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The Evangelical Parliamentary Front or the Evangelical Caucus (known in Portuguese as Frente Parlamentar Evangélica and Bancada Evangélica respectively) is a loosely organized group of Evangelical lawmakers in the Brazilian government and legislature.

If considered a political party, the Evangelical Caucus would be the third largest in the Brazilian government, surpassed only by the Brazilian Democratic Movement and the Workers' Party.[1] It is a proeminent feature of Conservatism in Brazil.

History

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Meeting of the Evangelical Parliamentary Front at the National Congress Palace in Brasilia, Brazil, 2023.

The Evangelical Parliamentary Front was founded in 2003 to bring together Evangelical parliamentarians, from all political parties, at the National Congress Palace in Brasilia, Brazil.[2]

The regularization of the FPE on the board of directors of the Chamber of Deputies only occurred on November 9, 2015, motivated by the exponential growth of the bench, a process that began with the significant election of 60 federal deputies who declared themselves evangelicals in the 2002 election.[2]

Leadership

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The evangelical caucus has no formalized leadership; however João Campos de Araújo, Anthony Garotinho, Eduardo Cunha, Lincoln Portela, and Magno Malta were considered the unofficial leaders of the caucus in 2013.[3]

Membership

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The Evangelical Caucus of Brazil has no defined standard of membership but is generally open to all Protestant lawmakers in the Brazilian legislature, including mainline denominations as well as members of evangelical and Pentecostal movements.

The caucus was formed especially because Brazil's fast growing Protestant population was underrepresented in government, and as is the norm Catholic and non-religious politicians are not allowed to be members.[4] Converative Catholic politicians are usually not considered to be part of the evangelical caucus, certain politicians such as Hugo Leal[5] and Jair Bolsonaro[6] often collaborate with the caucus.

Although the Evangelical Caucus is often perceived by the media, its members, and supporters to be conservative/right wing, it is worth noting that a few members are affiliated with left-wing politics in Brazil, such as Benedita da Silva,[7] Marina Silva,[8] and Walter Pinheiro.[9]

Influence on politics

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The evangelical front is often seen as part of the rising Evangelical influence in politics in Latin America. The evangelical vote was seen as key in the Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff and the election of Jair Bolsonaro in the 2018 election.[6]

Prominent members

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Senate of Brazil

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The following past and present members of the Brazilian Senate that are/were affiliated with the Evangelical caucus

image Name term state party denomination reference
Marina Silva 1995–2003
2008–2011		 Acre PT
PV		 Assembleias de Deus [3]
Benedita da Silva 1995–1998 Rio de Janeiro PT Assembleias de Deus [7]
Magno Malta 2003–2019 Espírito Santo PR non-denominational Evangelical [3]
Marcelo Crivella 2003–2018 Rio de Janeiro PRB Universal Church of the Kingdom of God [10]
Walter Pinheiro 2011–2016 Bahia PT Baptists [11]
Eduardo Lopes 2012–2014
2016–2019		 Rio de Janeiro PRB Universal Church of the Kingdom of God [12]
Guaracy Silveira 2018–2019 Tocantins PSL International Church of the Foursquare Gospel [13]
Zequinha Marinho 2019– Pará PSC Assembleias de Deus [14]
Marcos Rogério 2019– Rondônia DEM Assembleias de Deus [14]
Eliziane Gama 2019– Maranhão PPS Assembleias de Deus [14]
Arolde de Oliveira 2019–2020 Rio de Janeiro PSD Baptists [14]
Flávio Bolsonaro 2019– Rio de Janeiro PSL Baptists [14]
Mecias de Jesus 2019– Roraima PRB Nova Vida Baptist church[15] [14]
Luis Carlos Heinze 2019– Rio Grande do Sul PP Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil [16]

Chamber of Deputies

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The following past and present members of the Chamber of Deputies that are/were affiliated with the Evangelical caucus

image Name term state party denomination reference
Arolde de Oliveira 1984–2019 Rio de Janeiro PSD Baptists [14]
Flávio Rocha 1984–1995 Rio Grande do Norte PTC Comunidade Evangélica Sara Nossa Terra [17]
Benedita da Silva 1987–1995
2011–		 Rio de Janeiro PT Assembleias de Deus [7]
Marina Silva 1991–1995 Acre PT Assembleias de Deus [3]
Moroni Torgan 1991–1995
2015–2019		 Ceará DEM The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints [18]
Edson Coelho Araújo 1995–2001
2011–2017		 São Paulo PDMB Presbyterian Church of Brazil [18]
Walter Pinheiro 1997–2011 Bahia PT Baptists [11]
Magno Malta 1999–2003 Espírito Santo PR non-denominational Evangelical [3]
Luis Carlos Heinze 1999–2018 Rio Grande do Sul PP Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil [16]
Silas Câmara 1999– Amazonas various Assembleias de Deus [19]
Lincoln Portela 1999– Minas Gerais PRB Solidarity Baptist Church [20]
Josué Bengtson 1999–2007 Pará PTB International Church of the Foursquare Gospel [21]
Carlos Manato 2001–2019 Espírito Santo PDT Igreja Cristã Maranata [22]
Jefferson Alves de Campos 2002–2006
2008–		 São Paulo PSD
PSB		 International Church of the Foursquare Gospel [23]
Zequinha Marinho 2003–2015 Pará PSC Assembleias de Deus [14]
Onyx Lorenzoni 2003–2019 Rio Grande do Sul DEM Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil [24]
Jorge Tadeu Mudalen 2003–2019 São Paulo DEM
PMDB		 International Grace of God Church [18]
Eduardo Cunha 2003–2019 Rio de Janeiro PMDB Comunidade Evangélica Sara Nossa Terra [25]
Gilberto Nascimento 2003–2007
2015–		 São Paulo PSC Assembleias de Deus [26]
João Campos de Araújo 2003– Goiás PRB Assembleias de Deus [27]
Hidekazu Takayama 2003– Paraná PSC Assembleias de Deus [28]
Antonio Bulhões 2007– São Paulo PRB Universal Church of the Kingdom of God [29]
Vinicius Carvalho 2007–2011
2014–		 São Paulo PRB Universal Church of the Kingdom of God [30]
Cléber Verde 2008– Maranhão PRB Assembleias de Deus [31]
Paulo Freire Costa 2008– São Paulo PR Assembleias de Deus [32]
Márcio Marinho 2008– Bahia PRB Universal Church of the Kingdom of God [33]
Marco Feliciano 2011– Rio de Janeiro PODE
PSC		 Assembleias de Deus
Cathedral of Avivamento/Gideões Missionários da Última Hora		 [34]
Pastor Eurico 2011– Pernambuco PATRI
PHS		 Assembleias de Deus [35]
Aguinaldo Ribeiro 2011– Paraíba PP Brazilian Baptist Convention [36]
João Henrique Caldas 2011– Alagoas PSB International Grace of God Church [37]
Laercio Oliveira 2011– Sergipe PP Presbyterian Church of Brazil[38]
Ronaldo Fonseca 2011–2018 Distrito Federal PODE
PROS
PR		 Assembleias de Deus [39]
Edmar Arruda 2011–2019 Paraná PSD
PSC		 Independent Presbyterian Church of Brazil [40]
Francisco Floriano 2011–2015 Rio de Janeiro DEM
PR		 Universal Church of God's Power [41]
Anthony Garotinho 2011–2015 Rio de Janeiro PR
PRB		 Presbyterian [42]
Missionário José Olimpio 2011–2018 São Paulo DEM
PR		 Universal Church of God's Power [43]
Fernando Francischini 2011–2019 Paraná SD
PSL		 Assembleias de Deus [44]
Bruna Furlan 2011– São Paulo PSDB Christian Congregation in Brazil [45]
Clarissa Garotinho 2015– Rio de Janeiro PR
PRB
PROS		 Presbyterian [46]
Ronaldo Nogueira 2015– Rio Grande do Sul PTB Assembleias de Deus [47]
Alexandre Serfiotis 2015– Rio de Janeiro PMDB Fazei Discípulos Apostolic Church [48]
Áureo Lídio Moreira Ribeiro 2015– Rio de Janeiro SD Methodist Church in Brazil [49]
Ezequiel Teixeira 2015–2019 Rio de Janeiro SD Projeto Vida Nova [50]
Tia Eron 2015–2017 Bahia PRB Universal Church of the Kingdom of God [51]
Rosângela Gomes 2015– Rio de Janeiro PRB Universal Church of the Kingdom of God [52]
Sóstenes Cavalcante 2015– Rio de Janeiro DEM Assembleias de Deus [53]
Johnathan de Jesus 2015– Roraima PRB Nova Vida Baptist church [15]
Geovânia de Sá 2015– Santa Catarina PSDB Assembleias de Deus [54]
Stefano Aguiar 2015– Minas Gerais PSD International Church of the Foursquare Gospel [55]
Jony Marcos 2015– Sergipe PRB Universal Church of the Kingdom of God [56]
Alan Rick Miranda 2015– Acre DEM
PRB		 Forest Evangelical Baptist Church [57]
Lucio Mosquini 2015– Rondônia MDB Brazilian Baptist Convention [58]
Toninho Wandscheer 2015– Paraná PROS Assembleias de Deus [59]
Antônio Jácome 2015–2018 Rio Grande do Norte PODE
PMN		 Assembleias de Deus [60]
Lindomar Garçon 2015–2019 Rondônia PRB
MDB		 Assembleias de Deus [61]
Franklin Lima 2015–2019 Minas Gerais PP Universal Church of God's Power [18]
Fábio Fernandes de Sousa 2015– Goiás PSDB Igreja Fonte da Vida [62]
Christiane Yared 2015– Paraná PR Catedral do Reino de Deus [63]
Altineu Côrtes 2015– Rio de Janeiro PR Assembleias de Deus [64]
Fausto Pinato 2015– São Paulo PP
PRB		 Christian Congregation in Brazil [65]
Liziane Bayer 2019– Rio Grande do Sul PSB International Grace of God Church [66]
Manuel Marcos 2019– Acre PRB Universal Church of the Kingdom of God [67]
Marcos Pereira 2019– São Paulo PRB Universal Church of the Kingdom of God [68]
Felipe Francischini 2019– Paraná PSL Assembleias de Deus [69]
Otoni de Paula 2019– Rio de Janeiro PSC Assembleias de Deus [70]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Chico Marés (21 April 2013). "Bancada evangélica seria 3.º partido da Câmara" (in Portuguese). Gazeta do Povo. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  2. ^ a b Machado e Rocha, Antonia Rozimar; de Sousa e Silva, Francisco Samuel; Alves Barreto, Amanda (2021-12-03). A Frente Parlamentar Evangélica no Congresso Nacional: Representatividade Política dos Evangélicos. Revista Inter-Legere. p. 4.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Principais líderes da bancada evangélica". Último Segundo (in Portuguese). iG Brasil. 14 April 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  4. ^ Gabriel Castro and Marcela Mattos (23 March 2013). "Vinde a mim os eleitores: a força da bancada evangélica no Congresso" (in Portuguese). Veja. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  5. ^ Lima, Luciana (5 September 2013). "Bancada evangélica tenta garantir controle da reforma do Código Penal na Câmara". iG Brasília (in Portuguese). Último Segundo. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  6. ^ a b "Bolsonaro, a Catholic, Expanded His Base Among Evangelicals". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
  7. ^ a b c Silva, Benedita da; Benjamin, Medea (1 January 1997). Benedita Da Silva: An Afro-Brazilian Woman's Story of Politics and Love. Food First Books. ISBN 9780935028706.
  8. ^ Blair, Leonardo (August 28, 2014). "Devout Evangelical Christian Marina Silva Started Life Illiterate in the Amazon; Now She's Primed to Become Brazil's First Black President". The Christian Post. The Christian Post, INC. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  9. ^ Lima, Luciana (23 April 2013). "Evangélicos têm atuação heterogênea no Congresso" (in Portuguese). Último Segundo. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  10. ^ Sims, Shannon (October 30, 2016). "Rio de Janeiro Elects Conservative, Sometimes Homophobic, Bishop To Mayor As Brazil Swings Right". Forbes. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  11. ^ a b Lima, Luciana (23 April 2013). "Evangélicos têm atuação heterogênea no Congresso". Último Segundo. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  12. ^ "Suplente de Crivella é como ele: bispo da Universal e ex-ministro de Dilma" (in Portuguese). Alexandre Aragão. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  13. ^ "Bispo Guaracy Silveira é empossado como senador pelo Tocantins". JM Notícia (in Portuguese). 1 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h "De Araguacema -TO, Pastor Zequinha Marinho é eleito Senador no Pará" [From Araguacema -TO, Pastor Zequinha Marinho is elected Senator in Pará] (in Portuguese). JM Notícia. 8 October 2018. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  15. ^ a b Matos, Fábio (15 July 2012). "Voz da Universal no Congresso, PRB quer dobrar número de prefeitos e mira 2014". IG São Paulo (in Portuguese). Último Segundo. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  16. ^ a b "Luis Carlos Heinze é o Racista do Ano, segundo ONG" (in Portuguese). Exame. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  17. ^ Rodrigues, Ludmila (26 April 2018). ""Seguimos os princípios da família e da Bíblia", diz mulher de Flávio Rocha, dono da Riachuelo" ["We follow the principles of the family and the Bible," says wife of Flávio Rocha, owner of Riachuelo] (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  18. ^ a b c d Marchesi, Reinaldo. "Opinião: Templo é dinheiro! Pequenas igrejas, grandes negócios" (in Portuguese). olhardireto. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  19. ^ "Da Assembleia de Deus, Silas Câmara confirma apoio a Omar Aziz" (in Portuguese). Amazonas 1. 14 July 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  20. ^ "LINCOLN PORTELA – Biografia". Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  21. ^ "JOSUÉ BENGTSON – Biografia". Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  22. ^ Marcos (25 May 2018). "Oportunismo político nos 50 anos da Maranata no Senado" (in Portuguese). Agência Congresso. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  23. ^ "Até algumas lideranças evangélicas se corromperam, diz pastor Eurico sobre votos a favor de Temer". guiame.com.br (in Portuguese). 30 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  24. ^ "Evangélicos são protagonistas na luta contra corrupção em Brasília" (in Portuguese). Gospel Prime. 9 August 2016. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  25. ^ Salvador, Susana (9 April 2010). "The Defender of Heterosexuals". DN Gente.
  26. ^ "NASCIMENTO, Gilberto". FGV-C{DOC (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 March 2019.
  27. ^ Costa, Ricardo (30 May 2018). "Assembleia de Deus rompe com pastor João Campos e anuncia apoio a Glaustin da Fokus" [Assembly of God breaks with pastor João Campos and announces support to Glaustin da Fokus] (in Portuguese). JM Notícia. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  28. ^ "BIOGRAFIA PASTOR HIDEKAZU TAKAYAMA". Assembléia de Deus de Curitiba-PR (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2019-03-06. Retrieved 2019-09-19.
  29. ^ "ANTONIO BULHÕES – Biografia". Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  30. ^ Thiago de Araújo (26 January 2017). "Pastor da Universal, deputado Vinícius Carvalho apresenta projeto para vetar qualquer união poliafetiva no País" (in Portuguese). Huffington Post - Brazil. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
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  32. ^ "Pastor Presidente - Paulo Roberto Freire da Costa" (in Portuguese). Igreja Evangélica Assembléia de Deus - Min. Belém. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  33. ^ Marinho, Márcio (31 July 2017). "Comunicação e democracia" (in Portuguese). Jornal Gran de Bahia. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  34. ^ "Pastor e Deputado acusado e afastado da Assembléia de Deus" (in Portuguese). 15 April 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  35. ^ "Até algumas lideranças evangélicas se corromperam, diz pastor Eurico sobre votos a favor de Temer". guiame.com.br (in Portuguese). 30 October 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  36. ^ "Novo líder do governo na Câmara é investigado na Lava Jato no STF" [New leader of the government in the House is investigated in the Lava Jato in the STF]. Veja. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  37. ^ "Fotos mostram JHC pedindo votos em culto" (in Portuguese). Gazeta de Alagoas. 2 November 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2019.[permanent dead link]
  38. ^ "Precisamos avaliar os candidatos à reeleição da Bancada Evangélica" (in Portuguese). Carta Capital. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  39. ^ "Pastor Ronaldo Fonseca vira Ministro de Temer e assume cargo de Secretário da Presidência" (in Portuguese). Gospel Mais. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  40. ^ "Edmar Arruda Deputado Federal" (in Portuguese). Carta Capital. 24 June 2010. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  41. ^ "Deputado Francisco Floriano participou da criação de igrejas de bispo Macedo e Valdomiro Santiago" (in Portuguese). O Globo. 4 November 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  42. ^ Anthony Garotinho: Evangelical 'sniper', BBC News, September 18, 2002
  43. ^ "Deputado da Igreja Mundial propõe novo feriado: Dia de Adorar a Deus" (in Portuguese). Gospel Prime. 14 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  44. ^ Marés, Chico (16 September 2012). "De olho no voto evangélico, candidatos brigam por pastores" (in Portuguese). Gazeta do Povo. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  45. ^ Chagas, Tiago (6 October 2014). "Eleições 2014: confira o desempenho dos principais candidatos evangélicos" (in Portuguese). Gospel Prime. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  46. ^ "Com 20% do eleitorado, evangélicos são disputados no Rio". terra.com (in Portuguese). 7 June 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  47. ^ Andreia Verdélio (12 May 2016). "Novo ministro do Trabalho é o deputado Ronaldo Nogueira" (in Portuguese). EBC - Agência Brasil. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  48. ^ "Bancada Evangélica: confira o posicionamento dos parlamentares sobre o Impeachment" (in Portuguese). 7 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  49. ^ "Quem é Aureo?" (in Portuguese). Deputado Aureo. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  50. ^ "Ap. Ezequiel Teixeira". Projeto Vida Nova em Nilópolis (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  51. ^ "Voto de Tia Eron no Conselho será dirigido por pastor: 'O que ele mandar, ela vai fazer', dizem aliados". Da Redação (in Portuguese). Correio. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  52. ^ Galdo, Rafael (11 October 2014). "Em caminhada ao lado de deputadas ligadas à Universal, Crivella chama Pezão de 'fraude eleitoral'" (in Portuguese). O Globo. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  53. ^ "Pr. Sóstenes Cavalcante passa a ser suplente na CDH e não poderá concorrer à presidência da Comissão". guiame.com.br (in Portuguese). 6 March 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  54. ^ Chagas, Thiago (23 May 2016). "Bancada evangélica realiza sessão em homenagem a Israel; Assista" (in Portuguese). Gospel Mais. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  55. ^ "Em caminhada ao lado de deputadas ligadas à Universal, Crivella chama Pezão de 'fraude eleitoral'" (in Portuguese). Quadrangular.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  56. ^ "Jony Marcos se reúne com o presidente eleito Bolsonaro em Brasília" [Jony Marcos meets with President-elect Bolsonaro in Brasilia] (in Portuguese). Journal da Cidade. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  57. ^ Assumpção, Helen; Gomes, Douglas (21 November 2014). "Alan Rick: um acreano e republicano em defesa da família em Brasília" [Alan Rick: an Acre and Republican in defense of the family in Brasilia]. PRB (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  58. ^ "Irmão de igreja de Lúcio Mosquini é dono de empresa fenômeno que arrecado mais de R$ 100 Milhõnes" (in Portuguese). Correio Central. 11 December 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  59. ^ Silva, Karoline (13 April 2018). "Deputado Toninho Wandscheer recebe pastor Presidente da Igreja Assembléia de Deus de Fazenda Rio Grande" (in Portuguese). Destaque Regional. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  60. ^ "Deputado federal Antônio Jácome lança livro sobre sua atuação parlamentar". Podemos (in Portuguese). 31 August 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  61. ^ "PRB recebe deputado federal Lindomar Garçon" (in Portuguese). Tudo Rondônia. 10 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  62. ^ "FÁBIO SOUSA – Biografia". Assembileia Legislativa do Goiás (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 March 2019.
  63. ^ Fernandes, José Carlos (19 December 2009). "O ano em que Cristiane Yared foi às ruas" (in Portuguese). Gazeta do Povo. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  64. ^ "COAF – Saiba quem foram os deputados evangélicos que votaram contra Moro; confira" (in Portuguese). JM Notícia. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  65. ^ "Com boa votação, Russomano reforça bancada evangélica". Estadão (in Portuguese). Politica. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  66. ^ Ferreira, Luciane. "Liziane Bayer faz homenagem ao Ministério Mulheres Que Vencem, da Igreja Internacional Graça de Deus" (in Portuguese). PSB 40. Retrieved 17 May 2019.[permanent dead link]
  67. ^ Menezes, Gina (5 October 2018). "Manuel Marcos: o candidato cristão em busca de ampliar sua atuação e disputa por uma vaga na Câmara Federal" (in Portuguese). Folha do Acre. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  68. ^ "Membros da Executiva Nacional" (in Portuguese). PRB 10 - Partido Republicano Brasileiro. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  69. ^ Bubniak, Taiana (14 October 2014). "Felipe Francischini: Tive que mostrar que tenho um histórico próprio de lutas" (in Portuguese). Gazeta do Povo. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  70. ^ "Otoni de Paula – Biografia". Câmara dos Deputados do Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 December 2019.
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