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Khanjar

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For the 1980 film, see Khanjar (film). For the villages in Iran, see Khanjar, Iran and Khanjar, Khuzestan. For the corvette in the Indian Navy, see INS Khanjar (P47).

An Omani khanjar, c. 1924
Mogul khanjar dagger with a pistol grip shaped hilt, 17th century.

A khanjar[a] is a traditional dagger originating from the Sultanate of Oman, although it has since spread to the rest of the Middle East[b], South Asia[c] and the Balkans.[d] Worn by men for ceremonial occasions, it is a short curved blade shaped like the letter "J" and resembles a hook.

It can be made from a variety of different materials, depending on the quality of its craftsmanship. It is a popular souvenir among tourists and is sold in souqs throughout the region. A national symbol of the sultanate, the khanjar is featured on Oman's national emblem and on the Omani rial. It also features in logos and commercial imagery by companies based in Oman.

History

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Although it is not known when the Omani khanjar was first created, rock carvings epitomizing the dagger were found on gravestones located in the central part of the Ru’us al Jibal region. These are believed to have predated the Wahhabi revival, which occurred in the late 1700s.[1] They were also mentioned in an account by Robert Padbrugge of the Dutch Republic, who journeyed to Muscat in June 1672.[2]

The Ottoman Empire spread further the use of this type of knife. In the Balkans, where it was known as Handschar, such knives were regularly carried by Ottoman policemen, and it remained in local use also after the end of Ottoman rule. During the Second World War, the knife's name was bestowed on the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian), composed of Bosnian Muslims (ethnic Bosniaks) with some Catholic Croat soldiers, the knife also appeared on the division's emblem. The word خنجر (xandʒar) appears to be the arabized form of the Persian word خونگر (xūngar).[3]

Usage and symbolism

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Composition and manufacturing

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The national emblem of Oman featuring the khanjar at the centre

Depending on the quality of its craftsmanship, the Omani khanjar can be made using a variety of different metals and other materials. Gold or silver would be used to make khanjar of the finest quality (e.g. for royalty), while brass and copper would be used for daggers made by local craftsmen.[4] For instance, a sheath adorned with gold was historically limited to the Omani upper class. White or Ivory handled and sheathed ones are preferred by the Sayyids or Hashemites symbolising their status in society. Najeeb Altarfayn Saadah in Oman and Arabia usually carry two of them.[5] Traditionally, the dagger is designed by its future owner himself, with the craftsman taking into account the "specifications" and "preferences" stipulated by the former. The time it takes to manufacture a khanjar can range from three weeks to several months.[2]

The most elemental sections of the khanjar are its handle and blade,[6] with the material used in the former playing a significant role influencing the final price of the dagger.[5] Rhinoceros horn and ivory[5] were once the common standard, as it was "considered the best material" to make the hilt out of.[6] However, with the international ban on the ivory trade and rhinoceros horn, the usage of other materials such as wood, plastic, and camel bone has become more prevalent.[2][5][6] Typically, the top of the hilt is flat, but the one designed for the royal family is in the shape of a cross.[6]

Custom

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The Omani khanjar is tucked underneath a waist belt and is situated at the front and centre of the wearer's body.[7] It used to form part of everyday attire;[8] however, it is now carried as a "ceremonial dagger",[9] and worn only for formal events and ceremonies – such as weddings, parades, meetings, and diplomatic functions – among many other occasions.[2][10] Labelled a "ubiquitous sign of masculinity" by John M. Willis in The Arab Studies Journal,[11] the khanjar is a symbol of "manhood, power and authority",[5] as well as serving as a status symbol for the person wearing it.[2][8] As a result, it is sometimes given by families to their sons when they reach adolescence,[8] and is a common wedding gift to the groom.[12]

Although the khanjar was originally created as a weapon to attack and defend, it is used solely for ceremonial and practical purposes today.[6] The latter situation would occur in the desert, where it is used as a tool for hunting and skinning animals, as well as for slicing ropes.[10] Because of this development, it is now considered a "social taboo" in Oman to pull out one's khanjar from its scabbard without blooding it, since the only time men would do this would be to seek vengeance or to defend oneself.[8]

Distribution

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While the khanjar is most prevalent in Yemen where the majority of the Northern men wear it every day. In Oman it is given its symbolic status there,[8] it is also worn by men in the United Arab Emirates, forming an integral component of "traditional dress" in those countries.[13][14] It can also be found and is sold in other states in Eastern Arabia, such as the Souq Waqif in Doha, Qatar.[15] The khanjar is a popular keepsake among tourists,[2] and is the Sultanate's best-selling memento.[16]

Other uses

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The khanjar is depicted on the reverse of the Omani one rial note.

Official government

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As the khanjar is a national symbol of Oman, it is featured on the sultanate's national emblem.[2][8][17] It has been a symbol on the royal crest of the Al Said dynasty since the 18th century,[5] which subsequently became the national emblem.[7] It is also depicted on the Omani rial[5] – the country's currency – specifically on the one rial note,[18] as well as on postage stamps issued by the sultanate.[2] Furthermore, there are statues of khanjar on buildings housing government ministries and at various roundabouts throughout the country.[2][5]

Commercial

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The khanjar was previously shown prominently on the logo[2] and planes[5] of Oman Air – the country's flag carrier[19] – until it was removed under a rebranding in 2008.[20] The logo of Omantel also illustrates a stylized khanjar; it was retained in the logotype's motif after the telecommunications company merged with Oman Mobile in 2010.[21] Moreover, the perfume company Amouage, which is owned by the Sultan of Oman and his royal family,[22] incorporates the dagger into the design of its bottles. The cap on its Gold for Men perfume bottle resembles the handle of a khanjar, complementing the Gold for Women cap which evokes the dome of Ruwi Mosque.[23]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Arabic: خَنْجَر, Kurdish: xencer, Pashto: خنجر, Bengali: খঞ্জর, romanized: khôñjôr, Dhivehi: ޚަންޖަރު, romanized: khanjaru, Turkish: hançer, Persian: خنجر, Urdu: خنجر, Albanian: hanxhari, Montenegrin: ханџар, romanized: handžar, Bosnian: ханџар, romanized: handžar, Croatian: handžar, Hungarian: handzsár, Kazakh: қанжар, romanized: qanjar
  2. ^ (i.e. United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kurdistan, and Turkey)
  3. ^ (i.e. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, and Pakistan)
  4. ^ (i.e. Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Montenegro)

References

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  1. ^ Lancaster, William; Lancaster, Fidelity (November 2011). "A discussion of rock carvings in Ra's al Khaimah Emirate, UAE, and Musandam province, Sultanate of Oman, using local considerations". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 22 (2): 166–195. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2011.00338.x. (registration required)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kola, Aftab H. "Symbol of manhood". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  3. ^ Scher, Addai (1988). الألفاظ الفارسية المعربة (in Arabic). p. 57.
  4. ^ "More needed to be done for the survival of Omani art, crafts". Times of Oman. Times News Service. 7 October 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2014. (subscription required)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hiel, Betsy (27 May 2007). "Old & New". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved 30 May 2014. (subscription required)
  6. ^ a b c d e Hawley, Ruth (July 1975). "Omani Silver". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 6: 81–90. JSTOR 41223172. (registration required)
  7. ^ a b Chatty, Dawn (May 2009). "Rituals of Royalty and the Elaboration of Ceremony in Oman: View From the Edge" (PDF). International Journal of Middle East Studies. 41 (1): 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2014.(registration required)
  8. ^ a b c d e f Kamal, Sultana (27 February 2013). "Khanjar (Dagger): Truly "Iconic" Omani emblem". Times of Oman. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  9. ^ Rogers, Stuart (31 January 2013). "Holidays in Oman: experience endless beauty". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  10. ^ a b Morgan, Judith (15 August 1999). "Nizwa souk is lower key than most, but just as intriguing". The San Diego Union-Tribune. p. F4. Retrieved 30 May 2014. (subscription required)
  11. ^ Willis, John M. (Spring 1996). "History, Culture, and the Forts of Oman". The Arab Studies Journal. 4 (1): 141–143. JSTOR 27933683. (registration required)
  12. ^ Turbett, Peggy (7 September 2008). "A modern air of mysticism in the land of frankincense". The Star-Ledger. New Jersey. p. 3. Retrieved 31 May 2014. (subscription required)
  13. ^ Picton, Oliver James (2 February 2010). "Usage of the concept of culture and heritage in the United Arab Emirates – an analysis of Sharjah heritage area". Journal of Heritage Tourism. 5 (1): 69–84. doi:10.1080/17438730903469813. S2CID 145062963. (registration required)
  14. ^ Karlgård, Tone Simensen; Ball, Marieanne Davy (2011). Typical souvenirs, originals or copies, how do we know?. Interpol. p. 129. ISBN 978-83-931656-5-0. Retrieved 2 June 2014. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)[permanent dead link‍]
  15. ^ "Is Qatar the Next Dubai?". The New York Times. 4 June 2006. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  16. ^ Blackerby, Cheryl (26 March 2000). "Only 15 Readers Got All 30 Answers". The Palm Beach Post. p. 12D. Retrieved 3 June 2014. (subscription required)
  17. ^ "Oman". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
  18. ^ Cuhaj, George S., ed. (17 February 2012). 2013 Standard Catalog of World Paper Money – Modern Issues: 1961–Present, Volume 3. Krause Publications. p. 769. ISBN 9781440229565.[permanent dead link‍]
  19. ^ "Oman to restructure organisation of its civil aviation sector". Centre for Aviation. 12 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  20. ^ Jones, Jeremy (1 January 2012). Oman, Culture and Diplomacy. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 9780748674619.
  21. ^ "Oman Mobile, Omantel merge, unveil new logo". Times of Oman. Times News Service. 9 February 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2014. (subscription required)
  22. ^ Deane, Daniela (25 February 2010). "Oman's royal family scents global profit in luxury perfumes". CNN. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  23. ^ Chee, Kee Hua (4 September 2011). "The smell of luxury". The Star. Malaysia. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
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