Multan: Difference between revisions

Multan

**مُلتان**
Multan مُلتان
Metropolis
	Clockwise from the top: Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, the Shrine of Baha-ud-din Zakariya, the Shahi Eid Gah Mosque, and Multan's Ghanta Ghar
	Multan Location in Pakistan Multan Multan (Pakistan)
	Coordinates: 30°11′52″N 71°28′11″E / 30.19778°N 71.46972°E
Country	Pakistan
Region	Punjab
District	Multan District
Autonomous towns	6
Union councils	4
Area
• Metropolis	133 km2 (51 sq mi)
Elevation	122 m (400 ft)
Population (2015)
• Metropolis	3,117,000
• Urban	2,050,000
Languages
Time zone	UTC+5 (PST)
Area code	061
Website	www.multan.gov.pk

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Multan (Punjabi and Urdu: مُلتان) (pronunciation^ⓘ), is a Pakistani city located in Punjab province. Multan is Pakistan's 5th most populous city,^[4] and is the premier-centre for southern Punjab province. Multan is located on the banks of the Chenab River, and is at the heart of Pakistan's Seraiki-speaking regions.

Multan's history stretches back into antiquity. The ancient city was site of the renowned Multan Sun Temple, and was besieged by Alexander the Great during the Mallian Campaign.^[5] Multan was one of the most important trading centres of medieval Islamic India, and attracted a multitude of Sufi mystics in the 11th and 12th centuries, earning the city the nickname City of Saints. The city, along with the nearby city of Uch, is renowned for its large collection of Sufi shrines dating from that era.

Etymology

The origin of Multan's name is unclear. It has been postulated that Multan derives its name from the Sanskrit word for the pre-Islamic Hindu Multan Sun Temple, called Mulasthana.^[6]^[7]^[7] Hukm Chand in the 19th century suggested that the city was named after an ancient Hindu tribe that was named Mul.^[8]

History

Ancient

The Multan region has been continuously inhabited for at least 5,000 years. The region is home to numerous archaeological sites dating to the era of the Early Harappan period of the Indus Valley Civilisation,^[9] dating from 3300 BCE until 2800 BCE.

According to Hindu mythology, Multan was founded by the Hindu sage Kashyapa.^[10] According to the Persian historian Firishta, the city was founded by a great grandson of Noah.^[8]

Hindu mythology also asserts Multan as the capital of the Trigarta Kingdom ruled by the Katoch dynasty at the time of the Kurukshetra War that is central the Hindu epic poem, the Mahabharata. Ancient Multan was the centre of a solar-worshipping cult that was based at the ancient Multan Sun Temple.^[11] While the cult was dedicated to the Hindu Sun God Surya, the cult was influenced by Persian Zoroastrianism.^[11] The Sun Temple was mentioned by Greek Admiral Skylax, who passed through the area in 515 BCE. The temple is also mentioned in the 400s BCE by the Greek historian, Herodotus.^[12]

Multan is believed to have been the Malli capital that was conquered by Alexander the Great in 326 BCE as part of the Mallian Campaign. During the siege of the city's citadel, Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel,^[13] where he killed the Mallians' leader.^[14] Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured.^[15] During Alexander's era, Multan was located on an island in the Ravi river, which has since shifted course numerous times throughout the centuries.^[10]

In the mid-5th century CE, the city was attacked by a group of Hephthalite nomads led by Toramana. By the mid 600s CE, Multan had been conquered by the Chach of Alor,^[16] of the Hindu Rai dynasty.

Early Islamic

After his conquest of Sindh, Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 CE captured Multan from the local ruler Chach of Alor following a two-month siege.^[17] Following bin Qasim's conquest, the city's subjects remained mostly non-Muslim for the next few centuries.^[18]

By the mid-800s, the Banu Munabbih (also known as the Banu Sama), who claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad's Quraysh tribe came to rule Multan, and established the Amirate of Banu Munabbih, which ruled for the next century.^[19]

During this era, the Multan Sun Temple was noted by the 10th century Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi to have been located in a most populous part of the city.^[11] The Hindu temple was noted to have accrued the Muslim rulers large tax revenues,^[20]^[21] by some accounts up to 30% of the state's revenues.^[18] During this time, the city's Arabic nickname was Faraj Bayt al-Dhahab, ("Frontier House of Gold"), reflecting the importance of the temple to the city's economy.^[18]

The 10th century Arab historian Al-Masudi noted Multan as the city where Central Asian caravans from Islamic Khorasan would assemble.^[22] The 10th century Persian geographer Estakhri noted that the city of Multan was approximately half the size of Sindh's Mansura, which along with Multan were the only two Arab principalities in South Asia. Arabic and Sindhi were spoken in both cities,^[23] though the inhabitants of Multan were reported by Estakhri to also have been speakers of Persian,^[22] reflecting the importance of trade with Khorasan. Polyglossia rendered Multani merchants culturally well-suited for trade with the Islamic world.^[22] The 10th century Hudud al-'Alam notes that Multan's rulers were also in control of Lahore,^[22] though the city was then lost to the Hindu Shahi Empire.^[22] During the 10th century, Multan's rulers resided at a camp outside of the city named Jandrawar, and would enter Multan once a week on the back of an elephant for Friday prayers.^[24]

By the mid 10th century, Multan had come under the influence of the Qarmatian Ismailis. The Qarmatians had been expelled from Egypt and Iraq following their defeat at the hands of the Abbasids there. Qarmatians zealots had famously sacked Mecca,^[25] and outraged the Muslim world with their theft and ransom of the Kaaba's Black Stone, and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.^[26] They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih,^[27] and established the Amirate of Multan, while pledging allegiance to the Ismaili Fatimid Dynasty based in Cairo.^[22]^[21]

The Qarmatian Ismailis opposed Hindu pilgrims worshipping the sun,^[28] and destroyed the Sun Temple and smashed its revered Aditya idol in the late 10th century.^[27] The Qarmatians built an Ismaili congregational mosque atop to the ruins to replace the city's Sunni congregational mosque that had been established by the city's early rulers.^[18]

Medieval

Mahmud of Ghazni in 1005 led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian ruler Abdul Fateh Daud. The city was surrendered, and Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to Sunnism.^[29] In 1007, Mahmud led an expedition to Multan against his former minister and Hindu convert, Niwasa Khan, who had renounced Islam and attempted to establish control of the region in collusion with Abdul Fateh Daud of Multan.^[29] In 1010, Mahmud led a punitive expedition against Daud to depose and imprison him,^[29]^[11] and suppressed Ismailism in favour of the Sunni creed.^[30] He destroyed the Ismaili congregational mosque that had been built atop the ruins of the Multan Sun Temple, and restored the city's old Sunni congregational mosque.^[18]

The 11th century scholar Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi reported that thousands of Ismailis were killed or mutilated during Mahmud's invasion, though the community was not extinguished.^[11] Mahmud's rule over the region was noted by Al-Biruni to have ruined the region's former prosperity.^[22] Following the Ghaznavid invasion of Multan, the local Ismaili community split, with one faction aligning themselves with the Druze religion,^[11] which today survives in Lebanon, Syria, and the Golan Heights. Following Mahmud's death, the city regained its independence from the Ghaznavid empire and came under the sway of Ismaili rule once again.^[29]

By the early 1100s, Multan was described by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi as being a "large city" commanded by a citadel that was surrounded by a moat.^[8] In the early 12th century, Multani poet Abdul Rahman penned the Sandesh Rasak,^[18] the only known Muslim work in the medieval Apabhraṃśa language.^[31]

In 1175, Muhammad Ghori conquered Qarmatian-ruled Multan,^[32]^[33] after having invaded the region via the Gomal Pass from Afghanistan into Punjab, and used the city as a springboard for his unsuccessful campaign into Gujarat in 1178.^[29] Multan was then annexed to the Ghurid Sultanate, and became an administrative province of the Delhi's Mamluk Dynasty^[19] — the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Multan's Ismaili community rose up in an unsuccessful rebellion against the Ghurids later in 1175.^[11] According to Shah Gardez, the second invasion of Multan lead to the extinguishment of the remnants of Ismailism in the region.^[11]

Following the death of the Mumluk Sultan, Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1210, Multan came under the rule of Nasiruddin Qabacha, who in 1222, successfully repulsed an attempted invasion by Sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian Empire,^[19] whose origins were rooted in Konye-Urgench in modern-day Turkmenistan.^[19] Qabacha also repulsed a 40-day siege imposed on the city by Mongol forces who attempted to conquer the city.^[34] Following Qabacha's death that same year, the Turkic king Iltutmish captured and then annexed Multan in an expedition.^[29]^[19] The Punjabi poet Baba Farid was born in the village of Khatwal near Multan in the 1200s.^[32]

Mongols again attempted to invade Multan in 1241 after capturing Lahore, but were repulsed.^[29] Mongols again attempted another invasion in 1279, but were dealt a decisive defeat.^[32]

In the 1320s Multan was conquered by Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, founder of the Turkic Tughluq dynasty, the third dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. The countryside around Multan was recorded to have been devastated by excessively high taxes imposed during the reign of Ghiyath's son, Muhammad Tughluq.^[22] In 1328, the Governor of Multan, Kishlu Khan, rose in rebellion against Muhammad Tughluq, but was quickly defeated.^[35] The renowned Arab explorer Ibn Battuta visited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the Russian Steppe.^[22] Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son, Firuz Shah Tughlaq.^[22]

In 1398, Multan was captured by Tamerlane's grandson Pir Muhammad.^[32] Also in 1398, the elder Tamerlane and Multan's Governor Khizr Khan together sacked Delhi.^[32] The sack of Delhi lead to major disruptions of the Sultanate's central governing structure.^[32] In 1414, Multan's Khizr Khan captured Delhi from Daulat Khan Lodi, and established the short-lived Sayyid dynasty — the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.^[32]

Multan then passed to the Langah, who established the Langah Sultanate in Multan under the rule of Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Mahmud Shah.^[19] The reign of Shah Husayn, grandson of Mahmud Shah, who ruled from 1469-1498 is considered to most illustrious of the Langah Sultans.^[19] Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers arrived in the city at the invitation of Shah Husayn.^[19] The Sultanate's borders stretched encompassed the neighbouring regions surrounding the cities of Chiniot and Shorkot.^[19] Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi Sultans led by Tatar Khan and Barbak Shah.^[19] Multan's Langah Sultanate came to an end in 1525 when the city was invaded by rulers of the Arghun dynasty,^[19] who were either ethnic Mongols,^[36] or of Turkic or Turco-Mongol extraction.^[37]

In 1541, the Pashtun king Sher Shah Suri captured Multan, and successfully defended the city from the advances of the Mughal Emperor Humayun.^[38] In 1543, Sher Shah Suri expelled Baloch rebels, who under the command of Fath Khan Jat had overrun the city.^[38] Following its recapture, Sher Shah Suri ordered construction of a road between Lahore and Multan in order to connect Multan to his massive Grand Trunk Road project.^[38] Multan then served as the starting point for trade caravans from medieval India departing towards West Asia.^[38]

Medieval trade

Multan served as medieval Islamic India's trans-regional mercantile centre for trade with the Islamic world.^[40] It rose as an important trading and mercantile centre in the setting of political stability offered by the Delhi Sultanate, the Lodis, and Mughals.^[40] The renowned Arab explorer Ibn Battuta visited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the Russian Steppe.^[22] Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son, Firuz Shah Tughlaq.^[22]

The extent of Multan's influence is also reflected in the construction of the Multani caravanserai in Baku, Azerbaijan — which was built in the 15th to house Multani merchants visiting the city.^[39] Legal records from the Uzbek city of Bukhara note that Multani merchants settled and owned land in the city in the late 1550s.^[40]

Multan would remain an important trading centre until the city was ravaged by repeated invasions in the 18th and 19th centuries in the post-Mughal era.^[40] Many of Multan's merchants then migrated to Shikarpur in Sindh,^[40] and were found throughout Central Asia up until the 19th century.^[40]

Mughal period

Multan's Shahi Eid Gah Mosque dates from 1735 and is decorated with elaborate and intricate Mughal-era frescoes.

Following the conquest of Upper Sindh by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, Multan was attacked and captured by Akbar's army under the command of Bairam Khan in 1557.^[41] In 1627, Multan was encircled by walls that were built on the order of Murad Baksh, son of Shah Jahan.^[8] Upon his return from an expedition to Balkh in 1648, the future emperor Aurangzeb was appointed Governor of Multan and Sindh — a post he held until 1652.^[32] In the second half of the 17th century, Multan's commercial fortunes were adversely affected by silting and shifting of the nearby river, which denied traders vital trade access to the Arabian Sea.^[42] Multan witnessed difficult times as the Mughal Empire waned in power following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707.

Under Mughal rule, Multan enjoyed 200 years of peace in a time when the city became known as Dar al-Aman ("Abode of Peace"). During the Mughal era, Multan was an important centre of agricultural production and manufacturing of cotton textiles.^[42] Multan was a centre for currency minting during the Mughal era.^[42] Multan was also host to the offices of many commercial enterprises during the Mughal era,^[42] even in times when the Mughals were in control of the even more coveted city of Kandahar, given the unstable political situation resulting from frequent contestation of Kandadar with the Persian Safavid Empire.^[42]

Post-Mughal

Nader Shah conquered the region as part of his invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Despite invasion, Multan remained northwest India's premier commercial centre throughout most of the 18th century.^[42]

In 1752 Ahmad Shah Durrani captured Multan,^[43] and the city's walls were rebuilt in 1756 by Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani,^[8] who also built the Ali Muhammad Khan Mosque in 1757. In 1758, the Marathas under Raghunathrao briefly seized Multan,^[44]^[45] though the city was recaptured by Durrani in 1760. After repeated invasions following the collapse of the Mughal Empire, Multan was reduced from being one of the world's most important early-modern commercial centres, to a regional trading town.^[42]

Sikh era

In 1772, Ahmed Shah Durrani's son Timur Shah lost Multan to Sikh forces.^[32] However, Multan's association with Sikhism predates this, as the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak, is said to have visited the city during one of his journeys.^[46]

The city had reverted to Muslim rule under the suzerainty of Nawab Muzaffar Khan in 1778.^[47] In 1817, Ranjit Singh sent a body of troops to Multan under the command of Diwan Bhiwani Das to receive from Nawab Muzaffar Khan the tribute he owed to the Sikh Darbar. In 1818, the armies of Kharak Singh and Misr Diwan Chand lay around Multan without making much initial headway, until Ranjit Singh dispatched the massive Zamzama cannon, which quickly led to disintegration of the Multan's defences.^[48] Misr Diwan Chand led Sikh armies to a decisive victory over Muzaffar Khan. Muzzafar Khan and seven of his sons were killed before the Multan fort finally fell on 2 March 1818 in the Battle of Multan.^[49]^[50] Following the Sikh conquest, Multan declined in importance as a trading post.^[42]

The 1848 Multan Revolt and subsequent Siege of Multan began on 19 April 1848 when local Sikhs murdered two emissaries of the British Raj.^[51] The two British visitors were in Multan to attend a ceremony for Sardar Kahan Singh, who had been selected by the British East India Company to replace the son of Diwan Mulraj Chopra as ruler of Multan.^[52] Rebellion engulfed the Multan region under the leadership of Mulraj Chopra and Sher Singh Attariwalla.^[51] The Multan Revolt triggered the start of the Second Anglo-Sikh War,^[52] which eventually resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire in 1849.^[53]

British Raj

File:MGM multan.jpg

The Multan Garrison Club was built in a 19th-century British-colonial style.

By December 1848, the British had captured portions of Multan city's outskirts. In January 1849, the British had amassed a force of 12,000 to conquer Multan.^[51] On 22 January 1849, the British had breached the walls of the Multan Fort, leading to the surrender of Mulraj and his forces to the British.^[51] The British conquest of the Sikh Empire was completed in February 1849, after the British victory at the Battle of Gujrat.

Between the 1890s and 1920s, the British laid a vast network of canals in the Multan region, and throughout much of central and southern Punjab province.^[54] Thousands of "Canal Towns" and villages were built according to standardized plans throughout the newly irrigated swathes of land.^[54]

Post-independence

The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Pakistan Movement. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while the Muslim refugees from India settled in Multan. It initially lacked industry, hospitals and universities. Since then, there has been some industrial growth, and the city's population is continually growing.

Geography

The city of Multan is located in Punjab, and covers an area of 133 square kilometres (51 sq mi). The nearest major cities are Dera Ghazi Khan and Bahawalpur. The area around the city is a flat, alluvial plain and is ideal for agriculture, with many citrus and mango farms.

Multan is located in a bend created by five rivers of central Pakistan. The Sutlej River separates it from Bahawalpur and the Chenab River from Muzaffar Garh. There are many canals that cut across the Multan District, providing water from nearby farms. This makes the land very fertile. However land close to the Chenab River is usually flooded in the monsoon season.

Climate

Multan features an arid climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with very hot summers and mild winters. The average annual precipitations 186 millimetres (7.3 in).

Multan is known for having some of the hottest weather in the Pakistan. The highest recorded temperature is approximately 52 °C (126 °F), and the lowest recorded temperature is approximately −1 °C (30 °F).^[55]^[56]

Climate data for Multan
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	28.3 (82.9)	32.0 (89.6)	39.0 (102.2)	45.0 (113.0)	48.9 (120.0)	52.0 (125.6)	52.2 (126.0)	45.0 (113.0)	42.5 (108.5)	40.6 (105.1)	36.0 (96.8)	29.0 (84.2)	52.2 (126.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	21.0 (69.8)	23.2 (73.8)	28.5 (83.3)	35.5 (95.9)	40.4 (104.7)	42.3 (108.1)	39.2 (102.6)	38.0 (100.4)	37.2 (99.0)	34.6 (94.3)	28.5 (83.3)	22.7 (72.9)	32.6 (90.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	12.7 (54.9)	15.4 (59.7)	21.0 (69.8)	27.5 (81.5)	32.4 (90.3)	35.5 (95.9)	33.9 (93.0)	33.0 (91.4)	31.0 (87.8)	26.4 (79.5)	19.7 (67.5)	14.1 (57.4)	25.2 (77.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	4.5 (40.1)	7.6 (45.7)	13.5 (56.3)	19.5 (67.1)	24.4 (75.9)	28.6 (83.5)	28.7 (83.7)	28.0 (82.4)	24.9 (76.8)	18.2 (64.8)	10.9 (51.6)	5.5 (41.9)	17.9 (64.1)
Record low °C (°F)	−3.9 (25.0)	−2.0 (28.4)	3.3 (37.9)	9.4 (48.9)	13.5 (56.3)	20.0 (68.0)	21.1 (70.0)	21.1 (70.0)	16.7 (62.1)	8.9 (48.0)	0.6 (33.1)	−1.1 (30.0)	−3.9 (25.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	7.2 (0.28)	9.5 (0.37)	19.5 (0.77)	12.9 (0.51)	9.8 (0.39)	12.3 (0.48)	61.3 (2.41)	32.6 (1.28)	10.8 (0.43)	1.7 (0.07)	2.3 (0.09)	6.9 (0.27)	186.8 (7.35)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	222.3	211.6	250.8	273.3	293.5	266.8	265.0	277.6	277.6	274.9	255.0	229.2	3,097.6
Source: NOAA (1961–1990)^[57]

Multan's climate is primarily influenced by:

Western Disturbances which generally occurs during the winter months between December and February. The Western Disturbance provokes moderate rainfall, with hailstorms also sometimes occurring.
Fog also occurs during the winter season, and can remain for days to weeks. Fog is often so heavy that it forces closure of the Multan International Airport.
Dust storm occur during summer months between May and September, with most occurring in May and June. Multan's dust storm sometimes produce violent wind.
Heat waves occur during the hottest months of May and June, and can result in temperatures approaching 50° Celsius (122° Fahrenheit)
South West Monsoon occurs following the hottest months of the year, and lasts between June and September. Monsoon rains moderate temperatures, and can sometimes produce heavy rain storms.
Continental air prevails during the remaining months generally yields clear weather with little to no precipitation.

Demographics

Multan city had a population of 1,197,384 in the 1998 census.^[58]

Language

The linguistic breakdown of the Multan City Tehsil as per the 1998 Census is as follows:

Rank	Language	1998 census^[59]	Speakers
1	Saraiki	42.16%	632,602
2	Punjabi	32.34%	485,232
3	Urdu	23.5%	353,354
4	Others	2%	29,429
	All City	100%	1,500,617

Civic Administration

Administrators who are government servants have the powers of Nazims (Mayor). Multan district is spread over an area of 3,721 square kilometres, comprising four tehsils: Multan City, Multan Saddar, Shujabad and Jalalpur Pirwala. In 2005 Multan was reorganised as a City District composed of six autonomous towns:

Transportation

Motorways

Multan is situated along the under-construction 6-lane Karachi–Lahore Motorway connecting southern and northern Pakistan that is being built as part of the $54 billion China Pakistan Economic Corridor. The 6-lane, 392 kilometre long M-5 section of the motorway is being built between Sukkur and Multan at a cost $2.89 billion.^[60] The M-5 has been under construction since May 2016.^[61]

Multan will also be connected to the city of Faisalabad via the M-4 motorway,^[62]^[63] which in turn will connect to the M-1 and M-2 motorways that will provide access to Islamabad and Peshawar. Further links with the Karakoram Highway will provide access to Xinjiang, China, and Central Asia.

Construction of the M3 motorway also under construction at a cost of approximately $1.5 billion,^[64] and was launched in November 2015^[65] The motorway will branch off of the M-4 motorway and will connect Lahore to the M-4 at Abdul Hakeem.

Rail

Multan is connected by rail with all parts of the country and lies on the main track between Karachi, Peshawar, Lahore and Quetta. The Main Line-1 Railway that links Karachi and Peshaway passes through Multan district is being overhauled as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor. As part of the part of the project, railways will be upgraded to permit train travel at speeds of up to 60 kilometres per hour, versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track,^[66] The project is divided into three phases, with the Peshawar to Multan portion to be completed as part of the project's first phase by 2018,^[67] and the entire project is expected to be complete by 2021.^[67]

From Multan, secondary links Khanewal, Lodhran and Muzafargarh are offered by rail.^[68] Multan Cantonment railway station is the main railway station of Multan.

Bus rapid transit

The Multan Metrobus is a bus rapid transit line which commenced service in January 2017,^[69] at a cost of 28.8 billion rupees.^[70] The BRT route serves 21 stations over the course of 18.5 kilometres, of which 12.5 kilometres are elevated.^[71] 14 stations are elevated, while the remainder are at street level. The BRT route begins at Bahauddin Zakariya University in northern Multan, and heads southward to pass by the eastern edge of Multan's old city at the Daulat Gate before turning east to finally terminate at the Kumharanwala Chowk in eastern Multan.

The route will initially serviced by 35 buses, serving up to 95,000 passengers per day.^[71] The Multan Metrobus is planned to ultimately have total of 4 BRT lines covering 68.82 kilometres,^[72] which will be complemented by feeder lines.^[72]

Air

Multan International Airport is located 10 km west of Multan's city centre, in the Multan Cantonment. The airport offers flights throughout Pakistan, as well as to the Persian Gulf States.

In March 2015, a new terminal building was formally inaugurated by Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.^[73] Following the opening of the new terminal, passenger traffic soared from 384,571 in 2014-2015, to 904,865 in 2015-2016.^[74]

Education

Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture Multan... The MNS-UAM plays an important role specially in Agriculture Sector of Southern Punjab...

In 1950, then-Governor Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar founded Nishtar Medical College ^{[citation needed]}. Doctor graduates of this institution have spread across the world, and many have become established names in the field of medicine. ^[who?] The new Nishtar Institute of Dentistry provides dental and surgical services to Multan and the adjoining cities. The pioneer Punjab Government-chartered Institute of Southern Punjab Multan is the 2nd largest institute in Multan and third largest in South Punjab. It was the first Education Institute in Punjab, and is the only private institute recognised by HEC in Multan. ^{[citation needed]}

Multan Public School & College is a public institution in Multan City for providing quality education to the students of Multan as well as the other southern backward areas of Multan. Multan Public School, known as a Divisional Public School, provides boarding facilities for the students of far-flung areas. Multan Public School has a fleet of Hino Buses for pick and drop of the students.

Air University Multan is a leading Public sector University providing state of the art Higher Education at affordable fee. Air University Multan Campus AUMC has established new standards of Excellence in Academia in southern Punjab with diverse culture of Research & Development in Science & Technology.

Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology (PIET) is the new engineering college in Multan. It offers BSc Electrical, Civil and Mechanical engineering.

The NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology , established as the training center of the National Fertilizer Corporation (NFC) of Pakistan, is a degree awarding engineering and technology institute in Multan, serving mainly the areas of Southern Punjab province. ^[75]

Bahauddin Zakariya University (formerly known as Multan University) is the main source of higher education for this region. The Swedish Institute of Technology in Multan is a campus of the Swedish Group of Technical Institutes, the largest private-sector organisation providing technical education and vocational training in the Punjab.^[76] Now more universities from federal are also opening campuses in Multan, such as National University of Modern Languages (NUML).^[77] Multan Medical and Dental College (MMDC) is the only private medical institution in Southern Punjab. The Government High School Rid, Moza Rid, Chk 2 Faiz Multan is affiliated to BISE Multan and shows satisfactory results at secondary education level.

Heritage

Prahladpuri Temple

Prahladpuri Temple, Multan is located It is located on top of a raised platform inside the Fort of Multan, adjacent to tomb of Hazrat Baha’ul Haq Zakariya. The Prahladapuri temple like the Sun Temple of Multan had been destroyed after Muslim conquest of Multan, suffered several material losses and was reduced to a nondescript shrine by the 19th century. A mosque has subsequently built adjacent to temple.^[78]

The original temple of Prahladpuri is said to have been built by Prahlad, son of Hiranyakashipu, the king of Multan (Kashya-papura)^[79] in honor of Narsing Avatar, an incarnation of Hindu god Vishnu, who emerged from the pillar to save Prahlada.^[80]^[81]^[82]^[83]

Notable saints of Multan

Shah Yousaf Gardezi (d. 1136), tomb located inner Bohar Gate Multan
Mai Maharban (11/12th Century), tomb located near Chowk Fawara, children complex Multan
Bahauddin Zikarya (1170–1267), tomb located in Multan Fort
Shah Rukne Alam (1251–1335), tomb located in Multan Fort
Khawaja Awais Kagha (d. 1300)3, tomb located in Dera Basti graveyard Multan
Syed Musa Pak (d. 1592)
Hafiz Muhammad Jamal Multani (1747–1811)
Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari (1892–1961), buried in Jalal Bakri
Syed Noor ul Hassan Bukhari (1902-1983), buried in Jalal Bakri
Ahmad Saeed Kazmi (1913-1986), buried in Eid Gah,Multan

Mosques of Multan

The first mosque built in Multan was constructed with carved bricks. Eid Gah Mosque is the Grand mosque of Multan and contains the Tomb of Ahmad Saeed.

Sports

The Multan Cricket Stadium hosted many international cricket matches. Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium is the other stadium in Multan which is used for football. Multan is home to Multan Tigers, the domestic cricket which represents the city in domestic tournaments. Multan has produced many international cricketers like Inzamam-ul-Haq, Sohaib Maqsood, Rahat Ali, and Sania Khan.

Professional Multan team

Club	League	Sport	Venue	Established
Multan Tigers	Faysal Bank T20 Cup	Cricket	Multan Cricket Stadium	2004

Notable people from Multan

Inzamam, former captain of Pakistan Cricket Team

Sister cities

Multan has a friendship agreement with five cities of the world as of 2011^[update]:

Rome, Italy^[84]
Konya, Turkey^[85]
Rasht, Iran^[86]

References

^ http://pcgip.urbanunit.gov.pk/docs/ADPDocumnets/ConsolidatedMultan_ADP.pdf
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 April 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Area reference Archived 14 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Density reference Archived 26 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine statpak.gov.pk
^ http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20SIZE%20AND%20GROWTH%20OF%20MAJOR%20CITIES.pdf
^ Bury, John Bagnell (2015). A History of Greece. Cambridge University Press. p. 810. ISBN 9781108082204.
^ Multān City - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 18, p. 35.
^ ^a ^b Hindu History BY Akshoy K Majumdar Published by Rupa and CO PAGE 54
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Calcutta Review, Volumes 92-93. University of Calcutta,. 1891.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
^ Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1983). Multan: history and architecture. Institute of Islamic History, Culture & Civilization, Islamic University.
^ ^a ^b Ghose, Sanujit (2004). Legend of Ram: Antiquity to Janmabhumi Debate. Bibliophile South Asia. ISBN 9788185002330.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h MacLean, Derryl N. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. ISBN 9789004085510.
^ Islamic culture, Volume 43. Islamic culture Board. 1963. p. 14.
^ Dave, Wood. "In the footsteps of Alexander the Great". The City of Multan. BBC. Retrieved 14 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
^ Arrian (1893). Anabasis of Alexander. George Bell and Sons. OCLC 486120., p. 604
^ Dodge, Theodore (1890). Alexander. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 604.
^ Cunningham, Alexander (1871). The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108056458.
^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120804364.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125947. Cite error: The named reference "Flood" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Rafiq, A.Q.; Baloch, N.A. THE REGIONS OF SIND, BALUCHISTAN, MULTAN AND KASHMIR: THE HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SETTING (PDF). UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1.
^ Divine Prostitution By Nagendra Kr Singh. 1997. p. 44.
^ ^a ^b A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West ..., Volume 1 By H.A. Rose. 1997. p. 489.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Habib, Irfan (2011). Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131727911.
^ Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125947.
^ Cite error: The named reference Wink was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Mecca's History, from Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Glassé, Cyril. 2008. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press p. 369
^ ^a ^b Osimi, Muhammad. History of Civilizations of Central Asia (vol.4,part-1). Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1992. ISBN 9788120815957.
^ Strand, Elin; Marsh, Adrian; Paul Polansky (2006). Gypsies and the Problem of Identities: Contextual, Constructed and Contested. Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. ISBN 9789186884178.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1980). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Volume 1. Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9788120706170.
^ Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation (New York: Oxford University Press), p. 100.
^ Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature, Volume 47 of IAD oriental original series: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, Saiyada Asad Alī, Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i Delli, 2000, p. 12-13, 195
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131732021.
^ Andre Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol. 2, 244. – via Questia (subscription required)
^ Jain, Harish. The Making of Punjab. Unistar Books, 2003.
^ Suvorova, Anna (2004). Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries. Routledge. ISBN 9781134370054.
^ Davies, C. Collin. "Arghun." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume I. New ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960. ISBN 90-04-08114-3
^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-231-10714-5
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chandra, Chandra (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124110669.
^ ^a ^b Amity, Volumes 1-3. Indo-Soviet Cultural Society. 1963. p. 135. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Levi, Scott (2016). "Caravans: Punjabi Khatri Merchants on the Silk Road". Penguin UK. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
^ Beck, Sanderson. "Mughal Conquest of India 1526–56". INDIA & Southeast Asia to 1800. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Oonk, Gijsbert (2007). Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory. Amsterdam University Press. p. 294. ISBN 9789053560358.
^ "Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E". Retrieved 29 December 2014.
^ Roy, Kaushik. India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1. ISBN 978-81-7824-109-8.
^ Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1841). History of India. John Murray, Albermarle Street. p. 276.
^ Nikky-Guninder, Kaur Singh (2011). Sikhism: An Introduction. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857735492.
^ Anand, Anita (2015). Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781408835463.
^ Singh, Khushwant (2008). Ranjit Singh. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780143065432.
^ Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O – Tony Jaques – Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
^ Ranjit Singh: And the Sikh Barrier Between British Empire and Central Asia – William Wilson Hunter – Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Riddick, John F. (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313322808.
^ ^a ^b Bingham, Jane (2008). Sikhism. Black Rabbit Books. ISBN 9781599200590. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
^ Grewal, J.S. (1990). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 0 521 63764 3. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b Glover, William (2008). Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9781452913384.
^ Multan Developemt Authority Official website says 50 Deg Highest
^ Doaba Foundation web Link about Climate of Multan
^ "Multan Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
^ "Population Size and Growth of Major Cities" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
^ "1998 tehsils data at the Demobase".
^ "China's CSCEC to build $2.9bn motorway in Pakistan as part of planned 'corridor'". Global Construction Review. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ "PAK PM inaugurates Sukkur-Multan highway". Business Standard. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
^ Kiani, Khaleeq (16 December 2015). "Two Asian banks to give Rs 29bn for M-4 project". Dawn News. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
^ "M-4 TO REDUCE TRAVEL TIME, CONTRIBUTE TO TRADE CORRIDOR". Pakistan Observer. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Samar, Azeem (13 November 2015). "JCC of CPEC decides to enhance capacity of Thar power projects to 2,600MW". The News. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
^ Rana, Shahbaz (15 November 2015). "ECNEC clears motorway's Lahore-Multan section". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^ "Karachi-Peshawar railway line being upgraded under CPEC". Daily Times. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Pakistan to get Chinese funds for upgrading rail links, building pipeline". Hindustan Times. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016. The project is planned to be completed in two phases in five years by 2021. The first phase will be completed by December 2017 and the second by 2021.
^ Transport in Multan Lonely Planet Travel Information. Accessed 15 August 2009.
^ "Prime Minister inaugurates Multan Metrobus". Dawn News. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ "Metro bus service opened in Multan". Gulf News. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Multan Metro Bus in final phase". Pakistan Observer. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Tender Document DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION, OPERATIONS AND LONGTERM MAINTENANCE OF PROVEN GLOBALLY DEPLOYED AUTOMATED FARE COLLECTION & BUS SCHEDULING SYSTEM (AFC-BSS) FOR MULTAN METROBUS SYSTEM AND FEEDER ROUTES" (PDF). THE PUNJAB MASS TRANSIT AUTHORITY Government of the Punjab. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
^ http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/03/10/business/multan-airport-opens-to-the-world/ airport opens to the world
^ Statistical Information of CAA Pakistan CAA Pakistan, updated on 14 March 2016
^ "Home". nfciet.edu.pk. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
^ "Dresses For Girls".
^ "NUML Multan Campus - National University of Modern Languages". multan.numl.info. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
^ Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries By Anna Suvorova. p. 153.
^ Syad Muhammad Latif (1963). The early history of Multan. p. 3,54. Kasyapa, is believed, according to the Sanscrit texts, to have founded Kashyapa-pura (otherwise known as Multan
^ Gazetteer of the Multan District, 1923-24 Sir Edward Maclagan, Punjab (Pakistan). 1926. pp. 276–77.
^ Imperial rule in Punjab: the conquest and administration of Multan, 1818-1881 by J. Royal Roseberry. pp. 243, 263.
^ All the year round , Volume 51. Charles Dickens. 1883.
^ [1] Survey & Studies for Conservation of Historical Monuments of Multan. Department of Archeology & Museums, Ministry of Culture, Government of Pakistan
^ "The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News". The News International, Pakistan.
^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Mofa.gov.pk. 31 October 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
^ "Gilani visits land of his forefathers – Thaindian News". Thaindian.com. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2012.

External links

Template:Million-plus cities in Pakistan

[1] ttp://pcgip.urbanunit.gov.pk/docs/ADPDocumnets/ConsolidatedMultan_ADP.pdf

[2] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 April 2006. Retrieved 17 September 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[3] Area reference Archived 14 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Density reference Archived 26 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine statpak.gov.pk

[4] ttp://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20SIZE%20AND%20GROWTH%20OF%20MAJOR%20CITIES.pdf

[5] Bury, John Bagnell (2015). A History of Greece. Cambridge University Press. p. 810. ISBN 9781108082204.

[6] Multān City - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 18, p. 35.

[ReferenceA-7] Hindu History BY Akshoy K Majumdar Published by Rupa and CO PAGE 54

[Calcutta_Review,_Volumes_92-93-8] Calcutta Review, Volumes 92-93. University of Calcutta,. 1891.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

[9] Khan, Ahmad Nabi (1983). Multan: history and architecture. Institute of Islamic History, Culture & Civilization, Islamic University.

[Bibliophile_South_Asia-10] Ghose, Sanujit (2004). Legend of Ram: Antiquity to Janmabhumi Debate. Bibliophile South Asia. ISBN 9788185002330.

[MacLean-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h MacLean, Derryl N. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. ISBN 9789004085510.

[12] Islamic culture, Volume 43. Islamic culture Board. 1963. p. 14.

[13] Dave, Wood. "In the footsteps of Alexander the Great". The City of Multan. BBC. Retrieved 14 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

[14] Arrian (1893). Anabasis of Alexander. George Bell and Sons. OCLC 486120., p. 604

[15] Dodge, Theodore (1890). Alexander. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 604.

[16] Cunningham, Alexander (1871). The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108056458.

[17] Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120804364.

[Flood-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125947. Cite error: The named reference "Flood" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[UNESCO-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Rafiq, A.Q.; Baloch, N.A. THE REGIONS OF SIND, BALUCHISTAN, MULTAN AND KASHMIR: THE HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SETTING (PDF). UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1.

[d-20] Divine Prostitution By Nagendra Kr Singh. 1997. p. 44.

[c-21] A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West ..., Volume 1 By H.A. Rose. 1997. p. 489.

[Habib-22] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Habib, Irfan (2011). Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131727911.

[23] Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691125947.

[Wink-24] Cite error: The named reference Wink was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[25] Mecca's History, from Encyclopædia Britannica.

[26] Glassé, Cyril. 2008. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Walnut Creek CA: AltaMira Press p. 369

[Osimi-27] Osimi, Muhammad. History of Civilizations of Central Asia (vol.4,part-1). Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1992. ISBN 9788120815957.

[28] Strand, Elin; Marsh, Adrian; Paul Polansky (2006). Gypsies and the Problem of Identities: Contextual, Constructed and Contested. Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul. ISBN 9789186884178.

[Mehta-29] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1980). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, Volume 1. Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9788120706170.

[Virani,_Shafique_N_p._100-30] Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation (New York: Oxford University Press), p. 100.

[31] Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature, Volume 47 of IAD oriental original series: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, Saiyada Asad Alī, Idarah-i-Adabiyat-i Delli, 2000, p. 12-13, 195

[Ahmed-32] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131732021.

[33] Andre Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol. 2, 244. – via Questia (subscription required)

[34] Jain, Harish. The Making of Punjab. Unistar Books, 2003.

[Suvorova-35] Suvorova, Anna (2004). Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries. Routledge. ISBN 9781134370054.

[36] Davies, C. Collin. "Arghun." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume I. New ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960. ISBN 90-04-08114-3

[37] Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-231-10714-5

[Chandra-38] Chandra, Chandra (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 9788124110669.

[Amity-39] Amity, Volumes 1-3. Indo-Soviet Cultural Society. 1963. p. 135. Retrieved 12 April 2017.

[Levi-40] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Levi, Scott (2016). "Caravans: Punjabi Khatri Merchants on the Silk Road". Penguin UK. Retrieved 12 April 2017.

[41] Beck, Sanderson. "Mughal Conquest of India 1526–56". INDIA & Southeast Asia to 1800. Retrieved 11 June 2009.

[Oonk-42] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Oonk, Gijsbert (2007). Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory. Amsterdam University Press. p. 294. ISBN 9789053560358.

[43] "Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E". Retrieved 29 December 2014.

[K.RoyIHB-44] Roy, Kaushik. India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–1. ISBN 978-81-7824-109-8.

[45] Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1841). History of India. John Murray, Albermarle Street. p. 276.

[46] Nikky-Guninder, Kaur Singh (2011). Sikhism: An Introduction. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857735492.

[47] Anand, Anita (2015). Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781408835463.

[48] Singh, Khushwant (2008). Ranjit Singh. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780143065432.

[49] Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O – Tony Jaques – Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 11 August 2012.

[50] Ranjit Singh: And the Sikh Barrier Between British Empire and Central Asia – William Wilson Hunter – Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved 11 August 2012.

[Riddick-51] Riddick, John F. (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313322808.

[Bingham-52] Bingham, Jane (2008). Sikhism. Black Rabbit Books. ISBN 9781599200590. Retrieved 17 March 2017.

[53] Grewal, J.S. (1990). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 0 521 63764 3. Retrieved 16 March 2017.

[Lahore-54] Glover, William (2008). Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9781452913384.

[55] Multan Developemt Authority Official website says 50 Deg Highest

[56] Doaba Foundation web Link about Climate of Multan

[NOAA-57] "Multan Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 January 2013.

[PopCensus1998-58] "Population Size and Growth of Major Cities" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 31 August 2015.

[59] "1998 tehsils data at the Demobase".

[Global_Construction_Review-60] "China's CSCEC to build $2.9bn motorway in Pakistan as part of planned 'corridor'". Global Construction Review. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.

[business-standard.com-61] "PAK PM inaugurates Sukkur-Multan highway". Business Standard. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.

[Dawn_News-62] Kiani, Khaleeq (16 December 2015). "Two Asian banks to give Rs 29bn for M-4 project". Dawn News. Retrieved 16 December 2015.

[63] "M-4 TO REDUCE TRAVEL TIME, CONTRIBUTE TO TRADE CORRIDOR". Pakistan Observer. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[The_News-64] Samar, Azeem (13 November 2015). "JCC of CPEC decides to enhance capacity of Thar power projects to 2,600MW". The News. Retrieved 6 December 2015.

[65] Rana, Shahbaz (15 November 2015). "ECNEC clears motorway's Lahore-Multan section". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 11 December 2015.

[66] "Karachi-Peshawar railway line being upgraded under CPEC". Daily Times. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.

[hindustantimes.com-67] "Pakistan to get Chinese funds for upgrading rail links, building pipeline". Hindustan Times. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016. The project is planned to be completed in two phases in five years by 2021. The first phase will be completed by December 2017 and the second by 2021.

[68] Transport in Multan Lonely Planet Travel Information. Accessed 15 August 2009.

[69] "Prime Minister inaugurates Multan Metrobus". Dawn News. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

[70] "Metro bus service opened in Multan". Gulf News. 24 January 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

[Gulf-71] "Multan Metro Bus in final phase". Pakistan Observer. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

[Punjab-72] "Tender Document DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION, OPERATIONS AND LONGTERM MAINTENANCE OF PROVEN GLOBALLY DEPLOYED AUTOMATED FARE COLLECTION & BUS SCHEDULING SYSTEM (AFC-BSS) FOR MULTAN METROBUS SYSTEM AND FEEDER ROUTES" (PDF). THE PUNJAB MASS TRANSIT AUTHORITY Government of the Punjab. Retrieved 4 April 2017.

[73] ttp://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/03/10/business/multan-airport-opens-to-the-world/ airport opens to the world

[74] Statistical Information of CAA Pakistan CAA Pakistan, updated on 14 March 2016

[75] "Home". nfciet.edu.pk. Retrieved 23 April 2017.

[76] "Dresses For Girls".

[77] "NUML Multan Campus - National University of Modern Languages". multan.numl.info. Retrieved 3 May 2017.

[78] Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries By Anna Suvorova. p. 153.

[79] Syad Muhammad Latif (1963). The early history of Multan. p. 3,54. Kasyapa, is believed, according to the Sanscrit texts, to have founded Kashyapa-pura (otherwise known as Multan

[x-80] Gazetteer of the Multan District, 1923-24 Sir Edward Maclagan, Punjab (Pakistan). 1926. pp. 276–77.

[I-81] Imperial rule in Punjab: the conquest and administration of Multan, 1818-1881 by J. Royal Roseberry. pp. 243, 263.

[y-82] All the year round , Volume 51. Charles Dickens. 1883.

[a-83] [1] Survey & Studies for Conservation of Historical Monuments of Multan. Department of Archeology & Museums, Ministry of Culture, Government of Pakistan

[84] "The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News". The News International, Pakistan.

[85] "Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Mofa.gov.pk. 31 October 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2012.

[86] "Gilani visits land of his forefathers – Thaindian News". Thaindian.com. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2012.

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 | established_title      =
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-| government_footnotes   = <ref>http://203.215.180.58/portal/portal/media-type/html/group/320/page/default.psml/js_pane/P-103d7b410be-10000?nav=left</ref><ref>[http://203.215.180.58/portal/portal/media-type/html/group/320/page/default.psml/js_pane/P-103d7b410be-10000?nav=left Area reference], [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html Density reference] statpak.gov.pk</ref>
+| government_footnotes   = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://203.215.180.58/portal/portal/media-type/html/group/320/page/default.psml/js_pane/P-103d7b410be-10000?nav%3Dleft |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-09-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414034050/http://203.215.180.58/portal/portal/media-type/html/group/320/page/default.psml/js_pane/P-103d7b410be-10000?nav=left |archivedate=14 April 2006 |df= }}</ref><ref>[http://203.215.180.58/portal/portal/media-type/html/group/320/page/default.psml/js_pane/P-103d7b410be-10000?nav=left Area reference] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060414034050/http://203.215.180.58/portal/portal/media-type/html/group/320/page/default.psml/js_pane/P-103d7b410be-10000?nav=left |date=14 April 2006 }}, [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html Density reference] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926230905/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/index.html |date=26 September 2009 }} statpak.gov.pk</ref>
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 Multan is situated along the under-construction 6-lane [[Karachi–Lahore Motorway]] connecting southern and northern Pakistan that is being built as part of the $54 billion [[China Pakistan Economic Corridor]]. The 6-lane, 392 kilometre long [[M5 motorway (Pakistan)|M-5]] section of the motorway is being built between [[Sukkur]] and Multan at a cost $2.89&nbsp;billion.<ref name="Global Construction Review">{{cite news|title=China’s CSCEC to build $2.9bn motorway in Pakistan as part of planned ‘corridor’|url=http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/chinas-cscec-build-29bn-motorw7ay-pa7kis7tan-pa7rt/|accessdate=16 January 2016|publisher=Global Construction Review|date=8 January 2016}}</ref> The M-5 has been under construction since May 2016.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{cite news|title=PAK PM inaugurates Sukkur-Multan highway|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pak-pm-inaugurates-sukkur-multan-highway-116050600756_1.html|accessdate=8 May 2016|agency=Business Standard|date=6 May 2016}}</ref>
-Multan will also be connected to the city of [[Faisalabad]] via the [[M4 motorway (Pakistan)|M-4 motorway]],<ref name="Dawn News">{{cite news|last1=Kiani|first1=Khaleeq|title=Two Asian banks to give Rs 29bn for M-4 project|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226381/two-asian-banks-to-give-rs29bn-for-m-4-project|accessdate=16 December 2015|publisher=Dawn News|date=16 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=M-4 TO REDUCE TRAVEL TIME, CONTRIBUTE TO TRADE CORRIDOR|url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=258985|accessdate=16 January 2016|work=Pakistan Observer|date=7 January 2015}}</ref> which in turn will connect to the [[M1 motorway (Pakistan)|M-1]] and [[M2 motorway (Pakistan)|M-2]] motorways that will provide access to [[Islamabad]] and [[Peshawar]]. Further links with the [[Karakoram Highway]] will provide access to [[Xinjiang]], [[China]], and [[Central Asia]].
+Multan will also be connected to the city of [[Faisalabad]] via the [[M4 motorway (Pakistan)|M-4 motorway]],<ref name="Dawn News">{{cite news|last1=Kiani|first1=Khaleeq|title=Two Asian banks to give Rs 29bn for M-4 project|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226381/two-asian-banks-to-give-rs29bn-for-m-4-project|accessdate=16 December 2015|publisher=Dawn News|date=16 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=M-4 TO REDUCE TRAVEL TIME, CONTRIBUTE TO TRADE CORRIDOR |url=http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=258985 |accessdate=16 January 2016 |work=Pakistan Observer |date=7 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628003144/http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=258985 |archivedate=28 June 2015 |df= }}</ref> which in turn will connect to the [[M1 motorway (Pakistan)|M-1]] and [[M2 motorway (Pakistan)|M-2]] motorways that will provide access to [[Islamabad]] and [[Peshawar]]. Further links with the [[Karakoram Highway]] will provide access to [[Xinjiang]], [[China]], and [[Central Asia]].
 Construction of the [[M3 motorway (Pakistan)|M3 motorway]] also under construction at a cost of approximately $1.5&nbsp;billion,<ref name="The News">{{cite news|last1=Samar|first1=Azeem|title=JCC of CPEC decides to enhance capacity of Thar power projects to 2,600MW|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-2-350977-JCC-of-CPEC-decides-to-enhance-capacity-of-Thar-power-projects-to-2600MW|accessdate=6 December 2015|work=The News|date=13 November 2015}}</ref> and was launched in November 2015<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rana|first1=Shahbaz|title=ECNEC clears motorway's Lahore-Multan section|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/991693/ecnec-clears-motorways-lahore-multan-section|accessdate=11 December 2015|work=The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2015}}</ref> The motorway will branch off of the M-4 motorway and will connect Lahore to the M-4 at [[Abdul Hakeem, Pakistan|Abdul Hakeem]].

v t e Multan topics
History	History of Multan History of Punjab Alexander the Great Indo-Greek Kingdom Maurya Empire Kushan Empire Muhammad bin Qasim Mahmud of Ghazni Mughal Empire Ranjit Singh Nawab Muzaffar Khan British Raj Fort Munro History of Pakistan
City and economy	The City District Government Multan International Airport Grand Trunk Road Multan Museum Multan Fort Mausoleum of Shah Ali Akbar
Education and culture	Bahauddin Zakariya University Government Emerson College Air University Manka
Cantonment	Multan Cantt
Sports	Multan Cricket Stadium Multan Tigers Multan Sultans
Flyovers	Yousuf Raza Gillani Flyover Chowk Kumharanwala Level II Flyover Nishtar Chowk Flyover
Roads	Abdali Road N-55 National Highway N-70 National Highway
Other topics	List of cities in Pakistan List of educational institutions in Multan

v t e Neighbourhoods of Multan
Administrations: Multan Division and Multan District
Tehsils	Jalalpur Pirwala Multan Sadr Shujabad
Cities	Jalalpur Pirwala Multan (capital) Shujabad
Towns & councils	Basti Maluk Bosan Budhla Sant Gulgasht Colony Lar Makhdoom Rashid Mehmood Kot Multan Cantt Mumtazabad Pull Dawa Qadirpur Ran Shah Rukan e Alam Sher Shah Willayatabad Colony Zakariya Town
Localities	Chah Nizam Walla Faridpur Gulzarpur Jalalabad Kumhar Mandi
Website: Multan District at NRB

v t e Major cities in Pakistan
Islamabad Capital Territory	Islamabad*
Punjab	Attock Bahawalpur Burewala Chakwal Chiniot Dera Ghazi Khan Faisalabad Gujar Khan Gujranwala Gujrat Jhang Jhelum Kasur Khanewal Kharian Lahore** Mandi Bahauddin Mianwali Multan Murree Okara Rahim Yar Khan Rawalpindi Sadiqabad Sahiwal Sargodha Sheikhupura Sialkot Taxila Toba Tek Singh Talagang
Sindh	Badin Hyderabad Jacobabad Karachi** Khairpur Kotri Larkana Mirpur Khas Nawabshah Sukkur Thatta
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa	Abbottabad Bannu Battagram Chitral Charsadda D.I.Khan Haripur Kohat Mansehra Mardan Nowshera Peshawar** Swat Swabi Timergara Tank
Balochistan	Chaman Gwadar Khuzdar Quetta** Ziarat
Azad Kashmir	Bagh Bhimber Kotli Mirpur Muzaffarabad** Rawalakot
Gilgit-Baltistan	Gilgit** Skardu
^Federal capital ^*Provincial/Territorial capitals

v t e Districts of Punjab, Pakistan
Provincial capital: Lahore
Bahawalpur	Bahawalnagar Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan
Dera Ghazi Khan	Dera Ghazi Khan Jampur Kot Addu Layyah Muzaffargarh Rajanpur Taunsa
Faisalabad	Chiniot Faisalabad Jhang Toba Tek Singh
Gujranwala	Gujranwala Narowal Sialkot
Gujrat	Gujrat Hafizabad Mandi Bahauddin Wazirabad
Lahore	Kasur Lahore Nankana Sahib Sheikhupura
Mianwali	Bhakkar Mianwali Talagang
Multan	Khanewal Lodhran Multan Vehari
Rawalpindi	Attock Chakwal Jhelum Murree Rawalpindi
Sahiwal	Okara Pakpattan Sahiwal
Sargodha	Khushab Sargodha