, he became a naturalized U.S. citizen.

Political adviser and commentator

President of The King's College

In August 2010, D'Souza was named president of The King's College, a Christian liberal arts college then housed in the Empire State Building in Manhattan. The college relocated to a larger space in Fall 2012, next door to the New York Stock Exchange in Lower Manhattan's financial district. On October 18, 2012, after claims became public that he had stayed in a hotel with a new girlfriend though not yet divorced from his wife, D'Souza resigned his post at The King's College.

Political criticism

Dinesh D'Souza speaking at CPAC 2012.

D'Souza is a neoconservative, and defines conservatism in the American sense as "conserving the principles of the American Revolution". In Letters to a Young Conservative, written as an introduction to conservative ideas for youth, D'Souza argues that it is a blend of classical liberalism and ancient virtue, in particular, "the belief that there are moral standards in the universe and that living up to them is the best way to have a full and happy life". He also argues against what he calls the modern liberal belief that "human nature is intrinsically good", and thus that "the great conflicts in the world...arise out of terrible misunderstandings that can be corrected through ongoing conversation and through the mediation of the United Nations".

D'Souza challenges beliefs and projects such as affirmative action and social welfare. In the book Illiberal Education, D'Souza argued that intolerance of conservative views is common at many universities. He has attributed many modern social problems to what he calls the "cultural left". In his 2007 book, The Enemy at Home: The Cultural Left and Its Responsibility for 9/11 he wrote that:

The cultural left in this country is responsible for causing 9/11 ... the cultural left and its allies in Congress, the media, Hollywood, the non-profit sector and the universities are the primary cause of the volcano of anger toward America that is erupting from the Islamic world.

— Dinesh D'Souza, quoted in "How the left caused 9/11, by Dinesh D’Souza"

In a review of D'Souza's 2003 book, What's So Great About America, economist Thomas Sowell wrote that D'Souza's book exposed the fallacies and hypocrisies of various criticisms of the United States by the Islamic world, "domestic multiculturalist cults", those who seek reparations for slavery, and the worldwide intelligentsia.

Sowell also notes that D'Souza takes this a step further and challenges the notion that all world cultures are equal:

D’Souza challenges one of the central premises of today’s intelligentsia: The equality of all cultures. 'If one begins with the multicultural premise that all cultures are equal, then the world as it is makes very little sense,' he says. Some cultures have completely outperformed others in providing the things that all people seek – health, food, housing, security and the amenities of life.

— Thomas Sowell, What's So Great About America?

D'Souza has also criticized aspects of feminism:

The feminist error was to embrace the value of the workplace as greater than the value of the home. Feminism has endorsed the public sphere as inherently more constitutive of women's worth than the private sphere. Feminists have established as their criterion of success and self-worth an equal representation with men at the top of the career ladder. The consequence of this feminist scale of values is a terrible and unjust devaluation of women who work at home.

— Dinesh D'Souza, Letters to a Young Conservative

In a 2003 interview, he said same-sex marriage did not work:

Marriage does not civilize men. Women do. This point is even evident in the gay community: it helps to explain why lesbians are generally much better than male homosexuals in sustaining long-term relationships. The reason that society privileges marriage and gives it a special legal status is because marriage is the only known incubator for the raising of children.

— Dinesh D'Souza, quoted in "Q&A with Dinesh D'Souza", Enter Stage Right

Christianity and religion

D'Souza attended the evangelical church Calvary Chapel from 2000 at least until 2010. D'Souza says that his Catholic background is important to him, but he is also comfortable with Protestant Reformation theology; he identifies as a nondenominational Christian. He often writes and discusses Christian apologetics and has debated against prominent atheists and critics of Christianity, including Dan Barker, Christopher Hitchens, Peter Singer, Daniel Dennett, Michael Shermer, David Silverman, and Bart D. Ehrman on religious and moral issues. In a Christian Science Monitor article, he wrote, "the moral teachings of Jesus provide no support for – indeed they stand as a stern rebuke to – the historical injustices perpetrated in the name of Christianity." D'Souza often speaks out against atheism, nonbelief, and secularism. He elaborated his views in his 2007 book, What's so Great about Christianity. In 2009, he published Life After Death: The Evidence, which attempts to use scientific and philosophical arguments to support the concept of the afterlife. He also relies on theoretical physics to support the concept of God and the anthropic principle and to refute atheist arguments. In 2012, D'Souza published Godforsaken, which addresses questions of how a benevolent God could allow evil and suffering in the world.

D'Souza says "living creatures are the products of intelligent design," but he is not a proponent of the intelligent design movement, as he does not consider it to be a satisfactory alternative to the theory of evolution by natural selection. He argues that belief in the afterlife and in a Supreme Being are reasonable conclusions given the evidence available, and that atheists have misrepresented the case for Christianity on many fronts.

In a Catholic Education Resource Center article, he shared his belief on the separation of church and state: "Groups like the ACLU, with the acquiescence if not collusion of the courts, are actively promoting a jurisprudence of anti-religious discrimination. In a way the Supreme Court has distorted the Constitution to make religious believers of all faiths into second-class citizens." D'Souza argues that current jurisprudence unfairly promotes secularism. More clearly, D'Souza states, "Today courts wrongly interpret separation of church and state to mean that religion has no place in the public arena, or that morality derived from religion should not be permitted to shape our laws. Somehow freedom for religious expression has become freedom from religious expression. Secularists want to empty the public square of religion and religious-based morality so they can monopolize the shared space of society with their own views."

D'Souza has also commented on Islam. He stated in 2007, "I've been studying radical Islamic thought – specifically, the thinkers who have influenced contemporary radical Muslims. When you read their work, you find that there are no denunciations of modernity, no condemnations of science, no condemnations of freedom. In fact, their whole argument seems to be that the United States – through our support of secular dictators in the region – is denying Muslims freedom and control over their own destiny." He has debated Serge Trifkovic and Robert Spencer, who both deem Islam "inherently aggressive, racist, violent, and intolerant". He has labelled Spencer an "Islamophobe" and "an effective polemicist" in his writings on Islam.

Colonialism

In the second chapter of What's So Great About America, D'Souza defends colonialism, arguing that the problem with Africa is not that it was colonized, but rather that it was not colonized long enough. He supports the European colonization of India and other countries, claiming that Christian colonization was a good thing for India because it was a way for Indians to escape the caste system, superstitions and poverty.

Abu Ghraib

D'Souza has argued that the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal was a result of "the sexual immodesty of liberal America". He further asserted that the conditions of prisoners at Abu Ghraib "are comparable to the accommodations in midlevel Middle Eastern hotels".

Media appearances

D'Souza has appeared on numerous national television networks and programs. Six days after the September 11, 2001 attacks, D'Souza appeared on Politically Incorrect hosted by Bill Maher. He disputed the assertion that terrorists were cowards by saying, "Look at what they did. You have a whole bunch of guys who were willing to give their life; none of them backed out. All of them slammed themselves into pieces of concrete. These are warriors." Maher agreed with D'Souza's comments and said, "We have been the cowards. Lobbing cruise missiles from two thousand miles away". Maher's comments ultimately led to advertisers ending their support and his show being cancelled.

During an interview on The Colbert Report on January 16, 2007, while promoting his book, The Enemy At Home: The Cultural Left and Its Responsibility for 9/11, D'Souza maintained that liberals had some responsibility for the September 11 attacks. He says liberals' "penchant for interference" had a decided effect in convincing the Carter administration to withdraw support from the Shah, which brought on Muslim fundamentalists control of the Iranian government. He also said that the distorted representation of American culture on television is one source of resentment of the United States by Muslims worldwide. D'Souza believes that traditional Muslims are not too different from traditional Jews and Christians in America. Towards the end of the interview, he admitted that he and Islamic militants share some of the same negative beliefs about liberal Americans.

Authorship

In early 2007, D'Souza published The Enemy at Home: The Cultural Left and its Responsibility for 9/11, in which he argues that the American cultural left was in large part responsible for the Muslim anger that led to the September 11 attacks. He argues that Muslims do not hate America because of its freedom and democracy, but because they perceive America to be imposing its moral depravity (support for sexual licentiousness) on the world. D'Souza's conclusion is that, "[t]he [George W.] Bush administration and the conservatives must stop promoting American popular culture because it is producing a blowback of Muslim rage. With a few exceptions, the right should not bother to defend American movies, music, and television. From the point of view of traditional values, they are indefensible. Moreover, why should the right stand up for the left's debased values? Why should our people defend their America? Rather, American conservatives should join the Muslims and others in condemning the global moral degeneracy that is produced by liberal values." The book was criticized in major American newspapers and magazines and described as, among other things, "the worst nonfiction book about terrorism published by a major house since 9/11" and "a national disgrace". D'Souza's book caused a controversy in the conservative movement. His conservative critics widely mocked his thesis that the cultural left was responsible for 9/11. In response, D'Souza posted a 6,500-word essay on National Review Online, and NRO subsequently published a litany of responses from conservative authors who accused D'Souza of character assassination, elitism and pseudo-intellectualism.

His Christian apologetics books, What's So Great About Christianity and Life After Death: The Evidence, were both on The New York Times Best Seller list.

Opposition to Barack Obama

Forbes article and The Roots of Obama's Rage

At the conclusion of a September 2010 opinion article in Forbes about President Barack Obama, titled "How Obama Thinks", D'Souza wrote:

[T]rapped in his father's time machine. Incredibly, the U.S. is being ruled according to the dreams of a Luo tribesman of the 1950s. This philandering, inebriated African socialist, who raged against the world for denying him the realization of his anticolonial ambitions, is now setting the nation's agenda through the reincarnation of his dreams in his son. The son makes it happen, but he candidly admits he is only living out his father's dream. The invisible father provides the inspiration, and the son dutifully gets the job done. America today is governed by a ghost.

D'Souza's book, The Roots of Obama's Rage, of which the Forbes article was a condensed version, was published in September 2010 by Regnery Publishing. The book presents his interpretation of President Barack Obama's past and how it formed his beliefs; it was on The New York Times Best Seller list for four weeks in October/November 2010. D'Souza appeared on the Glenn Beck Program in September 2010 to discuss some of his theories.

Several commentators strongly disputed the assertions about Obama, made in the book and article, including Media Matters for America, which pointed out the errors in an article entitled The Roots of Obama's Rage rooted in lies. Ryan Chittum, in an article in the Columbia Journalism Review, described the Forbes article as "a fact-twisting, error-laden piece of paranoia … the worst kind of smear journalism — a singularly disgusting work".

Some conservative publications also criticized D'Souza's theory. In "Obama, Anticolonial Hegemonist?", Daniel Larison of The American Conservative states, "Dinesh D'Souza has authored what may possibly be the most ridiculous piece of Obama analysis yet written... All in all, D'Souza's article reads like a bad conspiracy theory." Larison also criticizes D'Souza's suggestion that Obama is anti-business, noting his lack of evidence.

Andrew Ferguson of The Weekly Standard wrote, "D'Souza always sees absence of evidence as evidence of something or other... There is, indeed, a name for the beliefs that motivate President Obama, but it's not anticolonialism; it's not even socialism. It's liberalism!" The magazine published D'Souza's letter, in which he expressed surprise "at the petty, vindictive tone of Andrew Ferguson's review".

2016: Obama's America film

Main article: 2016: Obama's America

D'Souza later wrote and co-directed the documentary polemical film 2016: Obama's America. Through interviews and reenactments, the film compares the similarities in the lives of D'Souza and President Barack Obama. D'Souza suggested that early influences on Obama were affecting the decisions he made as president. The film's tagline is "Love him or hate him, you don't know him." The film has been criticized on the grounds that what D'Souza claims to be an investigation of Obama includes considerable projection and speculation and selective borrowing from Obama's autobiography to prove his own psychobiography. The Obama administration described the film as "an insidious attempt to dishonestly smear the president".

After a limited release on July 13, 2012, the release was expanded to over 1,000 theaters in late August 2012 and reached more than 2,000 theaters before the end of September 2012. To date, the film had grossed more than $33.4 million, making it the 5th highest-grossing documentary in the United States during the last four decades and its 2nd highest-grossing political documentary.

America: Imagine the World Without Her

Main article: America: Imagine the World Without Her

In March 2013, D'Souza announced work on a documentary film titled America: Imagine the World Without Her for release in 2014. America was marketed to political conservatives and through Christian marketing firms. In America, D'Souza seeks to portray United States history in a more positive light in contrast to perceived liberal critiques of its history, including the theft of Native American and Mexican lands, black slavery, contemporary foreign policy, and its capitalist system. The Washington Times states that D'Souza is saying that Americans no longer have past heroes like Washington, Lincoln, and Reagan, but "we do have us” in “our struggle for the restoration of America.”

Lions Gate Entertainment released America in three theaters on June 27, 2014 and expanded its distribution on the weekend of the U.S. holiday Independence Day on July 4, 2014. CinemaScore reported that the opening-weekend audiences gave the film an "A+" grade. The film grossed $14.4 million, which made it the highest-grossing documentary in the United States in 2014.

The film review website Metacritic surveyed 11 movie critics and assessed 10 reviews as negative and 1 as mixed, with none being positive. It gave an aggregate score of 15 out of 100, which indicates "overwhelming dislike". The similar website Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 24 critics and, categorizing the reviews as positive or negative, assessed 22 as negative and 2 as positive. Of the 24 reviews, it determined an average rating of 2.9 out of 10. The website gave the film an overall score of 8% and said of the consensus, "Passionate but poorly constructed, America preaches to the choir." The Hollywood Reporter's Paul Bond said the film performed well in its limited theatrical release, "overcoming several negative reviews in the mainstream media". USA Today's Bryan Alexander said, "America was savaged by mainstream critics... It received an 8% critical score on RottenTomatoes.com... But the film received an 88% positive audience score on the same website." Bond reported, "Conservatives... seem thrilled with the movie."

John Fund of National Review said the documentary was a response to U.S. progressive critique of the country, "D'Souza's film and his accompanying book are a no-holds-barred assault on the contemporary doctrine of political correctness." Fund said D'Souza's message was "deeply pessimistic" but concluded, "Most people will leave the theater with a more optimistic conclusion: Much of the criticism of America taught in the nation’s schools is easily refuted, America is worth saving, and we have the tools to do so in our DNA, just waiting to be harnessed." National Review's Jay Nordlinger said, "Dinesh is the anti-Moore: taking to the big screen to press conservative points... The shame narrators (let’s call them) focus on maybe 20 percent of the American story. Dinesh simply puts the other 80 percent back in." In a second article, Jay Nordlinger said, "The second movie confirms for me that one of Dinesh’s great advantages is that he is absolutely clear-eyed about the Third World. While liberal Americans romanticize it, he has lived it."

Book version of the film

D'Souza wrote the book America: Imagine the World Without Her, on which the film is based. When the warehouse club Costco pulled the book from its shelves shortly before the film's release, conservative media and fans on social media criticized the move. Costco said it pulled the book due to low sales. D'Souza disputed the explanation, saying the book had only been out a few weeks and had surged to #1 on Amazon.com, while Costco stocked hundreds of much lower-selling books. He and other conservatives asserted it was pulled because one of Costco's co-founders, James Sinegal, supported Obama's politics. Costco reordered the book and cited the documentary's release and related interest for the reorder.

Criticisms of Hillary Clinton

D'Souza's film America features scenes depicting a 14-year-old Hillary Clinton meeting Saul Alinsky.

On July 7, 2015, D'Souza circulated a photoshopped image of Clinton, purporting that it showed her with a Confederate flag in the background. The original image had no such flag.

On July 25, 2016, D'Souza released the movie Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party. The film criticizes the Democratic Party and Hillary Clinton, who was the then presumptive Democratic nominee for President of the United States.

Election campaign finance conviction

In January 2014, D'Souza was indicted by federal prosecutors on felony charges of campaign finance fraud in violation of campaign finance laws. He was arraigned in a Manhattan federal court on January 24. The two charges were for making $20,000 in illegal campaign contributions to the New York Senate campaign of Wendy Long and causing false statements to be made to the Federal Election Commission.

In May 2014, D'Souza pleaded guilty to one felony count of making illegal contributions in the names of others. D'Souza told Judge Berman, "I knew that causing a campaign contribution to be made in the name of another was wrong and something the law forbids. I deeply regret my conduct." In September 2014, the court sentenced D'Souza to five years probation, eight months in a halfway house (referred to as a "community confinement center") and a $30,000 fine. He is also required to perform a day (eight hours) of community service each week during his probation and must undergo therapy on a weekly basis.

His co-producers alleged without evidence that the indictment was politically motivated retribution for the success of his 2012 movie 2016: Obama's America. In May, United States District Judge Richard M. Berman rejected that contention, stating, "The court concludes the defendant has respectfully submitted no evidence he was selectively prosecuted." D'Souza's guilty plea upon which he was convicted was cited as enough evidence of the appropriateness of conviction. Judge Berman also made explicit reference in his sentencing remarks to claims of persecution that D'Souza made publicly outside of court proceedings. The New York Times reported that "While the judge said that Mr. D’Souza had an “absolute right” to express his opinions, he described his claims of political persecution as “nonsense,” and scolded the defendant, saying that he continued to “deflect and minimize” the seriousness of his crime".

Personal life

In 1992, D'Souza married Dixie Brubaker, whom he first met when he worked in Washington, D.C. They have one daughter, born in 1995. The couple lived together in California until D'Souza moved to New York as president of King's College. Following their divorce, he maintained a residence near San Diego, where his wife and daughter remained.

On March 19, 2016, D'Souza married a second time to Deborah Fancher, a conservative political activist and mother of two. The wedding was held near San Diego, CA with Pastor Rafael Cruz, father of Texas senator Ted Cruz, officiating. Fancher, 50, immigrated from Venezuela at age 10.

Marriage Scandal

While serving as president of King's College he became embroiled in a marriage scandal where he had an alleged affair and became engaged to a young woman while still married. In an October 16, 2012, article in World Magazine, author Warren Cole Smith reported on D'Souza's activities after a September 28 talk that year in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Smith said that D'Souza, who was married at the time, checked into a hotel with another woman and left with her the following day. He confirmed that he had been engaged to Denise Odie Joseph – herself married to Louis Joseph. After an investigation of his affair by officials of at King's College, D'Souza stated that he had suspended his engagement to Joseph. Smith noted that D'Souza filed for divorce on the date of Smith's inquiry after the marriage scandal broke.

D'Souza had disturbed some Christians by showing up at a conference with a "fiance", despite also being married at the time. The trustees of the King's College announced after meeting on October 17, 2012, that D'Souza had resigned his position as president of the university in order "to attend to his personal and family needs". He and his wife subsequently finalized their divorce in 2013.

Works

Books

Books authored by D'Souza include:

• 1984: Falwell, Before the Millennium: A Critical Biography, Regnery Publishing (ISBN 0895266075)
• 1986: The Catholic Classics (ISBN 0879735457)
• 1987: My Dear Alex: Letters From The KGB (with Gregory Fossedal), Regnery Publishing (ISBN 0895265761)
• 1991: Illiberal Education (ISBN 0684863847)
• 1995: The End of Racism (ISBN 0684825244)
• 1997: Ronald Reagan: How An Ordinary Man Became an Extraordinary Leader (ISBN 0684848236)
• 2000: The Virtue of Prosperity (ISBN 0684868156)
• 2002: What's So Great About America, Regnery Publishing (ISBN 0895261537)
• 2002: Letters to a Young Conservative (ISBN 0465017347)
• 2007: The Enemy At Home: The Cultural Left and Its Responsibility for 9/11 (ISBN 0385510128)
• 2007: What's So Great About Christianity, Regnery Publishing (ISBN 1596985178)
• 2009: Life After Death: The Evidence (ISBN 978-1596980990)
• 2010: The Roots of Obama's Rage, Regnery Publishing (ISBN 978-1596986251)
• 2012: Godforsaken: Bad things happen. Is there a God who cares? YES. Here's proof, Tyndale House (ISBN 978-1414324852)
• 2012: Obama's America: Unmaking the American Dream, Regnery Publishing (ISBN 1596987782)
• 2014: America: Imagine a World without Her, Regnery Publishing (ISBN 978-1621572039)
• 2015: What's So Great About America, Regnery Publishing (ISBN 1621574024)
• 2015: Stealing America: What My Experience with Criminal Gangs Taught Me about Obama, Hillary, and the Democratic Party, Broadside Books (ISBN 978-0062366719)
• 2008: Foreword to Conspiracies and the Cross by Timothy Paul Jones, Frontline Books (ISBN 1599792052)

Film

• 2004: Michael Moore Hates America, co-star.
• 2012: 2016: Obama's America, executive producer, co-director, co-writer, and star.
• 2014: America: Imagine the World Without Her, executive producer, director, co-writer, and star.
• 2016: Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party

External links

• Official website
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Dinesh D'Souza at IMDb
• Template:Goodreads author