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List of female monarchs

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(Redirected from List of queens regnant)
This article is about queens regnant and other female monarchs organised geographically. For female hereditary monarchs organised alphabetically, see List of female hereditary monarchs. For non-reigning current queens, see List of current consorts of sovereigns. For female regents, see List of regents. For elected and appointed female heads of state and government, see List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government.
  • Top left: Elizabeth II is the longest-reigning female monarch, ruling as Queen of the United Kingdom for 70 years, from 1952 to 2022.
  • Top right: Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom for 63 years, from 1837 to 1901; the longest at the time.
  • Bottom left: Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands for 58 years from 1890 to 1948, is the longest-reigning female monarch outside the United Kingdom.
  • Bottom right: Margrethe II was Queen of Denmark for 52 years, from 1972 until her abdication in 2024; she is the most recent female monarch of a sovereign state.

This is a list of current and former female monarchs regardless of title, including queens regnant, empresses regnant, pharaohs and monarchs by other titles (grand duchess, princess, etc.). Consorts, such queens consort (i.e. spouses of male monarchs) are not included, see list of current consorts of sovereigns. Female regents are not included, see list of regents.

The following is an incomplete list of women monarchs who are well known from popular writings, although many ancient and poorly documented ruling monarchs (such as those from Africa and Oceania) are omitted. Section 1 lists monarchs who ruled in their own right, such as queens regnant. Section 2 lists legendary monarchs. Section 3 lists constituent monarchs: monarchs who ruled in their own right, but had no constitutional standing or regal powers while in power. Section 4 lists various female rulers who were referred to with the title "Chieftainess." Regents, such as queens regent, are not monarchs and are not included in this page. Pretenders to thrones are also not included in this page.

Monarchs

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Africa

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North Africa

[edit]
Algeria
[edit]
Monarch Portrait State Reign dates Length Ref.
Tin Hinan Hoggar 4th century AD Unknown
Dihya Kingdom of the Aurès c. 668–703 AD c. 35 years
Canary Islands
[edit]

The Canary Islands are Spanish territories of North Africa.

Peraza family

Monarch Portrait Title Reign dates Length Ref.
Inés Peraza – Queen 1452–1477 25 years [1]

Kingdom of the Canary Islands
The title of "King/Queen of the Canary Islands" was included in the list of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown.

Monarch Portrait Reign dates Length Ref.
Isabella I of Castile 4 September 1479–26 November 1504 25 years, 2 months, 22 days
Joanna of Castile 26 November 1504–12 April 1555 51 years, 7 months, 14 days
Isabella II of Spain 29 September 1833–30 September 1868 35 years, 1 day
Egypt
[edit]

The first verified female monarch of Egypt is Sobekneferu of the Twelfth dynasty. However, queens from earlier periods such as Neithhotep, Merneith and Khentkaus I held powerful positions and may have ruled Egypt in their own right, but the archaeological evidence is ambiguous.[2]

Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Sobekneferu Pharaoh Middle Kingdom of Egypt c. 1777 BC c. 1773 BC 3 years, 10 months and 24 days [3]
Hatshepsut Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1479 BC c. 1458 BC c. 21 years
Neferneferuaten Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1334 BC c. 1332 BC c. 3 years
Twosret Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1191 BC c. 1189 BC 2 years
Arsinoe II Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 273 or 272 BC 270 or 268 BC 2 to 5 years [4]
Berenice II Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 246 BC 221 BC 25 years [5]
Arsinoe III Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 220 BC 204 BC 16 years [6]
Cleopatra I Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 193 BC 176 BC 17 years [7]
Cleopatra II Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom c. 175 BC 164 BC c. 56 years (Total) [8]
163 BC 127 BC
124 BC 115 BC
Cleopatra III Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom c. 139 BC 130 BC c. 35 years (Total) [9]
127 BC 101 BC
Cleopatra IV – Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 116 BC 115 BC 1 year [10]
Berenice III Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 101 BC 88 BC 14 years (Total) [11]
81 BC 80 BC
Cleopatra V Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 79 BC 69 BC 11 years (Total) [12]
Cleopatra VI 58 BC 57 BC [13]
Berenice IV – Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 58 BC 55 BC 3 years [14]
Cleopatra VII Pharaoh Ptolemaic Kingdom 31 May 52 BC August 30 BC 21 years [15]
Arsinoe IV Pharaoh
(disputed) 		Ptolemaic Kingdom December 48 BC January 47 BC 1 or 2 months [16]
Zenobia Queen Aegyptus October 270 June 272 1 year and 9 months [17]
Shajar al-Durr Sultan Mamluk Sultanate 2 May 1250 30 July 1250 3 months
Libya
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Monarch Portrait State Reign dates Length Ref.
Berenice II Cyrenaica 258–246 BC 12 years
Cleopatra Selene II Cyrenaica 34–30 BC 4 years
Sudan
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Monarch Portrait Title State Reign dates Length Ref.
Nahirqo Kandake Kingdom of Kush Mid-2nd century BC – [18]
Unknown Queen – Kandake Kingdom of Kush End of 2nd–first half of 1st century BC – [19]
Amanirenas Kandake Kingdom of Kush End of 1st century BC–Beginning of 1st century AD –
Amanishakheto Kandake Kingdom of Kush Early 1st century AD –
Shanakdakhete – Kandake Kingdom of Kush First half of the 1st century AD –
Nawidemak Kandake Kingdom of Kush –
Amanitore Kandake Kingdom of Kush Mid-1st century AD –
Amanikhatashan Kandake Kingdom of Kush Mid-2nd century AD – [20]
Amanikhalika Kandake Kingdom of Kush Second half of the 2nd century AD – [21]
Patrapeamani [de] Kandake Kingdom of Kush First half of the 4th century AD – [20]
Amanipilade Kandake Kingdom of Kush Mid-4th century AD –
Gaua – Queen Dotawo c. 1520–1526 c. 6 years [22]

West Africa

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Benin
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Monarch Portrait State Reign dates Length Ref.
Hude – Hogbonu 1746–1752 6 years [23]
The Gambia
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Ghana
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Akan state of Denkyira

Akan state of Dwaben

Akan state of Akyem Abuakwa

Gã

Guinea-Bissau
[edit]

Orango

Roxa

Côte d'Ivoire
[edit]

Baoule

  • Pokou (reigned c. 1750 – c. 1760)[27] – Queen and founder of the Baoule tribe.
  • Akwa Boni (reigned c. 1760 – c. 1790)[27] – Pokou's niece who succeeded her to the throne.
Liberia
[edit]
Mali
[edit]

Mali Empire

Nigeria
[edit]

Daura

Further information: Kabara (title)

The title "Kabara" was used by female monarchs who ruled over the Hausa people in the Middle Ages. A line of matriarchal monarchs is recorded in the Kano Chronicle that ends with the reign of Daurama in the 9th century.[29] These queens reigned from c. 700 to c. 1000.[30]

  • Kufuru
  • Ginu
  • Yakumo
  • Yakunya
  • Wanzamu
  • Yanbamu
  • Gizir-gizir
  • Inna-Gari
  • Daurama
  • Ga-Wata
  • Shata
  • Fatatuma
  • Sai-Da-Mata
  • Ja-Mata
  • Ha-Mata
  • Zama
  • Sha-Wata
  • Daurama II

Igodomigodo

Ondo Kingdom

Zazzau

  • Amina – There is controversy among scholars as to the date of her reign, one school placing her in the mid-15th century, and a second placing her reign in the mid to late 16th century.

Ifẹ

Oyo Empire

  • Orompoto (reigned c. 1555–1575) – Succeeded her brother Eguguojo to the throne.

Igala Kingdom

Akure Kingdom

  • Èyé Àró (reigned 1393–1419)
  • Èyémọ̀ị́n (reigned 1705–1735)
  • Amọ́robíòjò (reigned 1850–1851)
Senegal
[edit]
Further information: Lingeer

Lingeer's leadership activities were carried out at the highest tier, as a co-monarch.

Sierra Leone
[edit]

Koya Temne

  • Fatima (reigned 1826–1840)[32]

Kpa Mende

Central Africa

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Angola
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Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Mussasa – Queen Imbangala 17th century Unknown –
Tembandumba Queen Imbangala 17th century Unknown –
Mwongo Matamba [sv] – Queen Matamba Unknown 1631 –
Nzinga (Ana I) Ngola Ndongo 1624 1626 2 years
1657 1663 6 years
Queen Matamba 1631 1663 32 years
Barbara – Ngola Ndongo 1663 1666 3 years
Queen Matamba
Verónica I – Queen Matamba 1681 1721 40 years
Ana II – Queen Matamba 1742 1756 14 years
Verónica II – Queen Matamba 1756 1758 2 years
Ana III – Queen Matamba 1758 1767 9 years
Kamana – Queen Jinga 1767 1810 43 years

Mbunda Kingdom

Kingdom of kongo
There were two female monarchs during Kongo Civil War.

Cameroon
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Chad
[edit]

Kanem–Bornu Empire

East Africa

[edit]
Comoros
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Alimah I – Sultan Sultanate of Ndzuwani Unknown c. 1590 –
Alimah II – Sultan c. 1632 c. 1676 44 years
Alimah III [sv] – Sultan c. 1676 c. 1711 35 years
Alimah IV – Sultan 1788 1792 4 years
Djoumbé Fatima Sultan Sultanate of Mwali 1842 1865 23 years
1874 1878 4 years
Salima Machamba Sultan 1888 1909 21 years

Bambao

Itsandra

Bajini

Ethiopia
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Zewditu Empress Ethiopian Empire 27 September 1916 2 April 1930 13 years, 187 days
Kenya
[edit]
Madagascar
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Rangita – Queen Vazimba 1520 1530 10 years
Rafohy – Queen Vazimba 1530 1540 10 years
Bety – Queen Betsimisaraka 1750 1762 12 years
Andrianaginarivo – Queen Boina Kingdom 1777 1778 1 year [35]
Tombola – Queen Boina Kingdom 1778 1778 Less than 1 year [35]
Ravahiny – Queen Boina Kingdom 1778 1808 30 years [35]
Ranavalona I Queen Merina Kingdom 11 August 1828 16 August 1861 33 years, 5 days
Oantitsy – Queen Boina Kingdom 1832 1836 4 years [35]
Tsiomeko – Queen Boina Kingdom 1836 1840 4 years [35]
Rasoherina Queen Merina Kingdom 12 May 1863 1 April 1868 4 years, 325 days
Ranavalona II Queen Merina Kingdom 2 April 1868 13 July 1883 15 years, 102 days
Ranavalona III Queen Merina Kingdom 30 July 1883 28 February 1897 13 years, 213 days

Ambohidratrimo

Menabe

Bemihisatra

Bemazava

Antankarana

Mauritius
[edit]
Somalia
[edit]
Somaliland
[edit]

Sultanate of Ifat

South Sudan
[edit]

Shilluk Kingdom

  • Abudok [fr], the eighth ruler (and only queen) of the Shilluk.[41]
Tanzania
[edit]

Unguja

Pemba Island

Tumbatu Island

Kua

Mikindani

Uganda
[edit]
Monarch Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Nyabagabe Queen Busongora Kingdom 775 780 5 years [48]
Kudidi Empress Busongora Kingdom 950 990 40 years [48]
Nyakahongerwa Empress Busongora Kingdom 1000 1025 25 years [48]
Kogyere I Rusija-Miryango Empress Busongora Kingdom 1075 1085 40 years [48]
1090 1120 [48]
Kogyere II Empress Busongora Kingdom 1120 1130 10 years [48]
Njunaki Kamaranga Empress Busongora Kingdom 1250 1280 30 years [48]
Nyakahuma Queen Busongora Kingdom 1330 1375 45 years [48]
Kitami kya Nyawera Queen Busongora Kingdom 1685 1725 40 years [48]
Kantunguru Queen Busongora Kingdom 1740 1750 10 years [48]
Akech Queen Paroketu 1760 1787 27 years [49]
Kogyere III Ikamiro Queen Busongora Kingdom 1886 1889 3 years [48]
Elizabeth Queen Uganda 9 October 1962 9 October 1963 1 year

Southern Africa

[edit]
Malawi
[edit]
Namibia
[edit]
Monarch Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Kapango Queen Mbunza c. 1750 – – [50]
Mate I Hompa Uukwangali c. 1750 – – [51]
Nankali Hompa Uukwangali c. 1770 – – [51]
Simbara Hompa Uukwangali 1785 1800 15 years [51]
Mate II Hompa Uukwangali 1800 1818 18 years [51]
Nakashwa Queen Ongandjera 1862 – – [51]
Mpande Hompa Uukwangali 1880 1886 6 years [51]
Kanuni Hompa Uukwangali 1926 1941 28 years (Total) [51]
1958 1971
Maria Mwengere Queen Shambyu 1947 1987 40 years [51]
Angelina Matumbo Ribebe Queen Shambyu 1989 2015 26 years [52]
Martha Nelumbu Ohmaba Oukwanyama November 2005 Incumbent 19 years to date
Sofia Mundjembwe Kanyetu Queen Shambyu 2023 Incumbent 1 year to date [53]
South Africa
[edit]
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1961)

AmaMpondomise

Lobedu people

Further information: Rain Queen

The Modjadji or Rain Queen is the hereditary queen of Lobedu, the people of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The succession to the position of Rain Queen is matrilineal, meaning that the Queen's eldest daughter is the heir, and that males are not entitled to inherit the throne at all. The Rain Queen is believed to have special powers, including the ability to control the clouds and rainfall.

Zambia
[edit]
Zimbabwe
[edit]

The Americas

[edit]

North America

[edit]
Canada
[edit]
  • Victoria (reigned 1837–1901)
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)
Mexico
[edit]

Coba

Ecatepec

Palenque

Sak Kʼukʼ

Tepetlaoztoc

  • Azcasuch (reigned in the late 15th–early 16th century)

Toltec Empire

Toniná

Tzacoalco

Mixtec

Further information: Mixtec § Mixtec rulers

Central America

[edit]
Belize
[edit]
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1981–2022)

Pusilha

Guatemala
[edit]

El Perú

La Florida

Naranjo

Tikal

The Caribbean

[edit]
West Indies
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Elizabeth II Queen Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981 8 September 2022 40 years, 311 days
Queen Bahamas 10 July 1973 8 September 2022 49 years, 60 days
Queen Barbados 30 November 1966 30 November 2021 55 years, 0 days
Queen Grenada 7 February 1974 8 September 2022 48 years, 213 days
Queen Jamaica 6 August 1962 8 September 2022 60 years, 33 days
Queen Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983 8 September 2022 38 years, 354 days
Queen Saint Lucia 22 February 1979 8 September 2022 43 years, 198 days
Queen Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979 8 September 2022 42 years, 316 days
Queen Trinidad and Tobago 31 August 1962 1 August 1976 13 years, 130 days

South America

[edit]
Brazil
[edit]
  • Maria I (reigned as Queen of Brazil 1815–1816) – she was also Queen of Portugal in 1777–1816
Ecuador
[edit]
Guyana
[edit]
Peru
[edit]
Suriname
[edit]

Asia

[edit]

East Asia

[edit]
China
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Daughter of Xiaoming – Empress
(disputed) 		Northern Wei 1 April 528 1 April 528 Less than 1 day
Wu Zetian Empress Wu Zhou 16 October 690 21 February 705 14 years, 128 days

Eastern Kingdom of Women [zh]
In Tibet, there was Nüguo (Chinese: 女國, lit. "Kingdom of Women"), also known as Dong nüguo (Chinese: 東女國, lit. "Eastern Kingdom of Women"), related to the tribe Sumpa.[57] Several queens regnant of there were recorded in Chinese history books.

Wuman

Japan
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Himiko – Queen Yamatai c. 180 c. 247 or 248 67 or 68 years [62]
Toyo – Queen Yamatai c. 248 Unknown – [63]
Suiko Empress Yamato 15 January 593 15 April 628 35 years, 91 days [64]
Kōgyoku Empress Yamato 19 February 642 12 July 645 3 years, 143 days [65]
Saimei 14 February 655 24 August 661 6 years, 191 days
Jitō Empress Japan 686 697 11 years [66]
Genmei Empress Japan 17 August 707 3 October 715 8 years, 47 days [67]
Genshō Empress Japan 3 October 715 3 March 724 8 years, 152 days [68]
Kōken Empress Japan 19 August 749 7 September 758 8 years, 324 days
Shōtoku 6 November 764 28 August 770 5 years, 295 days
Meishō Empress Japan 22 December 1629 14 November 1643 13 years, 327 days [69]
Go-Sakuramachi Empress Japan 15 September 1762 9 January 1771 8 years, 116 days [70]
Korea
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Seondeok Queen Silla 632 647 15 years
Jindeok – Queen Silla 647 654 7 years
Jinseong – Queen Silla 887 897 10 years

South Asia

[edit]
Bangladesh
[edit]
Monarch Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Kalindi Rani Chakma Circle 1832 1873 41 years
India
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Tribhuvana Mahadevi I – Queen Bhauma-Kara dynasty 845 850 5 years
Tribhuvana Mahadevi II – Queen Bhauma-Kara dynasty 890 896 6 years [71]
Tribhuvana Mahadevi III – Queen Bhauma-Kara dynasty 896 905 9 years [72]
Sugandha – Queen Utpala dynasty 904 906 2 years
Gauri Mahadevi – Queen Bhauma-Kara dynasty c. 910 c. 916 c. 6 years
Dandi Mahadevi – Queen Bhauma-Kara dynasty c. 916 c. 936 c. 20 years
Vakula Mahadevi – Queen Bhauma-Kara dynasty c. 936 c. 940 c. 4 years
Dharma Mahadevi – Queen Bhauma-Kara dynasty c. 940 c. 950 c. 10 years
Didda – Queen Utpala dynasty 980 1003 23 years
Razia Sultana Sultana Delhi Sultanate 19 November 1236 20 April 1240 3 years, 153 days
Rudrama Devi Queen Kakatiya dynasty c. 1262 November 1289 c. 27 years
Ballamahadevi – Maharajadhiraja Alupa dynasty 1275 1292 17 years
Kota Rani – Maharani Lohara dynasty 1338 1339 1 year
Lakhima Devi – Queen Oiniwar dynasty 1416 1428 12 years [73]
Visvasa Devi – Queen Oiniwar dynasty 1431 1443 12 years [74]
Abbakka Chowta Queen Ullal 1525 1570 45 years
Chennabhairadevi – Rani Gerusoppa 1552 1606 54 years [75]
Keladi Chennamma – Rani Keladi Nayaka Kingdom 1672 1697 25 years
Ali Raja Bibi Harrabichi Kadavube – Arakkal Beevi Arakkal kingdom 1728 1732 4 years
Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe I – Arakkal Beevi Arakkal kingdom 1732 1745 13 years
Sujana Bai Rani Thanjavur Maratha kingdom 1737 1738 1 year
Virammaji – Rani Keladi Nayaka Kingdom 1757 1763 6 years
Ahilyabai Holkar Maharani Indore State 1 December 1767 13 August 1795 27 years, 255 days
Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe II – Arakkal Beevi Arakkal kingdom 1777 1819 42 years
Velu Nachiyar Rani Sivaganga estate c. 1780 c. 1790 c. 10 years
Daya Kaur – Rani Nishanwalia Misl 1786 1808 22 years [76]
1809 1823 14 years
Vellacci – Rani Sivaganga estate c. 1790 c. 1793 c. 3 years
Devammaji – Rani Kingdom of Coorg 1809 1811 2 years [77]
Gowri Lakshmi Bayi Maharani Travancore kingdom 7 November 1810 1813 3 years
Qudsia Begum Nawab Begum Bhopal State 1819 1837 18 years [78]
Mohan Kumari – Rani Sambalpur State 1827 1833 6 years [79]
Shah Jahan Begum Nawab Begum Bhopal State 1844 30 September 1860 14 years
30 October 1868 16 June 1901 32 years, 229 days
Sikandar Begum Nawab Begum Bhopal State 30 September 1860 30 October 1868 8 years, 30 days
Victoria Empress British Raj 1 May 1876 22 January 1901 24 years, 266 days
Sultan Jahan Nawab Begum Bhopal State 16 June 1901 20 April 1926 24 years, 308 days
Prafulla Kumari Devi – Rani Bastar State 23 November 1922 28 February 1936 13 years, 97 days
Maldives
[edit]
Monarch Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Srimati Damahara Queen Dheeva Maari 10th century 10th century –
Khadijah Sultana Sultanate of Maldive Islands 1347 1362 28 years (Total)
1363 1373
1376 1379
Raadhafathi Sultana 1379 1380 1 year
Dhaain Sultana 1385 1388 5 years
Kuda Kala Kamanafaanu Sultana 1607 1609 2 years
Amina Kabafaanu Sultana 1753 1754 1 year
Amina Rani Kilegefaanu Sultana 1757 1759 2 years
Nepal
[edit]
Monarch Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Ganga Rani Rani Kingdom of Bhaktapur October 1588 Unknown –
Pakistan
[edit]
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–1956)

Assacani

Gilgit

Kanhaiya Misl

Soomra dynasty

  • Hamoon (reigned 1107) – she occupied the throne after her husband Sanghar's death, but was soon crushed by the nobles[82]
Sri Lanka
[edit]
Further information: List of Sinhalese female monarchs
Monarch Picture Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Anula – Queen Anuradhapura Kingdom 47 BCE 42 BCE 5 years
Sivali – Queen Anuradhapura Kingdom 35 CE 35 CE 4 months
Sugala Devi – Queen Principality of Ruhuna Unknown 1158 –
Lilavati – Queen Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 1197 1200 5 years (Total)
1209 1210
1211 1212
Kalyanavati – Queen Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 1202 1208 6 years
Kusumasana Devi Queen Kingdom of Kandy 1581 1581 Less than 1 year
Elizabeth II Queen Dominion of Ceylon 6 February 1952 22 May 1972 20 years, 106 days

Southeast Asia

[edit]
Cambodia
[edit]
Monarch Picture Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Soma Queen Funan 68 CE Unknown –
Kulaprabhavati – Queen Funan 514 517 3 years
Kambuja-raja-lakshmi – Queen Chenla 575 580 5 years
Jayadevi – Queen Chenla c. 681 c. 713 32 years
Indrani – Queen Land Chenla [km] 8th century – –
Nṛpatendradevī – Queen Land Chenla [km] 8th century – –
Jayendrabhā – Queen Land Chenla [km] 8th century – –
Jyeṣṭhāryā – Queen Land Chenla [km] c. 803 Unknown –
Tey – Queen Kingdom of Cambodia 1687 1687 Few months
Ang Mey Queen Kingdom of Cambodia May 1835 1840 5 years
March 1844 October 1846 2 years, 7 months
Sisowath Kossamak Queen Kingdom of Cambodia 20 June 1960 9 October 1970 10 years, 111 days
Indonesia
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Shima – Queen Kalingga Kingdom c. 674 c. 695 21 years
Sri Isyana Tunggawijaya – Maharani Mataram Kingdom 947 c. 958 11 years
Śri Wijaya Mahadewi – Queen Bali Kingdom 983 989 6 years
Mahendradatta – Queen Bali Kingdom 989 1007 17 years
Śri Ajñadewi – Queen Bali Kingdom c. 1016 Unknown –
Śri Maharaja Sakalendukirana Laksmidhara Wijayottunggadewi – Queen Bali Kingdom 1088 1101 13 years
Arjayadengjayaketana – Queen Bali Kingdom 1181 1200 19 years
Unknown Queen – Queen Bali Kingdom Unknown 1284 – [83]
Wan Sri Benian – Queen Bintan c. 1290 Unknown – [84]
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi Maharani Majapahit Empire 1328 1350 22 years
Wa Kaa Kaa – Queen Buton 1332 Unknown – [85]
Bulawambona – Queen Buton 14th century 14th century – [85][86]
Tumanurung Baine – Queen Gowa c. 14th century c. 14th century –
Ratu Nahrasyiyah [id] Sultana Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1406 1428 22 years
Suhita Maharani Majapahit Empire 1429 1447 18 years
Benrigau' – Arumpone Bone State 1470 1490 20 years [87]
Ratu Kalinyamat Sultana Kalinyamat Sultanate c. 1549 c. 1579 30 years
Tenrirawe – Datu Kingdom of Luwu 1571 1587 16 years [88]
Sambo (Bainea) – Queen Kingdom of Tallo 1576 1590 14 years
Tenrituppu – Arumpone Bone State 1602 1611 9 years [87]
Ratu Sukadana – Queen Kingdom of Matan 1608 1622 14 years
Taj ul-Alam Safiatuddin Syah Sultana Aceh Sultanate 18 February 1641 23 October 1675 34 years, 247 days
Bi Sonbai – Keizerin Sonbai Kecil 1672 1717 45 years [89]
Nurul Alam Naqiatuddin Syah – Sultana Aceh Sultanate 23 October 1675 23 January 1678 2 years, 92 days
Inayat Zakiatuddin Syah – Sultana Aceh Sultanate 23 January 1678 3 February 1688 10 years, 11 days
Aji Ragi – Queen Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate [id] 1686 1700 14 years [90]
Zainatuddin Kamalat Syah – Sultana Aceh Sultanate 3 October 1688 October 1699 11 years
Batari Tungke (Fatimah) – Datu Kingdom of Luwu 1706 1715 9 years [88]
Batari Toja (Zainab) – Sultana Bone State 1714 1715 1 year [87]
1724 1738 14 years
1741 1749 8 years
Datu Kingdom of Luwu 1715 1748 33 years [88]
Kamalat Syah – Sultana Bima Sultanate 1748 1751 3 years
Tenrileleang – Datu Kingdom of Luwu 1748 1760 12 years [88]
1765 1778 13 years
Raden Ayu Tirtonegoro – Adipati Duchy of Sumenep [id] 1750 1762 12 years [91]
Siti Aisyah [id] – Sultana Sumbawa Sultanate [id] 1759 1761 2 years [92]
Sitti Saleh I – Sultana Kingdom of Tallo 1767 1777 10 years
Shafiyatuddin [id] – Sultana Sumbawa Sultanate [id] 1791 1795 4 years [92]
Tenriwaru (Hawa) – Datu Kingdom of Luwu 1810 1825 15 years [88]
Sitti Saleh II – Sultana Kingdom of Tallo 1814 1824 10 years
Istri Kanya [id] – Dewa Agung Kingdom of Klungkung [id] 1814 1850 36 years
Unknown Queen – Liurai Wehali c. 1814 Unknown – [93][94]
Maniratu (Rajiatuddin) – Sultana Bone State 1823 1835 12 years [87]
Aisyah – Sultana Kingdom of Tallo 1845 1850 5 years
Siti Aisyah We Tenriolle Datu Tanette 1855 1910 55 years
Tenriawaru – Sultana Bone State 1857 1860 3 years [87]
Banrigau' (Fatimah) – Sultana Bone State 1871 1895 24 years [87]
Kambo Datu Kingdom of Luwu 1901 1935 34 years [88]
Laos
[edit]
Monarch Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Nang Keo Phimpha Queen Lan Xang 1438 1438 Few months
Myanmar
[edit]

Hanthawaddy

Sandoway

Waithali

Laihka State

Philippines
[edit]

Kingdom of Tondo

Kingdom of Maynila

  • Queen of Maynila, name unknown (reigned c. 1521) – she succeeded her husband Salalila and was succeeded by her son Matanda; according to oral traditions, her name is "Ysmeria"

Sultanate of Sulu

Thailand
[edit]

Hariphunchai

Pattani

Lanna

Timor-Leste
[edit]

There were many chiefdoms on Timor, but according to the hierarchy among the Timorese domains, the ruler of Sonbai of West Timor, the ruler of Wehali of Central Timor, and the ruler of Likusaen (today: Liquiçá) of East Timor were three paramount rulers of Timor.[99]

Liquiçá

Vietnam
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Trưng Trắc [vi] Queen Jiaozhi 40 43 3 years
Trưng Nhị [vi]
Triệu Ẩu Lady Jiaozhou 248 248 Less than 1 year
Daughter of Kandarpadharma – Queen Champa Unknown 653 –
Lý Chiêu Hoàng – Empress Đại Việt 1224 1225 1 year

West Asia

[edit]
Iran
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Anzaze Basilissa Elymais c. 82 or 81 BCE c. 75 BCE c. 6 or 7 years
Musa Basilissa Parthian Empire 2 BCE 4 CE 6 years
Ulfan – Basilissa Elymais 2nd century CE 2nd century CE –
Boran Banbishn Sasanian Empire 630 630 Less than 1 year
June 631 June 632 1 year
Azarmidokht – Banbishn Sasanian Empire 630 631 1 year
Sulafa Khatun – Atabeg Ahmadilis 1209 1225 16 years
Kutlugh Turkan – Khatun Qutlugh-Khanids 1257 1282 25 years
Abish Khatun – Atabeg Salghurids 1264 1284 20 years
Padishah Khatun Khatun Qutlugh-Khanids 1292 1295 3 years
Kurdujin Khatun – Khatun Qutlugh-Khanids June or July 1295 November 1295 4 or 5 months
Dawlat Khatun – Atabeg Khorshidi dynasty 1316 1316 –
Sati Beg – Il khan Ilkhanate July or August 1338 May 1339 9 or 10 months
Iraq
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Puabi Nin Ur c. 2600 BC – –
Tandu Khatun – Sultan Jalayirid Sultanate 1411 1419 8 years
Mir Xanzad – Mir Soran Emirate c. 1590 or c. 1620 – 7 years
Israel and Palestine
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Lady of the Lions – Nin Beit Shemesh c. 1350 BC – – [101]
Athaliah Queen Kingdom of Judah c. 841 BC c. 835 BC 6 years
Salome Alexandra Queen Hasmonean c. 76 BC c. 67 BC 9 years
Salome I – Toparch Herodian tetrarchy 4 BC 10 AD 14 years
Melisende Queen Kingdom of Jerusalem 1131 1153 22 years
Sibylla Queen Kingdom of Jerusalem 1186 1190 4 years
Isabella I Queen Kingdom of Jerusalem 1190 1205 15 years
Maria Queen Kingdom of Jerusalem 1205 1212 7 years
Isabella II Queen Kingdom of Jerusalem 1212 1228 16 years
Jordan
[edit]

Gileadite

Nabatea

Lebanon
[edit]

Tripoli
The County of Tripoli was an autonomous state.[102]

Saudi Arabia
[edit]

Bāzu

  • Iapa, queen of the city Dihrani – Esarhaddon conquered eight kings and queens of the land Bāzu[103]
  • Baslu, queen of the city Ihilum – Esarhaddon conquered eight kings and queens of the land Bāzu[103]

Qedarite

  • Zabibe (reigned c. 750–735 BC)
  • Samsi (reigned c. 735–710 BC)
  • Yatie (reigned c. 710–695 BC)
  • Te'el-hunu (reigned c. 695–690 BC)
  • Tabua (reigned c. 678–675 BC)
Syria
[edit]

Tanukhids

  • Mavia (reigned 375–425) – "The Queen of the Arabs"

Seleucid Empire

Palmyrene Empire

  • Zenobia (reigned 272) – she ruled mostly as regent for her son but reigned briefly under the regnal name Septimia Zenobia Augusta in 272.
Turkey
[edit]

Antioch
The Principality of Antioch was an autonomous state.[102]

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

Isabella of Armenia
  • Isabella (reigned 1219–1252) – she co-ruled with her husband Hethum I from 1226

Caria

Dardania

Heraclea Pontica

Pontus

Olba Kingdom

Prusias ad Mare

Saltukid dynasty

Trebizond

Yemen
[edit]

Sulayhid dynasty

  • Asma bint Shihab (reigned 1047–1087) – she was the co-ruler of Yemen in co-regency with her cousin and spouse, Ali al-Sulayhi, and later her son, Ahmad al-Mukkaram, and daughter-in-law, Arwa al-Sulayhi. Though there were many female monarchs in the Muslim world, Asma bint Shihab and Arwa al-Sulayhi were the only female monarchs in the Arab world to have had the khutba proclaimed in their name in the mosques as sovereigns.
  • Arwa al-Sulayhi (reigned 1067–1138) – she ruled Yemen firstly with her first two husbands and her mother-in-law and then as sole ruler. She was the greatest of the rulers of the Sulayhid Dynasty and was also the first woman to be accorded the prestigious title of hujja in Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam, signifying her as the closest living image of God's will in her lifetime.

Central Asia

[edit]
Afghanistan
[edit]
  • Queen of Greater Yuezhi, name unknown (reigned in the 2nd century BC) – after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife became the new monarch of Greater Yuezhi[104][105]
Uzbekistan
[edit]

North Asia

[edit]
Siberia
[edit]

Europe

[edit]

Central Europe

[edit]
Austria, Hungary, Croatia, and Czechia
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Mary
Queen Hungary 10 September 1382 December 1385 3 years and 4 months
Croatia
Hungary 24 February 1386 17 May 1395 9 years, 82 days
Croatia
Maria Theresa
Archduchess Austria 20 October 1740 29 November 1780 40 years, 40 days
Queen Hungary
Croatia
Bohemia 19 December 1741 1 year, 60 days
12 May 1743 29 November 1780 37 years, 201 days

Marcomanni

Poland and Lithuania
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Jadwiga Rex (King) Poland 16 October 1384 17 July 1399 14 years, 274 days
Anna Queen Poland 15 December 1575 19 August 1587 11 years, 247 days
Grand Duchess Lithuania

Eastern Europe

[edit]
Armenia
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Erato Queen Kingdom of Armenia 8 BC 5 BC 3 years
2 BC 2 AD 4 years
6 AD 12 AD 6 years
Azerbaijan
[edit]

Kingdom of Hereti

Georgia
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Tamar I Mepe (King) Kingdom of Georgia 27 March 1184 18 January 1213 28 years, 297 days
Rusudan Mepe (King) Kingdom of Georgia 18 January 1223 1245 22 years
Tamar II – Queen Kingdom of Kartli 1744 12 April 1746 2 years
Russia
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Irina Godunova Tsaritsa
(disputed) 		26 January 1598 3 March 1598 36 days
Catherine I Empress 8 February 1725 17 May 1727 2 years, 98 days
Anna Empress 26 February 1730 28 October 1740 10 years, 245 days
Elizabeth Empress 6 December 1741 5 January 1762 20 years, 30 days
Catherine II Empress 9 July 1762 17 November 1796 34 years, 131 days

Sabir people

Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus

  • Kamasarye Philoteknos (reigned 180–150 BC) – she co-ruled with her husband Paerisades III
  • Dynamis (reigned in 47 BC, 44–17 BC, and 16–14 BC) – she co-ruled with her first husband Asander in 47 BC and from 44 BC until 17 BC; then she co-ruled with her second husband Polemon I from 16 BC until her death
  • Gepaepyris (reigned 37/38–39 AD)

Blue Horde

Khanate of Qasim

Northern Europe

[edit]
Denmark, Norway and Sweden
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length of reign Ref.
Margaret I Queen Denmark 10 August 1387 28 October 1412 25 years, 79 days
Norway 2 February 1388 24 years, 269 days
Sweden 24 February 1389 23 years, 247 days
Christina Queen Sweden 16 November 1632 16 June 1654 21 years, 212 days
Ulrika Eleonora Queen Sweden 5 December 1718 29 February 1720 1 year, 86 days
Margrethe II Queen Denmark 14 January 1972 14 January 2024 52 years, 0 days

Agder

Western Europe

[edit]
Luxembourg and Belgium
[edit]

Burgundian Netherlands

Spanish Netherlands

Austrian Netherlands

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Netherlands
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length of reign Ref.
Wilhelmina
Queen Netherlands 23 November 1890 4 September 1948 57 years, 286 days
Juliana
Queen Netherlands 4 September 1948 30 April 1980 31 years, 239 days
Beatrix
Queen Netherlands 30 April 1980 30 April 2013 33 years, 0 days
Monaco
[edit]
United Kingdom and Ireland
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Cartimandua Queen Brigantes c. 43 c. 69 c. 25 years
Boudica Queen Iceni c. 60 c. 61 c. 1 year
Seaxburh – Queen Wessex c. 672 c. 674 c. 2 years
Æthelflæd Lady Mercia 911 918 c. 7 years
Ælfwynn – Lady Mercia 12 June 918 4 December 918 175 days
Matilda Lady (disputed) England 8 April 1141 1148 c. 7 years [109]
Margaret Queen (disputed) Scotland 19 March 1286 September 1290 4 years, 6 months
Mary I of Scotland Queen Scotland 14 December 1542 24 July 1567 24 years, 222 days
Jane Queen (disputed) England 10 July 1553 19 July 1553 9 days [110]
Ireland
Mary I of England Queen England 24 July 1553 17 November 1558 5 years, 116 days
Ireland
Elizabeth I Queen England 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 44 years, 127 days
Ireland
Mary II Queen England 13 February 1689 28 December 1694 5 years, 318 days
Ireland
Scotland 11 April 1689 5 years, 261 days
Anne Queen England 8 March 1702 1 May 1707 5 years, 54 days
Scotland
Ireland 1 August 1714 12 years, 146 days
Great Britain 1 May 1707 7 years, 92 days
Victoria Queen United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 63 years, 216 days
Elizabeth II Queen United Kingdom 6 February 1952 8 September 2022 70 years, 214 days

Southern Europe

[edit]
Albania
[edit]
Bosnia
[edit]
Bulgaria
[edit]

Odrysian kingdom

Cyprus
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Charlotte Queen Kingdom of Cyprus 28 July 1458 1464 6 years
Catherine Cornaro Queen Kingdom of Cyprus 26 August 1474 26 February 1489 14 years, 184 days
Greece
[edit]
Zoe

Aeacid dynasty

Byzantine Empire

  • Irene of Athens (reigned 797–802) – she normally referred to herself as basilissa (empress), although there are three instances of the title basileus (emperor) being used by her. From 792 she was a co-ruler.
  • Theodora the Armenian (reigned 842–856, disputed) - after the death of her husband she became the co-ruler of her son but in fact she ruled the empire alone; some historians regard her as an empress regnant rather than just a regent
  • Thekla (reigned 842–856, disputed), co-ruler of Theodora the Armenian
  • Zoë Porphyrogenita (reigned 1028–1041 and 1042–1050) – she ruled with her consorts Romanos III and Michael IV between 1028 and 1041; she ruled with her sister Theodora and her third husband Constantine IX from 1042 to 1050
  • Theodora Porphyrogenita (reigned 1042–1056) – she ruled from 1042 jointly with her sister Zoe and Zoe's third husband Constantine IX; she ruled from 1055 until her own death as sole monarch.
  • Eudokia Makrembolitissa (reigned 1067, disputed) - after the death of her husband she became a ruler; some historians regard her as an empress regnant rather than just a regent

Epirus

Frankokratia
Latin Empire was disestablished in 1261, but Latin states in Greece, also known as Frankokratia, continued to recognize Latin emperors in exile as their overlords until 1383.

Polis

Italy
[edit]

Ostrogothic Kingdom

  • Amalasuintha (reigned 534–535) – she ruled first as regent for her son and thereafter as queen regnant in her own right

Sardinian medieval kingdoms

Kingdom of Sicily

Kingdom of Naples

Italian states from the Congress of Vienna to the unification of Italy [it]
The Italian duchies restored by the Congress of Vienna became fully sovereign because the Kingdom of Italy was not restored.

Portugal
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Theresa Queen Portugal
(disputed) 		1116 24 June 1128
Beatrice Queen Portugal
(disputed) 		1383 1385
Maria I Queen Portugal 24 February 1777 20 March 1816 39 years, 25 days
Maria II Queen Portugal 2 May 1826 23 June 1828 2 years, 52 days
26 May 1834 15 November 1853 19 years, 173 days
Spain and Andorra
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Jimena Díaz Princess Principality of Valencia 1099 1102
Urraca the Reckless Empress Hispania 30 June 1109 8 March 1126 16 years, 251 days
Queen León
Queen Castile
Queen Galicia 1111
Petronilla Queen Aragon 13 November 1137 18 July 1164 26 years, 248 days
Urraca the Asturian – Queen Kingdom of Artajona [eu] 1144 1153
Berengaria Queen Castile 6 June 1217 31 August 1217 86 days
Queen Toledo
Sancha – Queen León 24 September 1230 11 December 1230 78 days
Dulce – Queen León 24 September 1230 11 December 1230 78 days
Joan I Queen Navarre 22 July 1284 2 April 1305 20 years, 254 days
Joan II Queen Navarre 1 April 1328 6 October 1349 21 years, 188 days
Isabella of Foix-Castelbon – Co-Princess Andorra 1398 1412
Blanche I Queen Navarre 8 September 1425 1 April 1441 15 years, 205 days
Blanche II – Queen Navarre 23 September 1461 2 December 1464 3 years, 70 days
Isabella I Queen Castile 11 December 1474 26 November 1504 29 years, 351 days
Queen León
Eleanor – Queen Navarre 28 January 1479 12 February 1479 15 days
Catherine Queen Navarre 7 January 1483 12 February 1517 34 years, 36 days
Co-Princess Andorra
Joanna the Mad Queen Castile 26 November 1504 12 April 1555 50 years, 137 days
Queen Aragon 23 January 1516 39 years, 79 days
Queen Upper Navarre
Jeanne d'Albret Queen Lower Navarre 25 May 1555 9 June 1572 17 years, 15 days
Co-Princess Andorra
Isabella II Queen Spain 29 September 1833 30 September 1868 35 years, 1 day
Queen Upper Navarre 30 November 1833 62 days
Malta
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Elizabeth II Queen Malta 21 September 1964 13 December 1974 10 years, 83 days
Montenegro
[edit]

Duklja

  • Neda (reigned 1043–1046)

Oceania

[edit]

Australasia

[edit]
Australia
[edit]
  • Victoria (reigned 1901)
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)
New Zealand
[edit]
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022)

Rarotonga

Makea Takau Ariki

Melanesia

[edit]
Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands
[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Elizabeth II Tui Viti Fiji 1970 1987
Queen Papua New Guinea 1975 2022
Queen Solomon Islands 1978 2022

Polynesia

[edit]
American Samoa
[edit]
Tui Manuʻa Matelita.
French Polynesia
[edit]

Bora Bora

Huahine

Tehaapapa II and Tehaapapa III

Raiatea

  • Tehauroarii (reigned 1881–1884)
  • Tuarii (reigned till 1897) – she reigned under a rebellion government against the French with the support of Teraupo'o after Tamatoa VI abdicated.

Rapa Iti

Rimatara

Tahiti

  • Purea (reigned in the 18th century), queen of the Teva clan on the southern part of the island before unification
  • Pōmare IV (reigned 1827–1877)

Nuku Hiva

  • Vaekehu – her husband died in 1863, but Vaekehu continued to reign on her own as Queen
Hawaii
[edit]

Ancient Hawaii

Kingdom of Hawaii

Liliʻuokalani
Tonga
[edit]
Tuvalu
[edit]
  • Elizabeth II (reigned 1978–2022)
Wallis and Futuna
[edit]

Uvea

Legendary and mythological monarchs

[edit]

Chile

[edit]

China

[edit]

Congo

[edit]

Kuba Kingdom

[edit]

Women written in italics in the list of Kuba Kingdom rulers:[115]

  • Lobamba
  • Gokare
  • Sanga Motunu
  • Pelama Pena
  • Boeke
  • Sanga Lenga
  • Bosh Akama
  • Kele Kama
  • Bolueme

Czechia

[edit]

Easter Island

[edit]

Ecuador

[edit]

Egypt

[edit]
  • Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty – Nitocris is mentioned within Herodotus' book Histories as being the last Pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt.
  • Charoba – A queen mentioned in a history of Egypt written by 12th-century Arab writer Murtada ibn al-'Afif.[116]
  • Daluka of the Soleyman Dynasty – An Antediluvian monarch from medieval Coptic and Arabic texts who supposedly built a wall around Egypt to protect the country from invasion and also was said to have built a pyramid and a nilometer at Memphis. Sometimes claimed to be a cousin of Charoba and her immediate successor.[116]
  • Borsa of the Soleyman Dynasty – Mentioned in medieval Coptic and Arabic texts as a ruler of Egypt in the Antediluvian era.[117] Sometimes described as a "priestess".[116]

Ethiopia

[edit]
Further information: 1922 regnal list of Ethiopia

The following names all come from a regnal list written in 1922, which is partially based on native traditions and older regnal lists, but also contains additional names of Coptic and Nubian origin, the latter due to its association with the word "Aethiopia" in ancient and Biblical texts. Claimed dates follow the Ethiopian calendar.[118]

  • Borsa (reigned 4321–4254 BC) – Originated from Coptic tradition.[117]
  • Eylouka (reigned 3776–3731 BC) – Originated from Coptic tradition.[117]
  • Nehasset Nais (reigned 2434–2404 BC)
  • Kasiyope (reigned 1890–1871 BC) – Originated from Greek mythology.
  • Mumazes reigned (1675–1671 BC) – Daughter of king Bonu I.[119]
  • Aruas (reigned 1671 BC) – Daughter of Mumazes.[118]
  • Helena (reigned 1358–1347 BC)
  • Makeda (reigned 1013–982 BC) – The Biblical queen of Sheba in Ethiopian tradition and mother of Menelik I. She succeeded to the throne after the death of her father king Kawnasya.[120]
  • Nicauta Kandake I (reigned 740–730 BC)
  • Hadina (reigned 372–362 BC) – Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 9 years.[121]
  • Nikawla Kandake II (reigned 342–332 BC) – An alternate name for the Queen of Sheba[122]
  • Akawsis Kandake III (reigned 325–315 BC)
  • Nikosis Kandake IV (reigned 242–232 BC)
  • Awsena (reigned 99–88 BC) – Most regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 1 year.[121]
  • Nicotnis Kandake V (reigned 35–25 BC)
  • Garsemot Kandake VI (reigned 40–50 AD) – Supposedly the Kandake from the Biblical story of the Ethiopian Eunuch.[118]
  • Wakana (reigned 230 AD) – Reigned for 2 days.[118]
  • Ahywa Sofya (reigned 299–332 AD) – Likely based on Sofya of Axum, mother of Ezana.
  • Adhana I (reigned 369–374 AD) – Some regnal lists of Ethiopia claim this monarch reigned for 14 years.[123]
  • Adhana II (reigned 412–418 AD) – Some regnal lists claim this monarch co-ruled with king Abreha III.[123]

Kingdom of Simien

[edit]
  • Gudit (reigned c. 960 – c. 1000)

Sidama people

[edit]

French Polynesia

[edit]

Greece

[edit]

Amazons

[edit]

India

[edit]

Indonesia

[edit]

Iran

[edit]

Iraq

[edit]

Ireland

[edit]

Japan

[edit]

Korea

[edit]
  • Lady Saso, honorary queen regnant of Silla
  • Queen of Jeoknyeo-guk – Talhae's mother was the princess of Jeoknyeo-guk (Korean: 적녀국; Hanja: 積女國), an island country where only women lived[127]

Libya

[edit]

Malaysia

[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Siti Wan Kembang Queen Kelantan 1610 1667 57 years
Puteri Saadong – Queen Kelantan 1667 1671 4 years

Mexico

[edit]

Aztec Empire

[edit]

Myanmar

[edit]

Norway

[edit]

Pakistan

[edit]

Peru

[edit]

Poland

[edit]

Russia

[edit]

Somaliland

[edit]

South Africa

[edit]

Sri Lanka

[edit]

Sudan

[edit]

Syria

[edit]

Tunisia

[edit]
  • Dido (reigned 814–c. 760 BC) – also known as Alyssa. Founder of Carthage, according to tradition

Turkey

[edit]

Turkmenistan

[edit]

United Kingdom

[edit]

Vatican City

[edit]

Vietnam

[edit]

Yemen

[edit]

Constituent and self-proclaimed monarchs

[edit]

Botswana

[edit]

China

[edit]

Easter Island

[edit]

Haiti

[edit]

India

[edit]

Italy

[edit]

Jamaica

[edit]

New Zealand

[edit]

Nigeria

[edit]

Panama

[edit]

Trinidad and Tobago

[edit]
Further information: Carib Queen

The list of Carib Queens were:

United States Virgin Islands

[edit]

The leaders of the 1878 St. Croix labor riot were:

Chieftainesses

[edit]

Argentina

[edit]

Botswana

[edit]

Burundi

[edit]

Chile

[edit]

China

[edit]

Cameroon

[edit]

Colombia

[edit]

Congo

[edit]

Dominican Republic

[edit]

Ecuador

[edit]

Fiji

[edit]

Ghana

[edit]

Guinea

[edit]

Haiti

[edit]

India

[edit]

Ireland

[edit]

Israel

[edit]

Kenya

[edit]

Kyrgyzstan

[edit]

Liberia

[edit]

Malawi

[edit]

Malaysia

[edit]

Marshall Islands

[edit]

New Zealand

[edit]

Māori people

[edit]

Rarotonga

[edit]

Niger

[edit]

Nigeria

[edit]

Palau

[edit]

Panama

[edit]

Peru

[edit]

Puerto Rico

[edit]

Sierra Leone

[edit]

South Africa

[edit]

South Sudan

[edit]

United States of America

[edit]

Appomattoc

[edit]

Crow tribe

[edit]

Giluts'aaw

[edit]

Hoocąk

[edit]

Pamunkey

[edit]

Pocasset Wampanoag

[edit]

Sakonnet

[edit]

Seneca tribe

[edit]

Taiwan

[edit]

Vanuatu

[edit]

Venezuela

[edit]

Yemen

[edit]

Semi-independent feudal rulers

[edit]

Albania

[edit]
Monarch Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Joanna Duchess Duchy of Durazzo 1348 1368 20 years
1376 1383 7 years
Helena Thopia Lady Principality of Albania 1388 1392 4 years
1394 1403 9 years
Komnina Balšić Lady Principality of Valona 1385 1396 11 years
Rugjina Balsha Lady Principality of Valona 1414 1417 3 years

Bangladesh

[edit]

India

[edit]

Romania

[edit]

Crown landholders

[edit]

Cyprus

[edit]
Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length
Victoria Queen British Cyprus 4 June 1878 22 January 1901 22 years, 232 days
Elizabeth Queen British Cyprus 6 February 1952 16 August 1960 8 years, 192 days

Estonia

[edit]

Swedish Estonia

Russian Estonia

  • Catherine I (reigned 8 February 1725 – 17 May 1727)
  • Anna (reigned 13 February 1730 – 28 October 1740)
  • Elizabeth (reigned 6 December 1741 – 5 January 1762)
  • Catherine II (reigned 9 July 1762 – 6 November 1796)

Finland

[edit]

Swedish Finland

Iceland

[edit]

Norwegian Iceland

Israel and Palestine

[edit]

Thutmose III of the New Kingdom of Egypt conquered Canaan.

Monarch Portrait Title State Start of reign End of reign Length Ref.
Neferneferuaten Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1334 BC c. 1332 BC 2 years
Tausret Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1191 BC c. 1189 BC 2 years
Zenobia Empress Palmyrene Empire 272 272 Less than 1 year

Sudan

[edit]

Thutmose I of the New Kingdom of Egypt conquered Nubia.

Monarch Portrait Title State Reign dates Length Ref.
Hatshepsut Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1479–1458 BC c. 21 years
Neferneferuaten Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1334–1332 BC c. 2 years
Twosret Pharaoh New Kingdom of Egypt c. 1191–1189 BC 2 years

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "El linaje español más antiguo en Canarias :: Revista de historia". mdc.ulpgc.es. Archived from the original on 2022-09-27.
  2. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. pp. 26–29, 33–34, 52–53.
  3. ^ Shaw, Ian, ed. (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
  4. ^ Bennett, Chris. "Arsinoe II". Egyptian Royal Genealogy.
  5. ^ Stanwick, Paul Edmund (22 July 2010). Portraits of the Ptolemies: Greek Kings as Egyptian Pharaohs. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292787476.
  6. ^ Chrystal, Paul (2017-02-28). Women at War in the Classical World. Grub Street Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4738-5661-5. Arsinoe III was Queen of Egypt from 220–204 BCE,
  7. ^ Chris Bennett. "Cleopatra I". Tyndale House. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
  8. ^ Cleopatra II Archived 23 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  9. ^ Cleopatra III Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  10. ^ Cleopatra IV Archived 24 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  11. ^ Berenice III Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  12. ^ Cleopatra V Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  13. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2006), Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, WW Norton, p. 200, ISBN 0-500-05145-3.
  14. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2019). The Pharaohs. London: Quercus. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-78747-900-5.
  15. ^ Burstein, Stanley M. (2004). The Reign of Cleopatra. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. xx–xxiii, 14, 155. ISBN 978-0-313-32527-4.
  16. ^ Arsinoe IV Archived 26 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
  17. ^ Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. Oxford University Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
  18. ^ Droa-Krupe, Kerstin; Fink, Sebastian (2021). Powerful Women in the Ancient World: Perception and (Self)Presentation. ISD LLC. pp. 308–316. ISBN 978-3-96327-139-7.
  19. ^ Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 5.
  20. ^ a b Török, László (2015). The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. BRILL. p. 206. ISBN 978-90-04-29401-1.
  21. ^ Kuckertz, Josefine (2021). "Meroe and Egypt". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology: 6.
  22. ^ Adam Simmons, 'A Short Note on Queen Gaua: A New Last Known Ruler of Dotawo (r. around 1520-6)?', Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies (2023), doi:10.5070/D60060625.
  23. ^ Stewart, John (2024-10-18). African States and Rulers (3 ed.). McFarland. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4766-1707-7.
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  26. ^ Duquette, Danielle Gallois (1983). Dynamique de l'art bidjogo (Guinée-Bissau): contribution à une anthropologie de l'art des sociétés africaines (in French). Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical. p. 71. Bernatzik, durant son voyage, entendait vanter le reine Idiana Ibop qui avait succédé à son mari, jusqu'à sa mort trois saisons des piuies auparavant, tellement elle s'était imposée à Canhabaque par son intelligence et sa bonté
  27. ^ a b Basil Davidson (2014). West Africa Before the Colonial Era: A History to 1850. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-317-88265-7.
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  30. ^ Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (3rd ed.). London: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 71. ISBN 9780786425624.
  31. ^ Achebe, Nwando; Robertson, Claire, eds. (2019-04-16). Holding the World Together: African Women in Changing Perspective. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-299-32110-9.
  32. ^ Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (3 ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-7864-2562-4.
  33. ^ Tolmacheva, Marina, ed. (2012-01-01). The Pate Chronicle. MSU Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 978-1-60917-302-9.
  34. ^ Tolmacheva, Marina, ed. (2012-01-01). The Pate Chronicle. MSU Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-60917-302-9.
  35. ^ a b c d e Truhart, Peter [in German] (2017-10-23). Regents of Nations / Regenten der Nationen, Part 2, Asia, Australia-Oceania / Asien, Australien-Ozeanien (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 1627–1628. ISBN 978-3-11-161625-4.
  36. ^ Chapus, Georges-Sully; Dandouau, André (1952-01-01). Histoire des populations de Madagascar (in French). FeniXX. p. 133. ISBN 978-2-402-66293-2.
  37. ^ Campbell, Gwyn (2005-03-14). An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-521-83935-8.
  38. ^ a b c Sharp, Lesley A. (2002-09-03). The Sacrificed Generation: Youth, History, and the Colonized Mind in Madagascar. University of California Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-520-22951-8.
  39. ^ a b KARIMBHAY, Tamim (2010-10-08). Nosy-Bé : Âme malgache, Coeur français (in French). TheBookEdition. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-2-9533865-4-7.
  40. ^ African Society (1926). Journal of the African Society. Vol. 25. MacMillan. p. 254.
  41. ^ Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (2011). "The divine kingship of the Shilluk of the Nilotic Sudan". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 1: 407–422. doi:10.14318/hau1.1.016. S2CID 162247139.
  42. ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2020-03-20). Colonial Mentality and the Destiny of Africa. African Renaissance Press. p. 144.
  43. ^ McIntyre, Chris; McIntyre, Susan (2009). Zanzibar. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-84162-254-5.
  44. ^ Ingrams, W. H. (2020-10-28). Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa. Routledge. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-000-10174-4.
  45. ^ a b c d Acquaviva, Graziella (2019). "More than just warriors: Mythical and archetypal images of the hero in Swahili literature". Kervan. International Journal of Afro-Asiatic Studies: 17.
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  47. ^ a b c d Yahya-Othman, Saïda (2010). Des femmes écrivent l'Afrique: L'Afrique de l'Est (in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 123. ISBN 978-2-8111-0410-8.
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  49. ^ Falola, Toyin; Amponsah, Nana Akua (2012-01-06). Women's Roles in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-313-38545-2.
  50. ^ Dierks, Klaus. "THE PERIOD OF THE EXPLORERS, HUNTERS AND TRADERS". klausdierks.com.
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  54. ^ "The life, death, and afterlife of an ancient Maya king: A study of Pusilha Ruler G". Contributions in New World Archaeology: 269. 2016.
  55. ^ Baron, Joanne (2017). "The Mystery Queen of La Florida-Namaan". Expedition Magazine. Vol. 59, no. 2.
  56. ^ 권, 혜진 (2017-07-05). "계란형 얼굴에 구릿빛 피부…1천700년 전 페루 여왕 얼굴 복원". 연합뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-01-13.
  57. ^ Jay, Jennifer W. (1996). "Imagining Matriarchy: "Kingdoms of Women" in Tang China". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 116 (2): 220–229. doi:10.2307/605697. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 605697.
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  63. ^ Yoshie, Akiko; Tonomura, Hitomi; Takata, Azumi Ann «Gendered Interpretations of Female Rule: The Case of Himiko, Ruler of Yamatai». US-Japan Women's Journal, 44, 1, 2013, pàg. 13. DOI: 10.1353/jwj.2013.0009.
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  65. ^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gokanshō, p. 265–267; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. p. 130–134; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 43–54., p. 43, at Google Books
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  68. ^ Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 271–272; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki. pp. 140–141; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 65–67., p. 65, at Google Books
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  71. ^ Arihant Experts (4 June 2019). Know Your State Odisha. Arihant Publications India limited. p. 16. ISBN 978-9313193272. Next female rulers were Tribhuvana Mahadevi II (890-896AD) and Tribhuvana Mahadevi III (896-905AD).
  72. ^ Arihant Experts (4 June 2019). Know Your State Odisha. Arihant Publications India limited. p. 16. ISBN 978-9313193272. Next female rulers were Tribhuvana Mahadevi II (890-896AD) and Tribhuvana Mahadevi III (896-905AD).
  73. ^ Upendra Thakur (1956). History of Mithila. Mithila Institute. pp. 320–322.
  74. ^ Jha, Makhan (1997). Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 57. ISBN 978-81-7533-034-4.
  75. ^ Jyotsna Kamat (2010-05-07). "Queen of Gersoppa: Chennabhairadevi, Brave Ruler of Gersoppa (1552–1606 C.E)". Kamatpotporri. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  76. ^ Singh, Harbans (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A-D. Vol. 1. Punjabi University. p. 538.
  77. ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 11 (New ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1908. p. 15.
  78. ^ The Begums of Bhopal: A Dynasty of Women Rulers in Raj India, by Shahraryar M. Khan. Published by I. B.Tauris, 2000. ISBN 1-86064-528-3
  79. ^ De, Sushil Chandra (1990). Story of Freedom Struggle in Orissa. Orissa Sahitya Akademi. p. 36.
  80. ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich; Unesco (2003-01-01). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. UNESCO. p. 238. ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1.
  81. ^ Khan, Shah Ra'is (1987). Shah Ra'is Khan ki Tarikh-i Gilgit (in Urdu).
  82. ^ Siddiqui, Dr. Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
  83. ^ John Norman Miksic; Goh Geok Yian (2016-10-14). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 464. ISBN 978-1-317-27904-4.
  84. ^ Chou, Cynthia (2009-10-16). The Orang Suku Laut of Riau, Indonesia: The Inalienable Gift of Territory. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-134-43033-8.
  85. ^ a b O'Connor, Sue; McWilliam, Andrew; Brockwell, Sally, eds. (2020-09-07). Forts and Fortification in Wallacea: Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Investigations. ANU Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-1-76046-389-2.
  86. ^ Syarifuddin, Ferry; Sakti, Ali (2021-02-08). Praktik Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah oleh Kerajaan Islam di Indonesia – Rajawali Pers (in Indonesian). PT. RajaGrafindo Persada. p. 83.
  87. ^ a b c d e f Omar, Rahilah (2003-11-01). The history of Boné A.D. 1775-1795: the diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin (Thesis). p. 319.
  88. ^ a b c d e f "Inilah Sosok Perempuan yang Menjadi Datu di Kerajaan Luwu" (in Indonesian). INDEKS MEDIA. 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  89. ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2012-01-01). Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600-1800. BRILL. pp. 205–206. ISBN 978-90-04-25350-6.
  90. ^ Dr. H. M. Tahir, S.Ag., MM. Dr. Hj. Ida Suryani Wijaya, M.Si (ed.). Sejarah Dakwah Islam di Kalimantan (Studi Pendekatan dan Jaringan) (in Indonesian). Bening Media Publishing. p. 119. ISBN 978-623-8006-41-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  91. ^ Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya, Vol. 1, No. 2 (in Indonesian). Fakultas Ushuluddin UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. 2016. p. 248.
  92. ^ a b "Sultan-Sultan Sumbawa". Ensiklopedia Sumbawa. Archived from the original on 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  93. ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2012-01-01). Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea: Conflict and Adaptation in Early Colonial Timor, 1600-1800. BRILL. p. 420. ISBN 978-90-04-25350-6.
  94. ^ Niner, Sara, ed. (2016-08-05). Women and the Politics of Gender in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste: Between Heaven and Earth. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-32788-2. The ritual centre Wehali had an unnamed queen in 1814,
  95. ^ James George Scott; John Percy Hardiman (1901). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part 2, Volume 2. p. 5. He was succeeded in 1012 B.E. (1650) by his younger brother, Sao Ne Ya, who reigned for thirty years. He left no children and was succeeded by his wife, who held the State for three years and then died.
  96. ^ James George Scott; John Percy Hardiman (1901). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, Part 2, Volume 2. p. 6. Hkun Hkawt, a brother of Hkun Lek, was appointed Sawbwa, but died in four years. In 1228 B.E. (1866), therefore, his youngest sister, one of the Queens, was appointed to the charge of Lai Hka with the title of Myoza. She appointed myooks and myo-teins to govern the State for her. This continued for two years and then the former Sawbwa, Hkun Mawng, now become a youth, was appointed to the State.
  97. ^ Majul, Cesar Adib. "An Analysis of the "Genealogy of Sulu"". Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives: 15.
  98. ^ a b c d Amirell, Stefan (2011). "The Blessings and Perils of Female Rule: New Perspectives on the Reigning Queens of Patani, c. 1584–1718". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 42 (2): 303–323. doi:10.1017/S0022463411000063. S2CID 143695148.
  99. ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2007). "Rebellions or factionalism? Timorese forms of resistance in an early colonial context, 1650-1769". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 163 (1): 8. ISSN 0006-2294. JSTOR 27868341.
  100. ^ a b c Niner, Sara, ed. (2016-08-05). Women and the Politics of Gender in Post-Conflict Timor-Leste: Between Heaven and Earth. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-317-32789-9.
  101. ^ Siegel-Itzkovic, Judy (2009-04-16). "Have archeologists found the only female ruler of ancient Canaan?". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
  102. ^ a b Hamilton, Bernard (2005-07-07). The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-521-01747-3.
  103. ^ a b Leichty, Erle (2011-06-23). The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC). Penn State Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1-57506-646-2.
  104. ^ Book of Han, vol. 61
  105. ^ Mair, Victor H., ed. (1998). The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia. Vol. 2. The Institute for the Study of Man in collaboration with The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications. p. 777. ISBN 978-0-941694-63-6. Among the Greater Yuezhi it appears that a lady was appointed to be the ruling queen on at least one occasion. "Zhang Qian zhuan" 張騫傳 (Biography of Zhang Qian) in the History of the Han records that after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife was appointed to be the queen.
  106. ^ Nicholson, Oliver (19 April 2018). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 1316. ISBN 978-0-19-256246-3.
  107. ^ Claus Krag. "Åsa Haraldsdatter, Dronning". Norsk biografisk leksikon.
  108. ^ Monter, William (2012-01-24). The Rise of Female Kings in Europe, 1300-1800. Yale University Press. p. ix–xiii. ISBN 978-0-300-17327-7.
  109. ^ David Williamson (1986). Debrett's kings and queens of Britain. Webb & Bower. p. 51. ISBN 9780863501012.
  110. ^ Williamson, David (2010). Kings & Queens. National Portrait Gallery Publications. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-85514-432-3.
  111. ^ Baker, Julian (2020-10-20). Coinage and Money in Medieval Greece 1200-1430 (2 vols.). BRILL. p. 767. ISBN 978-90-04-43464-6.
  112. ^ Collins, Roger (30 April 2016). "Queens-Dowager and Queens-Regent in Tenth-Century León and Navarre". In Parsons, John Carmi (ed.). Medieval Queenship. Springer. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-137-08859-8.
  113. ^ Hanson, F. Allan (1973). Rapa: une île polynésienne hier et aujourd'hui (in French). Société des océanistes. p. 30.
  114. ^ 陈永邺; 洪宜婷 (2017-01-01). 法律起源与国家法的形成：以西南少数民族的神话等文本为例 (in Chinese). 社会科学文献出版社. p. 241. ISBN 978-7-5201-0691-7.
  115. ^ Torday, Emil; Joyce, Thomas Athol (1910). Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées. Les Bushongo (in French). pp. 17–19.
  116. ^ a b c Colavito, Jason. "Murtada ibn al-'Afif". Jason Colavito.
  117. ^ a b c Morié, Louis J. (1904). Histoire de L'Éthiopie (Nubie et Abyssinie): Tome Ier – La Nubie (in French). Paris. pp. 155–161.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  118. ^ a b c d Rey, C. F. (1927). In the Country of the Blue Nile. London: Camelot Press. pp. 263–270.
  119. ^ Araia, Ghelawdewos (December 7, 2009). "Brief Chronology of Ethiopian History". Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  120. ^ Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I). London: Methuen & Co. p. 193.
  121. ^ a b Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I). London: Methuen & Co. pp. 205–207.
  122. ^ "Nicaula". Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  123. ^ a b Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I). London: Methuen & Co. pp. 259–261.
  124. ^ a b "Salakanagara, Kerajaan (Sunda) Tertua di Nusantara". Nusantara Institute (in Indonesian). 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
  125. ^ Falola, Toyin; Oyeniyi, Bukola A. (2015-02-24). Nigeria. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-59884-969-1.
  126. ^ a b Nihon Shoki, vol. 7
  127. ^ "적녀국(積女國)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-02-10.
  128. ^ Burton, Richard Francis (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa: Or, An Explanation of Harar. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 209–210.
  129. ^ Bryce, Trevor (2014-03-06). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. OUP Oxford. pp. 295–296. ISBN 978-0-19-100292-2.
  130. ^ Leick, Gwendolyn (1991). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Psychology Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-415-00762-7.
  131. ^ 馮敏飛 (2016-01-01). 危世圖存 : 中國歷史上的15次中興 (in Chinese). 新華出版社. p. 355. ISBN 978-7-5166-2761-7.
  132. ^ History of Ming, vol. 316
  133. ^ a b Fischer, Steven R. (2005). Island at the End of the World: The Turbulent History of Easter Island. Reaktion Books. pp. 119–121. ISBN 978-1-86189-245-4.
  134. ^ Goodman, David, ed. (2002). China's Provinces in Reform: Class, Community and Political Culture. Routledge. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-134-71271-7.
  135. ^ Witzel, Morgen (2019-12-06). A History of Leadership. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-66649-7. Lady Xian, a hereditary chieftain of the Li people in southern China in the sixth century AD, was a powerful figure who suppressed banditry, abolished slavery and defeated an invasion, all in order to protect her people.
  136. ^ A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, Chapter III: Of the Kingdoms contained in Hispaniola
  137. ^ "Cotubanamá". Diccionario biográfico español. Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  138. ^ a b Ochoa, Margarita R.; Guengerich, Sara V., eds. (2021-03-11). Cacicas: The Indigenous Women Leaders of Spanish America, 1492–1825. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8061-6999-6.
  139. ^ a b c Devi, Yashoda (1993). The History of Andhra Country, 1000 A.D.-1500 A.D. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 170–172. ISBN 978-81-212-0438-5.
  140. ^ a b c Buyong Adil (1981). Sejarah Negeri Sembilan (in Malay). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. p. 35.
  141. ^ Levine, Stephen, ed. (2016-06-01). Pacific Ways: Government and Politics in the Pacific Islands. Victoria University Press. ISBN 978-1-77656-026-4. His mother, Tarjikit, was a leroij (female chief) from Majuro,
  142. ^ Méndez-Méndez, Serafín; Fernández, Ronald (2015-07-14). Puerto Rico Past and Present: An Encyclopedia (2 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 380. ISBN 978-1-4408-2832-4.
  143. ^ Saunders, Christopher; Limb, Peter (2020-12-15). Historical Dictionary of South Africa. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-5381-3026-1.
  144. ^ Cybulski, Jerome S., ed. (2001). Perspectives on Northern Northwest Coast Prehistory. University of Ottawa Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-1-77282-154-3.
  145. ^ a b c 杜, 曉梅. "女土官蘭雷、冷冷與寶珠──清代臺灣原住民女性人物的書寫與研究". 臺灣風物. 67 (3): 23–54.
  146. ^ Emma Jinhua Teng (2020-03-23). Taiwan's Imagined Geography: Chinese Colonial Travel Writing and Pictures, 1683–1895. BRILL. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-68417-393-8.
  147. ^ L. E. B. Cobden-Ramsay (2011). Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 276–277. ISBN 978-81-7268-216-3.
  148. ^ Sewell, Robert, ed. (1884). Lists of Inscriptions, and Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India. p. 210.
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