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'{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}} {{Infobox flag |Name = Canada |Article = |Image = Flag of Canada.svg |Nickname = The Maple Leaf, ''l'Unifolié'' |Use = 111111 |Symbol = |Proportion = 1:2 |Adoption = February 15, 1965 |Design = A vertical bicolour [[Triband (flag)|triband]] of red, white, and red, with a red [[maple leaf]] charged in the centre. |Designer = [[George Stanley|George F. G. Stanley]], [[John Matheson]] |Type = National }} The '''National Flag of Canada''', also known as the '''Maple Leaf''', and '''''{{lang|fr|l'Unifolié}}''''' ([[French language|French]] for "the one-leafed"), is a red [[flag]] with a white square in its centre, featuring a stylized 11-pointed red [[maple leaf]]. Its adoption in 1965 marked the first time a national flag had been officially adopted in Canada to replace the [[Union Flag]]. The [[Canadian Red Ensign]] had been unofficially used since the 1890s and was approved by a 1945 [[Order-in-Council]] for use "wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag".<ref name="1945 order">{{cite book|title=Historical documents of Canada|editor=Stacey, C. P.|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|location=[[New York]]|year=1972|volume=5|pages=28|chapter=19. Order in Council on the Red Ensign, 1945|isbn=0770508618}}</ref><ref name="first flags">{{cite web|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df5-eng.cfm|title=First "Canadian flags"|date=2007-09-24|publisher=[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]|accessdate=2008-12-16}}</ref> In 1964, Prime Minister [[Lester B. Pearson]] appointed a committee to resolve the issue, sparking a serious [[Great Flag Debate|debate about a flag change]]. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by [[George Stanley|George F. G. Stanley]] and [[John Matheson]] based on the flag of the [[Royal Military College of Canada]] was selected. The flag made its first appearance on February 15, 1965; the date is now celebrated annually as [[National Flag of Canada Day]].<ref name="flagfest" /> Many different flags have been created for use by Canadian officials, government bodies, and military forces. Most of these flags contain the maple leaf motif in some fashion, either by having the Canadian flag charged in the canton, or by including maple leaves in the design. The [[Union Flag|Royal Union Flag]] is also an official flag in [[Canada]], used as a symbol of Canada's membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and of its allegiance to [[Monarchy of Canada|the Crown]]. The Union Flag makes a component of other Canadian flags, including the provincial flags of [[flag of British Columbia|British Columbia]], [[flag of Manitoba|Manitoba]] and [[flag of Ontario|Ontario]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Royal Union Flag |publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University]]|author=Fraser, Alistair}}</ref> == Design== {{see also|Maple leaf}} [[File:Canada flag halifax 9 -04.JPG|thumb|The Canadian flag flying at the [[Maritime Museum of the Atlantic]] in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]]]] [[File:Canadian flag construction sheet.svg|thumb|Construction sheet]] The length of the Maple Leaf flag is twice the width. The white field is a [[Canadian pale]] (a square central band in a vertical triband flag, named after this flag), and each bordering red field is exactly half its size.<ref name="colours" /> In the centre of the white field is a red maple leaf. In [[heraldry]], the flag has been [[blazon]]ed as "[[Gules]] on a Canadian pale [[argent]] a maple leaf of the first."<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-25|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC819969|title=Emblems of Canada |publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> The maple leaf has served as a symbol celebrating the nature and environment of what is now Canada since the 1700s.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-12-16|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/o3-eng.cfm|title=The Maple Leaf |publisher=[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]}}</ref> The number of points on the leaf has no significance on the flag; they do not, for instance, represent the ten provinces plus one point for the territories, such as the Australian [[Commonwealth Star]] denotes.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-04-13|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df7-eng.cfm|title=You were asking... |publisher=[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]}}</ref> The number and arrangement of the points of the maple leaf were chosen after wind tunnel tests showed the current design to be the least blurry of the various designs when tested under high wind conditions.<ref>{{harv|Matheson|1986}}</ref> The image of the maple leaf used on the flag was designed by [[Jacques Saint-Cyr]].<ref>{{cite book|title=I Stand for Canada: The Story of The Maple Leaf Flag|author=Archbold, Rick |date=2002-10-15 |publisher=Macfarlane, Walter & Ross |isbn=155199108X}}</ref> In 1921, King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] proclaimed the official colours of Canada as red, from [[Saint George's Cross]], and white, from the [[France|French]] royal emblem since King [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]].<ref name="birth">{{cite web|accessdate=2008-12-16|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df3-eng.cfm |title=Birth of the Canadian flag |publisher=[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]}}</ref> The [[Department of Canadian Heritage]] has listed the various colour shades for printing [[ink]] that should be used when reproducing the Canadian flag; these include:<ref name="colours" /> * FIP red: General Printing Ink, No. 0-712; * Inmont Canada Ltd., No. 4T51577; * Monarch Inks, No. 62539/0 * Rieger Inks, No. 25564 * Sinclair and Valentine, No. RL163929/0. The colours 0/100/100/0 in the [[CMYK]] process, PMS032 (flag red 100%), or PMS485 (used for screens) in the [[Pantone]] colour specifier can be used when reproducing the flag.<ref name="colours">{{cite web| date = 2003-01-01| url =http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df11-eng.cfm| title = The National Flag of Canada: Colours Specification| publisher =[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]| accessdate=2008-12-16}}</ref> In 1984, the National Flag of Canada Manufacturing Standards Act was passed to unify the standards used for flying the flag both indoors and outdoors.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-25|url=http://www.canlii.org/ca/sta/n-9/part288400.html|title=National Flag of Canada Manufacturing Standards Act |publisher=CanLil}}</ref> == History == {{seealso|Great Flag Debate}} The first flag known to have flown in Canada was the [[St George's Cross]] carried by [[John Cabot]] when he reached the east coast of Canada in 1497. In 1534, [[Jacques Cartier]] planted a cross in [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspé]] bearing the French royal coat of arms with the [[fleurs-de-lis]]. His ship flew a red flag with a white cross, the national flag of France at the time. [[New France]] continued to fly the evolving [[Flag of France|French military flags]] of that period.<ref name="first flags"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/drapeau/?lang=en|title=National Flag and Emblems|date=2006-10-12|work=Portrait of Québec|publisher=[[Government of Quebec]]|accessdate=2008-04-20}}</ref> The [[Union Flag|Royal Union Flag]] has been used in Canada since the 1621 British settlement in [[Nova Scotia]]. Since the [[French and Indian War|surrender of New France]] to the [[United Kingdom]] in the early 1760s, the Royal Union Flag, called the Union Jack (or, less commonly, Union Flag) in the [[United Kingdom]], was used as the ''[[wikt:de jure|de jure]]'' national flag, as in the United Kingdom, until the adoption of the current flag in 1965.<ref name="first flags" /> Shortly after [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1867, the need for distinctive Canadian flags emerged. The first Canadian flag was the [[Flag of the Governor General of Canada]], a Royal Union Flag with a shield in the centre bearing the quartered arms of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick surrounded by a wreath of maple leaves.<ref name="Fraser Flags">{{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Alistair B. |title=The Flags of Canada |url=http://fraser.cc/FlagsCan/index.html |accessdate=2008-04-20 |date=1998-01-30 |chapter=A Canadian Flag for Canada |chapterurl=http://fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Nation/CanFlag.html}}</ref> In 1870 the [[Red Ensign]], with the addition of the Canadian composite shield in the fly, began to be used unofficially on land and sea, and was known as the [[Canadian Red Ensign]]. As new provinces joined the Confederation, their arms were added to the shield. In 1892, the British [[admiralty]] approved the use of the Red Ensign for Canadian use at sea. The composite shield was replaced with the [[Coat of arms of Canada]] upon its grant in 1921 and, in 1924, an [[Order-in-Council]] approved its use for Canadian government buildings abroad.<ref name="first flags" /> In 1925, Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] established a committee to design a flag to be used at home, but was dissolved before the final report could be delivered. Despite the failure of the committee to solve the issue, public sentiment in the 1920s was in favour of fixing the flag problem for Canada.<ref>(Archbold, 61)</ref> [[File:1946 Canadian flag proposal.svg|thumb|right|The 1946 special joint committee's recommended national flag]] During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the Red Ensign was the national flag Canadian troops carried into battle. The Canadian Red Ensign within and outside of Canada was the Canadian flag. A joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons was appointed on November 8, 1945, to recommend a national flag to officially adopt. By May 9, 1946, 2,695 designs were submitted and the committee reported back with a recommendation "that the national flag of Canada should be the Canadian red ensign with a maple leaf in autumn golden colours in a bordered background of white". The [[Legislative Assembly of Quebec]], however, had urged the committee to not include any "foreign symbols", including the Royal Union Flag, and Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]] declined to act on the report, leaving the order to fly the Canadian Red Ensign in place.<ref name="Fraser Flags" /><ref name="birth" /><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-04-17|url=http://www.mta.ca/about_canada/study_guide/debates/flag_debate.html|title=The Flag Debate |publisher=[[Mount Allison University]]}}</ref> By the 1960s, however, debate for an official Canadian flag intensified and became a subject of controversy, culminating in the [[Great Flag Debate]] of 1964.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-04-13|url=http://history.cbc.ca/history/?MIval=EpisContent&series_id=1&episode_id=16&chapter_id=1&page_id=2&lang=E|title=The Great Flag Debate |publisher=[[CBC.ca|CBC]]}}</ref> In 1963, the minority [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] government of [[Lester B. Pearson]] gained power, and decided to adopt an official Canadian flag through parliamentary debate. The principal political proponent of the change was [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] Lester Pearson. He had been a significant broker during the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, for which he was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref name="suez">{{harv|Thorner|2003|p=524}}</ref> During the crisis, Pearson was disturbed when the Egyptian government objected to Canadian peacekeeping forces, on the grounds that the Canadian flag (the Red Ensign) contained the same symbol (the Royal Union Flag) also used as a flag by the United Kingdom, one of the belligerents.<ref name="suez" /> Pearson's goal was for the Canadian flag to be distinctive and unmistakably Canadian. The main opponent to changing the flag was the [[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|leader of the opposition]] and former prime minister, [[John Diefenbaker]], who eventually made the subject a personal crusade.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-31|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/language_culture/topics/80/|title=The Great Canadian Flag Debate |publisher=[[CBC.ca|CBC]]}}</ref> Pearson was leader of a minority Government and risked losing power over the issue; however, he knew the Red Ensign with the Union Jack was unpopular in Quebec, a Liberal base of support. The Red Ensign was strongly favoured by English Canada. On May 27, 1964, Pearson's minority Liberal government introduced a motion to Parliament for adoption of his favourite design of a "sea to sea" (Canada's motto) flag with blue borders and three conjoined red maple leaves on a white field. This motion led to weeks of acrimonious debate in Parliament, and the design came to be known as the "Pearson Pennant".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-04-13|url=http://www.peak.sfu.ca/the-peak/2007-2/issue3/fe-flags.html|title=Wrong turns on the road of symbolism |publisher=[[The Peak (newspaper)|The Peak]]|date=2007-05-21|author=Reeve, Iain}}</ref> Diefenbaker demanded a referendum be held on the flag issue, but Pearson instead formed a 15-member multi-party parliamentary committee to select a new design. Through a period of study with political manoeuvring, the committee chose the current design, which was created by [[George Stanley|George F.G. Stanley]] and inspired by the flag of the [[Royal Military College of Canada]] in [[Kingston, Ontario]]. The design was approved unanimously by the committee on October 29, 1964, and later passed by a majority vote in the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] on December 15, 1964. The [[Canadian Senate|Senate]] added its approval two days later.<ref name="birth" /> [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] proclaimed the new flag on January 28, 1965.<ref name="birth"/> It was inaugurated on February 15, 1965, at an official ceremony held on [[Parliament Hill]] in Ottawa in the presence of [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] Major-General [[Georges P. Vanier]], the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]], the members of the Cabinet, and Canadian parliamentarians. The Canadian Red Ensign and the shield of the [[Coat of arms of Canada|royal arms of Canada]], was lowered at the stroke of noon, and the new Maple Leaf flag was raised. The crowd sang the national anthem, "[[O Canada]]", followed by the royal anthem, "[[God Save the Queen]]".<ref name="flagfest" /> [[Maurice Bourget]], Speaker of the Senate, said, "The flag is the symbol of the nation's unity, for it, beyond any doubt, represents all the citizens of Canada without distinction of race, language, belief, or opinion."<ref name="flagfest" /> For the nation's centennial celebrations in 1967, the Canadian government used the Canadian coat of arms (whose shield was used on the red ensign) on a red flag.<ref>{{harv|Thompson|2002|p=50}}</ref> <center><gallery> File:Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg|The [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] [[Union Flag]] (1606 - 1800) File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|The [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[Union Flag]] (1801 - present) File:Flag of Canada-1868-Red.svg|Flag used (1868&ndash;1921) File:Flag_of_Canada_1921.svg|Flag used (1921&ndash;1957) File:Canadian Red Ensign.svg|1957 version of the [[Canadian Red Ensign]] that had evolved as the ''de facto'' national flag until 1965 File:Canada Pearson Pennant 1964.svg|First Flag Proposal to Parliament, the Pearson Pennant File:Flag of the Royal Military College of Canada.svg|Flag of the [[Royal Military College of Canada]]; used as inspiration by George F.G. Stanley File:Flag of Canada 1964.svg|Earlier (1964) version of the proposal that was adopted File:Flag of Canada.svg|Current flag, 1965 to date </gallery></center> ==Alternative flags== As a symbol of the nation's membership in the Commonwealth, the Royal Union Flag remains an official Canadian flag and is flown on certain occasions.<ref name="royal union" /> Regulations require federal installations to fly the Union Flag beside the Maple Leaf when physically possible, using a second flagpole, on the following days: [[Commonwealth Day]] (the second Monday in March), [[Victoria Day (Canada)|Victoria Day]] (which is also the Sovereign's official birthday in Canada), and the anniversary of the [[Statute of Westminster]] (December 11). The Union Flag can also be flown at the National War Memorial or at other locations during ceremonies that honour Canadian involvement with forces of other Commonwealth nations during times of war. The Maple Leaf Flag always precedes the Union Flag, with the former occupying the place of honour.<ref name="royal union" /> The Union Flag is also part of the provincial [[flag of Ontario|flags of Ontario]] and [[Flag of Manitoba|Manitoba]], forming the canton of these flags. A modified version is used on the [[flag of British Columbia]], and the [[flag of Newfoundland and Labrador]] is a stylized version of the Union Jack.<ref name="royal union" /> Several of the provincial [[lieutenant-governor]]s formerly used a modified Union Flag as their personal standard, but the [[Lieutenant-Governors of Nova Scotia|Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia]] is the only one who retains this design.<ref name="royal union">{{cite web| date = 2003-01-01| url =http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/etiquette/4_e.cfm| title = The Royal Union Flag| publisher =[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]| accessdate=2006-05-20}}</ref> The Union Flag and Canadian Red Ensign are still flown in Canada by veterans' groups and others who continue to stress the importance of Canada's British heritage and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] connection.<ref name="royal union" /> The Red Ensign is occasionally still used as well, including official use at some ceremonies. It was flown at the commemorations of the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]] in 2007.<ref name="globe red ensign" /><ref name="slams red ensign" /> This decision elicited criticism from those who believe it should not be given equal status to the Canadian flag, and received praise from people who believe that it is important to retain the ties to Canada's past.<ref name="globe red ensign">{{cite news|date=2007-03-31|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070331.weensign31/BNStory/VimyRidge/home/|title=Globe Editorial: Red Ensign|publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]]|accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref><ref name="slams red ensign">{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v5/content/subscribe?user_URL=http://www.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FRTGAM.20070709.wvimy09%2FBNStory%2FNational%2Fhome&ord=72267222&brand=theglobeandmail&force_login=true|title=Dallaire slams decision to fly Red Ensign|last=Peritz|first=Ingrid|publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=2007-07-09|accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref> [[File:Canadian Duality Flag.svg|right|thumb|The [[Canadian Duality Flag]] (unofficial)]]The [[Canadian Duality Flag]] is an independently-developed, unofficial flag originally circulated by its promoters to demonstrate the unity of Canada at rallies for the "no" side during the lead-up to the [[1995 Quebec referendum]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Flag waver hoping for unity|publisher=[[Ottawa Sun]]|date=1995-07-01|p=4}}</ref> The design was chosen to represent the ''[[francophone]]'' population on the nation's [[Maple leaf|Maple Leaf]] flag by adding blue stripes roughly in proportion to the number of Canadians who are primarily [[French language|French]]-speaking to the red sections. The blue was chosen because it is the main colour that is used on the [[flag of Quebec]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-04-13|url=http://www.trcf.ca/|title=Canadian Duality Flag|publisher=[[Canadian Duality Flag|Canadian Duality]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Flying the flag|publisher=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]]|date=1996-10-03|p=4}}</ref> In [[Quebec]], the [[Flag of Quebec|provincial flag]] (a white cross on a field of blue with four [[fleurs-de-lis]]) is often considered a national flag along with the Maple Leaf flag, as is the [[Flag of Acadia|Acadian flag]] in the Acadian regions of the [[Maritime provinces]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-25|url=http://www.canlii.org/qc/laws/sta/d-12.1/20040901/whole.html|title=Flag and emblems of Québec, An Act respecting the, R.S.Q. D-12.1 |publisher=CanLil|date=2004-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=I Stand for Canada: The Story of The Maple Leaf Flag|author=Archbold, Rick |date=2002-10-15 |publisher=Macfarlane, Walter & Ross |isbn=155199108X}}</ref> ==Protocol== [[File:Vimy Memorial flags.JPG|thumb|The Canadian flag flying between the [[flag of France]] (left) and the [[Canadian Red Ensign]] (right) at the [[Canadian National Vimy Memorial]]]] Officially, there is no law that dictates the proper use of the Canadian flag. However, Canadian Heritage released guidelines on how to correctly display the flag alone and with other flags. The guidelines deal with the order of precedence in which the Canadian flag is placed, where the flag can be used, how it is used, and what people should do to honour the flag. The suggestions, titled ''Flag Etiquette in Canada,'' were published by Canadian Heritage in book and online formats and last updated in April 2003.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-25|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/etiqtt/101-eng.cfm|title=Rules for Flying the Flag |publisher=[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]|date=2003-04-01}}</ref> The flag itself can be displayed on any day at buildings operated by the Government of Canada, airports, military bases, and diplomatic offices, as well as by citizens, during any time of the day. When flying the flag, it must be flown using its own pole and must not be inferior to other flags, save for, in descending order, the [[Queen's Personal Canadian Flag|Queen's Personal Standard]], the [[Flag of the Governor General of Canada|Governor General's Standard]], any of the Personal Standards of members of the [[Monarchy of Canada#Canadian Royal Family|Canadian Royal Family]], or flags of the [[Lieutenant-Governor (Canada)|Lieutenant Governors]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-25|url=http://www.saskd.ca/heritage.pdf|format=[[PDF]]| title=The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces |publisher=[[Department of National Defence (Canada)]]}}</ref> The Canadian flag is [[Half-mast#Canada|flown at half-mast in Canada]] to indicate a period of mourning. ==Promoting the flag== [[File:Items from the Canadian Parliamentary Flag Program.jpg|thumb|A sample of items from the Parliamentary Flag Program]] Ever since the adoption of the Canadian flag in 1965, the Canadian government has sponsored programs to promote it. Examples include the Parliamentary Flag Program of the [[Department of Canadian Heritage]] <!--year range, or "since [year]" for each of these two (and remove the stub-sentence I now see further on about 1973)-->and the flag program run by the [[Public Works and Government Services Canada|Department of Public Works]]. These programs increased the exposure of the flag and the concept that it was part of the national identity. To increase awareness of the new flag, the Parliamentary Flag Program was set up in December 1972 by the Cabinet.<!--This refers back to the previous mention; so cite the PWGSC first, then this one, and run it into this more detailed bit --> The purpose of this program was to allow members of the [[Canadian House of Commons]] to distribute flags and lapel pins in the shape of the Canadian flag to their constituents. The program has been in operation since 1973.<ref>{{cite web| date = 2003-01-01| url =http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/actvt/111-eng.cfm| title = Administration of the Parliamentary Flag Program| publisher =[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]| accessdate=2006-05-20}}</ref> Flags that are flown from the [[Peace Tower]] and the East and West blocks of [[Parliament Hill]] are packaged by the Department of Public Works and can be obtained free of charge. However, the program has an 16-year waiting list for East and West block flags, and a 25-year waiting list for Peace Tower flags.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-25|url=http://www.parliamenthill.gc.ca/text/faq_e.html|title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=[[Government of Canada]]}}</ref> Since 1996, February 15 has been commemorated as [[National Flag of Canada Day]].<ref name="flagfest">{{cite web|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df1-eng.cfm|title=The National Flag of Canada; A symbol of Canadian Identity|publisher=[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]|accessdate=2007-02-15}}</ref> In 1996, Minister of Canadian Heritage [[Sheila Copps]], instituted the "One in a Million National Flag" Challenge.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-25|url=http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/newsroom/index_e.cfm?fuseaction=displayDocument&DocIDCd=6NR032|title=Heritage Minister Sheila Copps Launches "One In A Million National Flag" Campaign |publisher=[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]|date=1996-02-19|author=Dee, Duncan}}</ref> This program was intended to provide Canadians with a million new Maple Leaf flags in time for Flag Day, 1997. The program was controversial because it cost some $45&nbsp;million, and provided no means to hoist or fly the flags. The official numbers from Canadian Heritage put the expenses at $15.5&nbsp;million, with approximately a seventh of the cost offset by donations.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-03-25|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/newsroom/index_e.cfm?fuseaction=displayDocument&DocIDCd=7NR233|title=Canadians Meet the "One in a Million National Flag" Challenge |publisher=[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]|date=1997-02-15|author=Arnsby, Julia}}</ref> == See also == {{portalpar|North America|North America.svg}} * [[Royal coat of arms of Canada]] * [[National Flag of Canada Day]] * [[List of Canadian flags]] * [[List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols]] ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==References== * {{citation|title= I Stand For Canada |last=Archbold|first=Rick|year=2002 |publisher=Macfarlane Walter & Ross |isbn=1-55199-108-x}} * {{citation|title= Canada's Flag |last=Matheson|first=Col. John R.|year=1986 |publisher=Mika Publishing Company |isbn=0-919303-01-3}} * {{citation|title=Canada|first=Hugh|last=Thompson|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=2002|isbn=0789495619}} * {{citation|title=A Country Nourished on Self-Doubt: Documents in Post-Confederation Canadian History|last=Thorner|first=Thomas|publisher=Broadview Press|year=2003|isbn=1551115484}} == External links == {{commonscat|Flags of Canada}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|Flag_of_Canada.ogg|2008-06-08}} * [http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df1-eng.cfm National Flag of Canada (Department of Canadian Heritage)] * [http://people.stfx.ca/lstanley/stanley/flagmemo2.htm George F.G. Stanley's Flag Memorandum, 23 March 1964] * [http://data2.collectionscanada.gc.ca/ap/c/c135374.jpg Royal Proclamation] * [http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/etiqtt/index-eng.cfm Flag Etiquette in Canada] * {{FOTW|id=ca|title=Canada}} * [http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/language_culture/topics/80/ CBC Digital Archives &ndash; The Great Canadian Flag Debate] * [http://canflag.com Canadian Flag Clip Art Gallery] * {{cite web | title=National Flag of Canada| work=Historica Minute | url= http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=13539}} {{CanadaFlags}} {{Canada topics}} {{Flags of North America}} {{nationalflags}} {{featured article}} [[Category:National flags|Canada]] [[Category:National symbols of Canada]] [[Category:Flags of Canada| ]] {{Link FA|he}} [[af:Vlag van Kanada]] [[bs:Zastava Kanade]] [[ca:Bandera del Canadà]] [[cs:Kanadská vlajka]] [[cy:Baner Canada]] [[da:Canadas flag]] [[de:Flagge Kanadas]] [[et:Kanada lipp]] [[el:Σημαία του Καναδά]] [[es:Bandera de Canadá]] [[eo:Flago de Kanado]] [[eu:Kanadako bandera]] [[fr:Drapeau du Canada]] [[ko:캐나다의 국기]] [[hr:Zastava Kanade]] [[bpy:কানাডার ফিরালহান]] [[id:Bendera Kanada]] [[is:Fáni Kanada]] [[it:Bandiera canadese]] [[he:דגל קנדה]] [[lv:Kanādas karogs]] [[lt:Kanados vėliava]] [[hu:Kanada zászlaja]] [[nah:Pāmitl Canauhtlān]] [[nl:Vlag van Canada]] [[ja:カナダの国旗]] [[no:Canadas flagg]] [[pl:Flaga Kanady]] [[pt:Bandeira do Canadá]] [[ro:Drapelul Canadei]] [[ru:Флаг Канады]] [[sq:Flamuri i Kanadasë]] [[simple:Flag of Canada]] [[sk:Vlajka Kanady]] [[sl:Zastava Kanade]] [[sr:Застава Канаде]] [[sh:Zastava Kanade]] [[fi:Kanadan lippu]] [[sv:Kanadas flagga]] [[th:ธงชาติแคนาดา]] [[vi:Quốc kỳ Canada]] [[tr:Kanada bayrağı]] [[zh:加拿大國旗]]'