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Bland diet

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A bland diet is a diet consisting of foods that are generally soft, low in dietary fiber, cooked rather than raw, and not spicy. It is an eating plan that emphasizes foods that are easy to digest.[1] It is commonly recommended for people recovering from surgery, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, or other conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Such a diet is called bland because it is soothing to the digestive tract; it minimizes irritation of tissues. It can also be bland in the sense of "lacking flavor", but it does not always have to be so; nonirritating food can be appetizing food, depending on preparation and individual preferences.

Uses

Bland diets are often recommended following stomach or intestinal surgery, or for people with conditions such as ulcers, acid reflux (GERD), gastritis, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastroenteritis and gas.[2] A bland diet allows the digestive tract to heal before introducing foods that are more difficult to digest.

A bland diet is designed primarily to help patients recover from gastrointestinal conditions or other medical circumstances in which improved digestion would be essential.[2] It is not especially effective as a long-term weight loss diet. Many people find a bland diet to be very difficult to maintain, although some find the use of acceptable spice alternatives does make it easier. Most patients slowly return to a more normal diet once their medical issues have been resolved.

Diet

Fried and fatty foods, strong cheeses, whole grains (rich in fiber) should be avoided while on a bland diet.

Medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen should be avoided, because they can irritate the stomach.[3]

Many milk and dairy products may be permissible on a bland diet, but there are a few exceptions. Chocolate-flavored dairy products are discouraged, as well as any strongly spiced cheeses or high fat dairy products such as heavy cream or half-and-half. Mild dairy foods may soothe irritated linings, but excessive fats, cocoa and spices can have the opposite effect.[2]

Most canned fruits and vegetables are fine, with the exception of tomatoes.[2] Tomato-based sauces on pasta are avoided. Bananas are good; however, higher fiber and acidic fruits should be avoided.[2] Baked potatoes and sweet potatoes are very easily digested, but it is important to avoid high fat toppings like butter. Vinegar based foods such as pickles are to be avoided as are sour fermented foods like sauerkraut.

Perhaps, the most difficult adjustment for some to a bland diet may involve meats and proteins. In a strict bland food diet, softer protein sources such as smooth peanut butter, eggs and tofu are encouraged over any type of fibrous or seasoned meat.[2] Certain meats such as poultry or fish are permitted, as long as they are not heavily fried, breaded or processed like sandwich meats. Steamed poultry breast served with a salt substitute would be a typical protein serving while on a bland diet.[2]

Specific bland diets

BRAT diet

The BRAT diet: banana, rice, apple sauce, and toast

The BRAT diet consists of only bananas, rice, apple sauce, and toast.

As of the 21st century, the BRAT diet is no longer recommended.[4][5] The diet was first discussed in 1926 and was once recommended for people, particularly children, with gastrointestinal distress like vomiting, diarrhea, or gastroenteritis.

However, modern research has shown that the BRAT diet is unnecessarily restrictive.[5][4] The American Academy of Pediatrics states that most children should continue a normal, age appropriate diet. The foods from the BRAT diet may be added, but should not replace normal, tolerated foods. Sugary drinks and carbonated beverages should be avoided.[6] The BRAT diet is no longer routinely recommended to those who have had stem cell transplants and have diarrhea due to graft-versus-host disease, as long-term use can lead to nutritional deficiencies.

Adding rice, bananas, or pectin to the diet while suffering from diarrhea may be beneficial, but physicians Debora Duro and Christopher Duggan point out that the diet is not nutritionally complete and may be deficient in energy, fat, protein, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B12, and calcium. Duro and Duggan also say that food restriction does not alleviate diarrhea and actually causes individuals to have diarrhea for longer periods, according to randomized clinical trials.[7]

BRATT diet

The BRATT diet consists of bananas, rice, applesauce, toast, and tea.[8]

BRATTY diet

The BRATTY diet consists of bananas, rice, applesauce, toast, tea, and yogurt.

CRAM diet

The CRAM diet consists of cereal, rice, applesauce, and milk.

The CRAM diet has more protein and fat content than the BRAT diet.[9]

According to John Snyder, M.D., professor of pediatrics at the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center and a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics subcommittee on treating acute diarrhea, the CRAM diet seems to ease the diarrhea symptoms faster.

Controversy

Even though milk and other dairy products are permissible in a bland diet, consumption may interfere with the homeostatic processes involved in digestion; prominently for peptic ulcer patients. In an early study, milk was found to have a short-lived gastric acid neutralising effect; which may lead to milk-alkali syndrome and eventually arteriosclerotic heart disease if dietary intake is excessive and uncontrolled.[10] Further research by McArthur, Hogan & Isenberg demonstrated a link between milk consumption and an increase in gastrin production almost equivalent to that of pentagastrin, which may be detrimental to the patients requiring a bland diet as an increased gastric acid output is induced and acts as an overcompensation to the increased (neutralised) pH.[11]

Need for hydration

Due to severe dehydration caused by both diarrhea and gastroenteritis, bland diets should be combined oral rehydration therapy to replace the depleted electrolytes and avoid salt imbalance.[12] Severe, untreated salt imbalance can result in "extreme weakness, confusion, coma, or death."[13][14][15]

Continued diarrhea while on a bland diet

Immediate medical attention is necessary if the diarrhea symptoms remain severe or if the child exhibits symptoms of dehydration, such as dry mouth, lack of urination, listlessness, or rapid heart rate.[citation needed]

Medical attention is required when on a bland diet if any blood or mucus is present in the diarrhea, if the diarrhea is severe, or if it lasts longer than 3 days.[16]

References

  1. ^ Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. "Bland Diet". Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Bland diet". MedlinePlus. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Bland diet: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  4. ^ a b Mackell, S (1 December 2005). "Traveler's diarrhea in the pediatric population: etiology and impact". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 41 (Suppl 8): S547-52. doi:10.1086/432950. PMID 16267717.
  5. ^ a b King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, Duggan C (November 2003). "Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy". MMWR Recomm Rep. 52 (RR-16): 1–16. PMID 14627948.
  6. ^ Kyle, Terri (2008). Essentials of pediatric nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 685. ISBN 978-0-7817-5115-5.
  7. ^ Duro, Debora; Duggan, Christopher (June 2007). "The BRAT Diet for Acute Diarrhea in Children: Should It Be Used?" (PDF). Practical Gastroenterology. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
  8. ^ "BRATT Diet Phase 1 | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center". www.mskcc.org. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  9. ^ Cenzon, Matthew. "What Is The BRAT Diet?". symptomfind.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  10. ^ Ippoliti, Andrew F. (1 March 1976). "The Effect of Various Forms of Milk on Gastric-Acid Secretion: Studies in Patients with Duodenal Ulcer and Normal Subjects". Annals of Internal Medicine. 84 (3): 286–289. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-84-3-286. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 946584.
  11. ^ McArthur, Katherine; Hogan, Daniel; Isenberg, Jon I. (1 July 1982). "Relative Stimulatory Effects of Commonly Ingested Beverages on Gastric Acid Secretion in Humans". Gastroenterology. 83 (1): 199–203. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(82)90175-5. ISSN 0016-5085. PMID 6896312.
  12. ^ Duggan, C; Santosham, M; Glass, RI (16 October 1992). "The management of acute diarrhea in children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 41 (RR-16): 1–20. PMID 1435668.
  13. ^ McLaughlin, Eileen (24 July 2000). "salt imbalance". Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
  14. ^ Mayo Clinic Staff. "Gastroenteritis: First aid". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  15. ^ "Gastroenteritis". MedlinePlus. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  16. ^ "BRAT diet: What is the BRAT diet?". C. S. Mott Children's Hospital. University Of Michigan. Archived from the original on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
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