Operation Stab
| Operation Stab | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Pacific Theatre of the Second World War | |||||||
 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 United Kingdom Australia Netherlands |
 Japan | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| James Somerville | Unknown | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
|
1 battleship 2 carriers 4 light cruisers 6 destroyers 1 minelayer 2 corvettes 2 sloops 1 aux vessel 2 tankers 10 transport ships | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
4 aircraft destroyed 4 killed (flying accidents) |
1 aircraft destroyed 9 killed | ||||||
Operation Stab was a British naval deception during the Second World War to distract Japanese units for the forthcoming Guadalcanal campaign by the US armed forces.
Background
[edit]Admiral Ernest King, the head of the US Navy, to provide a distraction for the forthcoming Guadalcanal Campaign. The Admiralty discussed the request with Vice-Admiral Sir James Somerville, the Commander-in-Chief of the Eastern Fleet, stressing their apprehension at sending aircraft carriers into areas where they could be attacked by land-based aircraft. Operation Pedestal, a convoy operation to Malta, was due in early August, in which two aircraft carriers were to sail into range of Luftwaffe and Regia Aeronautica airfields and wanted to wait to discover their fate.[1]
The Admiralty view limited the scope of a diversion operation to air attacks on Port Blair in the Andaman Islands or Sabang in northern Sumatra. The Dutch naval commander, Vice-Admiral Conrad Helfrich suggested that a raid on Sabang was pointless as the jungle made easy the dispersal and camouflage of aircraft. The main target in an attack on Port Blair would be the Japanese flying boats based there which needed a fighter attack but the relatively short range of these aircraft would mean that their aircraft carriers would be risking attack by land-based aircraft. A deception operation against the Andaman Islands, which had been captured by the Japanese in March 1942, was chosen instead.[1]
Plan
[edit]Convoys
[edit]
Three dummy convoys, Force V, consisting of Blackheath, Cranfield and Mahout, escorted by HMIS Jumma and HMS Scout would sail from Vizagapatam. Force M, from Madras, consisted of Tasmania, Hoperange, Clan McIver, Yuen Sang and Custodian escorted by the fleet minelayer HMS Manxman, the corvette Aster and the auxiliary patrol vessel Sonovati. Force T, from Trincomalee, consisted of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary tankers RFA Appleleaf and RFA Broomdale with the freighters Shenking and Marit Mærsk escorted by the sloop HMIS Hindustan and the corvette HMS Marguerite.[2] The three convoys were to sail in daylight on 1 August and turn back to their ports during the night.[3]
Force A
[edit]Somerville was to sail to the east of the convoys with Force A, based at Ceylon, consisting of the battleship HMS Warspite, the aircraft carriers HMS Illustrious and Formidable, the light cruisers HMS Birmingham, Effingham, Mauritius and the Netherlander HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck, with the destroyers HMS Inconstant, HMAS Napier, Nizam, Norman and HNLMS Van Galen.[4] Wireless messages were to be used to make sure that the Japanese discovered the ship movements and then to suggest that the operation has been postponed due to an accident.[1]
Operation
[edit]
On 28 July the Dutch submarine HNLMS O 23, in the Malacca Strait, reported two Japanese heavy cruisers and four destroyers at 5° 32' N, 98° 50' E, moving up the west coast of Thailand. Force V, which had no air cover was cancelled. Somerville judged that the force was a raid on Allied ships in the north of the Bay of Bengal, following the rumours planted in India of preparations for an attack on the Andaman Islands. Force M and Force T sailed on 1 August. After the report by O 23, Force A had sailed from Colombo on 30 July, conducted air reconnaissance and found nothing.[5]
Force A was spotted by a Japanese flying boat at 10:40 a.m. on 1 August and reports were picked up from Tokyo announcing the discovery. Late in the morning of 2 August another flying boat was shot down by a Martlet fighter from Formidable at 9° 26' N, 83° 16' E. Force A returned to Trincomalee late on 2 August as some of the ships were due to participate in Operation Stream, Operation Line and Operation Jane in the Battle of Madagascar. A wireless deception was undertaken to pretend that Force A was in the Bay of Bengal until 18 August.[5]
Aftermath
[edit]Analysis
[edit]
While the operation was carried out without loss, the Japanese failed to take the bait and no significant naval or air units were redeployed – although the seaplane tender Sagara Maru was sent to the islands on 4 August and a bomber unit was sent to reinforce Sabang, it could be said to have been a minor success.[6][7]
Casualties
[edit]Several Japanese aircraft were spotted and a Kawanishi H6K (Mavis) was shot down at 9° 26' N, 83° 16' E by a Martlet from Formidable.[8] Two Martlets and two Fulmars were lost to accidents and engine failure.[9][6]
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ a b c WWJ 1995, p. 23.
- ^ Jordan 2006, pp. 197, 100, 105, 188, 116, 152, 142, 115, 13; Stephenson 2020, p. 152.
- ^ WWJ 1995, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Gill 1968, p. 126.
- ^ a b WWJ 1995, pp. 24–25.
- ^ a b Bertke, Smith & Kindell 2014, pp. 487–488.
- ^ "Japanese Auxiliary Seaplane Tenders". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
- ^ WWJ 1995, p. 25.
- ^ "HMS Warspite, British battleship, WW2". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
References
[edit]- Bertke, Donald A.; Smith, Gordon; Kindell, Don (2014). World War II Sea War: The Allies Halt the Axis Advance: Day-to-Day Naval Actions April 1942 through August 1942. Vol. VI. Dayton, OH: Bertke Publications. ISBN 978-1-937470-05-0.
- Gill, George Hermon (1968). "Chapter 5 – Guadalcanal – Pacific Hinge–pin". Royal Australian Navy, 1942–1945 (online scan). Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. II. Canberra, ACT: Australian War Memorial. pp. 126–127. OCLC 637329967.
- Jordan, Roger W. (2006) [1999]. The World's Merchant Fleets 1939: The Particulars and Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships (2nd ed.). London: Chatham/Lionel Leventhal. ISBN 978-1-86176-293-1.
- Stephenson, Charles (2020). The Eastern Fleet and the Indian Ocean 1942–1945: The Fleet that had to Hide. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-526783-62-2.
- The Campaigns in the Solomons and New Guinea. War with Japan [Ministry of Defence (Navy)]. Vol. III. London: HMSO. 1995. ISBN 0-11-772819-5.
Further reading
[edit]- Gray, Edwyn (1990). Operation Pacific. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-55750-650-4 – via Archive Foundation.
- Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) [1972]. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-257-7.
- Roskill, S. W. (1956). The Period of Balance. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. II. London: HMSO. OCLC 174453986 – via Hyperwar Foundation.
