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Lev Artsimovich

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"Artsimovich" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see Artsimovich (crater).
Lev Artsimovich
Арцимович, Лев Андреевич
Artsimovich on a Soviet commemorative stamp issued in 1974.
Born(1909-02-25)February 25, 1909
Moscow, Russia
DiedMarch 1, 1973(1973-03-01) (aged 64)
Moscow, Soviet Union
(Present-day Moscow, Russia)
Resting placeNovodevichy Cemetery
CitizenshipUSSR
Alma materBelarusian State University
Known forSoviet atomic bomb project
Inventor of Tokamak
Uranium enrichment
AwardsLenin Prize (1966)
Hero of Socialist Labor (1969)
USSR State Prize (1971)
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
InstitutionsLFTI
Laboratory No. 2
Soviet Academy of Sciences

Lev Andreyevich Artsimovich (Russian: Лев Андреевич Арцимович, February 25, 1909 – March 1, 1973), also transliterated Arzimowitsch, was a Soviet physicist known for his contributions to the Tokamak— a device that produces controlled thermonuclear fusion power.[1]

Prior conceiving the idea on nuclear fusion, Artsimovich participated in the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons, and was a recipient of many former Soviet honors and awards.[2][1]

Biography

Artsimovich was born on 25 February 1909 in Moscow in Russian Empire.[3] His family had Polish nobility roots;: 169  nonetheless, he was described as Russian by his autobiographer in 1985.: 71 [4][5] His grandfather, a professor, was exiled to Siberia after the Polish uprising against Tsarist Russia in 1863 and married a Russian woman, later settled in Smolensk.: 166 [5] His father was educated in Lviv University; his mother, a pianist trained in Switzerland.: 166 [5] In 1923, Soviet establishment moved the Artsimovich family (due to suspicion of Anti-bolshevist activity) to Minsk, where he found employment in Railroad industry there and started training towards becoming a railroad engineer.[5] After his father found an employment in the Belarus State University, Artsimovich was able to attend the physics program at the Belarus State University, and graduated with a specialist degree in physics in 1928–29.: 136–137 [4][3] After moving to Moscow, he found employment in Artem Alikhanian's laboratory, and joined the staff at the Ioffe Institute in 1930.: 167 [5]

Initially, he worked on the problems relating to nuclear physics and unsuccessfully defended his thesis for Candidate of Sciences degree in 1937 and in 1939 at the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute, only receiving a written endorsement from the Ioffe Institute.: 170–171 [5] Artsimovich, in his lifetime, was recommended by many leading Soviet physicists to be conferred with Doktor Nauk (a Russian PhD) but the recommendations were later dismissed.: 137, 139 [4]

In 1945, Artsimovich joined the Soviet program of nuclear weapons, working on electromagnetic method of Isotope separation of Uranium at the Laboratory No. 2 along with Isaak Pomeranchuk.[5] He was given Russian espionage files by Soviet agencies on American Manhattan Project on electromagnetic method.: 123 [6] But the Uranium enrichment under Artsimovich failed when it proved too costly since the electricity required for this work could not have produced by Soviet powergrid at that time.: 171 [5] Despite being removed by Beria, Artsimovich continued work on gas discharges with the support from Kurchatov at his Laboratory No. 2, and after 1949, his work focused towards the field of nuclear fusion by producing the Lithium-6 for the RDS-6s device.[7]: 101 [8]

From 1951 to his death in 1973, Artsimovich was the head of the fusion power program in the former Soviet Union and invented the machine, for which he became to known as "the father of the Tokamak",[9] a special concept for a fusion reactor. Once Artsimovich was asked when the first thermonuclear reactor would start its work. He replied: "When mankind needs it, maybe a short time before that."[2]

In 1953, he became an academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and then member of its Presidium in 1957.[1] From 1963 to 1973, he was the vice-chairman of the Russian-chapter of Pugwash Committee and the chairman of the National Committee of Soviet Physicists.[1] In 1966, he visited the United States to deliver lecture on fusion and Tokamak technology at the MIT, and was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[10] On 1 March 1973, Artsimovich passed away due to cardiac arrest in Moscow, and the crater Artsimovich on the Moon is named after him.[1]

Honours and awards

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Tietz, Tabea. "Lev Artsimovich". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Chris Smith, The Path to Fusion Power".
  3. ^ a b Cochran, Thomas B. (15 April 2019). Making The Russian Bomb: From Stalin To Yeltsin. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-72058-1. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  4. ^ a b c Kadomtsev, B.B. (1985). Reminiscences about Academician Lev Artsimovich. Moscow, Russian Federation: General Editorial Board for Foreign Publications, Nauka Publishers. p. 166. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Josephson, Paul R. (10 June 2005). Red Atom: Russia's Nuclear Program from Stalin to Today. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-7847-3. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  6. ^ Rhodes, Richard (18 September 2012). Dark Sun: The Making Of The Hydrogen Bomb. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-2647-9. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  7. ^ Coppi, Bruno; Feld, Bernard T. (July 1973). "Obituary: L. A. Artsimovich". Physics Today. 26 (7): 60–61. Bibcode:1973PhT....26g..60C. doi:10.1063/1.3128152.
  8. ^ Richelson, Jeffrey (17 September 2007). Spying on the Bomb: American Nuclear Intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32982-7. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  9. ^ Information, Reed Business (1976-08-26). Fusion power - a step in the right direction. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
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