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[ 0 => '{{Short description|Archipelagic country in Southeast Asia}}', 1 => '{{Redirect|Philippine|the town in the Netherlands|Philippine, Netherlands}}', 2 => '{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}', 3 => '{{Coord|13|N|122|E|type:country_region:PH|display=title}}', 4 => '{{Use Philippine English|date=February 2022}}', 5 => '{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}', 6 => '{{Infobox country', 7 => '| conventional_long_name = Republic of the Philippines', 8 => '| common_name = the Philippines', 9 => '| native_name = {{native name|fil|Republika ng Pilipinas}}', 10 => '| image_flag = Flag of the Philippines.svg', 11 => '| flag_type = [[Flag of the Philippines|Flag]]', 12 => '| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg', 13 => '| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Philippines|Coat of arms]]', 14 => '| other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Seal of the Philippines.svg|100px|link=Great Seal of the Philippines]]</div>', 15 => '| other_symbol_type = [[Great Seal of the Philippines|Great Seal]]', 16 => '| national_motto = <br />{{lang|fil|[[Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa]]}}<ref name=ra8491>{{cite web|title=Republic Act No. 8491 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |access-date=March 8, 2014 }}</ref><br />"For God, People, Nature, and Country"', 17 => '| national_anthem = {{lang|fil|[[Lupang Hinirang]]}}<br />"Chosen Land"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Philippine National Anthem, the Lupang Hinirang, Himno Nacional Filipino Unknown Artist.ogg]]}}', 18 => '| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:PHL orthographic.svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Philippines ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of ASEAN|default=1}}', 19 => '| capital = [[Manila]] (''de jure'')<br />{{Coord|14|35|N|120|58|E|type:city}}<br />[[Metro Manila]]{{efn|name=a|While [[Manila]] is designated as the nation's capital, the [[seat of government]] is the ''National Capital Region'', commonly known as "[[Metro Manila]]", of which the city of Manila is a part.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |publisher=Malacanang |access-date=April 4, 2015 |location=Manila}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/about-the-city-government/background |title=Quezon City Local Government – Background |publisher=Quezon City Local Government |access-date=August 25, 2020 |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820074250/https://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/about-the-city-government/background |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many national government institutions are located on various parts of Metro Manila, aside from [[Malacañang Palace]] and other institutions/agencies that are located within the Manila capital city.}} (''de facto'')', 20 => '| largest_city = [[Quezon City]]<br />{{coord|14|38|N|121|02|E|display=inline}} <!--Although [[Davao City]] has the largest land area, the article on [[largest city]] says we should refer to the most populous city, which, {{As of|2006|lc=y}}, is [[Quezon City]]. See the discussion page for more information. Changing this information without citation would be reverted.-->', 21 => '| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Filipino language|Filipino]]|[[Philippine English|English]]}}', 22 => '| recognized_regional_languages = {{collapsible list', 23 => ' | title = [[Languages of the Philippines|19 languages]]', 24 => ' | [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]]', 25 => ' | [[Bikol languages|Bikol]]', 26 => ' | [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]', 27 => ' | [[Chavacano]]', 28 => ' | [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]', 29 => ' | [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]]', 30 => ' | [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]', 31 => ' | [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]]', 32 => ' | [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]', 33 => ' | [[Karay-a language|Karay-a]]', 34 => ' | [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanaon]]', 35 => ' | [[Maranao language|Maranao]]', 36 => ' | [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]', 37 => ' | [[Sambal language|Sambal]]', 38 => ' | [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]]', 39 => ' | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]', 40 => ' | [[Tausug language|Tausug]]', 41 => ' | [[Waray language|Waray]]', 42 => ' | [[Yakan language|Yakan]]<ref name="7 mother languages" />', 43 => ' | }}', 44 => '| languages_type = National [[sign language]]', 45 => '| languages = [[Filipino Sign Language]]', 46 => '| languages_sub = yes', 47 => '| languages2_type = Other recognized languages{{efn|name=b|As per the 1987 Constitution: "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."}}', 48 => '| languages2 = {{hlist|[[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]]|[[Arabic]]', 49 => ' <!--Do not remove Spanish and Arabic from the languages list as it is recognized as an optional language in the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines-->}}', 50 => '| languages2_sub = yes', 51 => '| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list', 52 => ' | 33.7% [[Visayans|Visayan]]', 53 => ' | 24.4% [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]', 54 => ' | 8.4% [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]', 55 => ' | 6.8% [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]]', 56 => ' | 26.2% [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|Others]]', 57 => ' }}', 58 => '| ethnic_groups_year = 2010<ref name="PSA2021" /><!-- using figures for 2010 given in the cited source--><!--parameter ethnic_groups_ref not supported by the infobox-->', 59 => '| demonym = [[Filipinos|Filipino]]<br />(''masculine and neutral'')<br />Filipina<br />(''feminine'')<br />', 60 => '[[Pinoy]]<br />(''colloquial masculine and neutral'')<br />Pinay<br />(''colloquial feminine'')<br />', 61 => 'Philippine<br />(''used for certain common nouns'') <!-- "Philippine" is a demonym as it is used to identify natives or residents of a certain or specific place that are derived from the place name Philippines, i.e. Philippine-American War -- refer to Oxford definition of demonym(s). -->', 62 => '| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]', 63 => '| leader_title1 = [[President of the Philippines|President]]', 64 => '| leader_name1 = [[Bongbong Marcos]]<!-- Article is at Bongbong Marcos, do NOT use Ferdinand Marcos Jr. unless the article itself is renamed. -->', 65 => '| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]]', 66 => '| leader_name2 = [[Sara Duterte]]<!-- Article is at Sara Duterte, do NOT use Sara Duterte-Carpio unless the article itself is renamed. -->', 67 => '| leader_title3 = [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]]', 68 => '| leader_name3 = [[Migz Zubiri]]<!-- Article is at Migz Zubiri, do NOT use Juan Miguel Zubiri unless the article itself is renamed. -->', 69 => '| leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]]', 70 => '| leader_name4 = [[Martin Romualdez]]<!-- Article is at Martin Romualdez, do NOT use Ferdinand Martin Romualdez unless the article itself is renamed. -->', 71 => '| leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|Chief Justice]]', 72 => '| leader_name5 = [[Alexander Gesmundo]]', 73 => '| legislature = [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]]', 74 => '| upper_house = [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]]', 75 => '| lower_house = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]]', 76 => '| sovereignty_type = [[Sovereignty of the Philippines|Independence]]', 77 => '| sovereignty_note = from the United States', 78 => '| established_event1 = [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Independence from the Spanish Empire declared]]', 79 => '| established_date1 = June 12, 1898', 80 => '| established_event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Spanish cession to the United States]]', 81 => '| established_date2 = December 10, 1898', 82 => '| established_event3 = [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth status with the United States]]', 83 => '| established_date3 = November 15, 1935', 84 => '| established_event4 = [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Independence from the United States granted]]', 85 => '| established_date4 = July 4, 1946', 86 => '| area_km2 = 300,000', 87 => '| area_link = Geography of the Philippines', 88 => '| area_label = Total', 89 => '| area_rank = 72nd', 90 => '| area_sq_mi = {{convert|{{data Philippines|pst2|total area}}|km2|sqmi|0|disp=output number only}} <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->', 91 => '| percent_water = 0.61<ref name="CIAfactbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |title=East & Southeast Asia :: Philippines |website=The World Factbook |location=Washington, DC |date=October 28, 2009 |access-date=November 7, 2009 }}</ref> (inland waters)', 92 => '| area_label2 = [[List of countries and dependencies by area|Total land area]]', 93 => '| area_data2 = {{convert|298,170|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}', 94 => '| population_census = 109,035,343<ref name=pop2020>{{cite web|url= https://psa.gov.ph/content/2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph-population-counts-declared-official-president|title=2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President|publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority}}</ref>', 95 => '| population_census_year = 2020', 96 => '| population_density_km2 = 336', 97 => '| population_density_sq_mi = {{Data/popdens|Philippines|comma|areaunit=sqmi}}<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->', 98 => '| population_density_rank = 47th', 99 => '| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.15 trillion<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref>', 100 => '| GDP_PPP_year = 2022', 101 => '| GDP_PPP_rank = 30th', 102 => '| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $10,344<ref name="auto"/>', 103 => '| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 119th', 104 => '| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $401.6 billion<ref name="auto"/>', 105 => '| GDP_nominal_year = 2022', 106 => '| GDP_nominal_rank = 40th', 107 => '| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,597<ref name="auto"/>', 108 => '| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 128th', 109 => '| Gini = 42.3 <!--number only-->', 110 => '| Gini_year = 2018', 111 => '| Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady-->', 112 => '| Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=March 2, 2011}}</ref>', 113 => '| HDI = 0.699 <!--number only-->', 114 => '| HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->', 115 => '| HDI_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady-->', 116 => '| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>', 117 => '| HDI_rank = 116th', 118 => '| currency = [[Philippine peso]] ([[Philippine peso sign|₱]])', 119 => '| currency_code = PHP', 120 => '| time_zone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]]', 121 => '| utc_offset = +08:00', 122 => '| date_format = {{abbr|mm|month}}/{{abbr|dd|day}}/{{abbr|yyyy|year}}', 123 => '| drives_on = right{{efn|name=c|Since March 10, 1945<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Order No. 34, s. 1945|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1945/03/10/executive-order-no-34-s-1945/|publisher=Malacanang |access-date=February 9, 2021 |location=Manila }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |title=Which side of the road do they drive on? |author=Lucas, Brian |date=August 2005 |access-date=February 22, 2009 }}</ref>}}', 124 => '| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the Philippines|+63]]', 125 => '| cctld = [[.ph]]', 126 => '| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;', 127 => ' |', 128 => '{{Tree list}}', 129 => '* 88.7% [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]]', 130 => '** 79.5% [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholicism]]', 131 => '** 9.1% Other [[Religion in the Philippines#Christianity|Christian]]', 132 => '{{Tree list/end}}', 133 => ' |6.0% [[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]]', 134 => ' |5.3% [[Religion in the Philippines#Other religions|Other]] / [[Irreligion in the Philippines|None]]', 135 => ' }}', 136 => '| religion_year = 2015', 137 => '| religion_ref = <ref name="PSA2021">{{cite web |last1=Mapa |first1=Dennis |title=2021 Philippines in Figures |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2021_pif_final%20%281%29.pdf |website=PSA |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>', 138 => '}}', 139 => '', 140 => 'The '''Philippines''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Philippines.ogg|ˈ|f|ɪ|l|ᵻ|p|iː|n|z}}; {{lang-fil|Pilipinas|links=no}}),<ref>{{Cite news|last=Santos|first=Bim|date=July 28, 2021|title=Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino reverts to use of 'Pilipinas', does away with 'Filipinas'|work=The Philippine Star|url=https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/710790-komisyon-ng-wikang-filipino-pilipino-and-pilipinas}}</ref> officially the '''Republic of the Philippines''' ({{lang-fil|Republika ng Pilipinas|links=no}}),{{efn|name=d|In the recognized regional [[languages of the Philippines]]:', 141 => '{{div col|colwidth=30em}}', 142 => '* {{lang-akl|Republika it Pilipinas}}', 143 => '* {{lang-bik|Republika kan Filipinas}}', 144 => '* {{lang-ceb|Republika sa Pilipinas}}', 145 => '* {{lang-cbk|República de Filipinas}}', 146 => '* {{lang-hil|Republika sang Filipinas}}', 147 => '* {{lang-ibg|Republika nat Filipinas}}', 148 => '* {{lang-ilo|Republika ti Filipinas}}', 149 => '* {{lang-ivv|Republika nu Filipinas}}', 150 => '* {{lang-pam|Republika ning Filipinas}}', 151 => '* {{lang-krj|Republika kang Pilipinas}}', 152 => '* {{lang-mdh|Republika nu Pilipinas}}', 153 => '* {{lang-mrw|Republika a Pilipinas}}', 154 => '* {{lang-pag|Republika na Filipinas}}', 155 => '* {{lang-xsb|Republika nin Pilipinas}}', 156 => '* {{lang-sgd|Republika nan Pilipinas}}', 157 => '* {{lang-tgl|Republika ng Pilipinas}}', 158 => '* {{lang-tsg|Republika sin Pilipinas}}', 159 => '* {{lang-war|Republika han Pilipinas}}', 160 => '* {{lang-yka|Republika si Pilipinas}}', 161 => '{{div col end}}', 162 => 'In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:', 163 => '{{div col|colwidth=30em}}', 164 => '* {{lang-es|República de las Filipinas}}', 165 => '* {{lang-ar|جمهورية الفلبين|Jumhūriyyat al-Filibbīn}}', 166 => '{{div col end}}}} is an [[archipelagic state|archipelagic country]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: [[Luzon]], [[Visayas]], and [[Mindanao]]. The Philippines is bounded by the [[South China Sea]] to the west, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, and the [[Celebes Sea]] to the southwest. It shares [[Maritime boundary|maritime border]]s with [[Taiwan]] to the north, [[Japan]] to the northeast, [[Palau]] to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, [[Malaysia]] to the southwest, [[Vietnam]] to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines covers an area of {{convert|300,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and, {{as of|2021|lc=on}}, it had a population of around 109&nbsp;million people,<ref name=PH2021>{{cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1163852|title=PH 2021 population growth lowest in 7 decades |last1=Cudis |first1=Christine |access-date=25 March 2022 |date=27 December 2021 |work=Philippine News Agency}}</ref> making it the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by population|thirteenth-most populous country]]. The Philippines has diverse [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|ethnicities]] and cultures throughout its islands. [[Manila]] is the country's capital, while the [[Cities of the Philippines#Largest cities|largest city]] is [[Quezon City]]; both lie within the urban area of [[Metro Manila]].', 167 => '', 168 => '[[Negrito]]s, some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by [[Models of migration to the Philippines|successive waves]] of [[Austronesian peoples]]. Adoption of [[animism]], [[Hinduism]] and [[Islam]] established [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|island-kingdoms]] called [[Kedatuan]], [[Raja]]hnates, and [[List of Muslim states and dynasties|Sultanates]]. The arrival of [[Ferdinand Magellan]], a [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] explorer leading a fleet for Spain, marked the beginning of Spanish colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer {{Lang|spa|[[Ruy López de Villalobos]]|italic=no}} named the archipelago ''{{lang|es|[[:es:Filipinas|Las Islas Filipinas]]}}'' in honor of [[Philip II of Spain]]. Spanish settlement through [[New Spain|Mexico]], beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming ruled by the [[Spanish Empire]] for more than 300 years. During this time, [[Catholicism]] became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of [[Spanish treasure fleet|trans-Pacific trade]]. In 1896, the [[Philippine Revolution]] began, which then became entwined with the 1898 [[Spanish–American War]]. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, while [[Hong Kong Junta|Filipino revolutionaries]] declared the [[First Philippine Republic]]. The ensuing [[Philippine–American War]] ended with the United States establishing control over the territory, which they maintained until the [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Japanese invasion]] of the islands during [[World War II]]. Following [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)|liberation]], the Philippines became independent in 1946. Since then, the [[unitary state|unitary]] [[sovereign state]] has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|a decades-long dictatorship]] by [[People Power Revolution|a nonviolent revolution]].', 169 => '', 170 => 'The Philippines is an [[emerging market]] and a [[newly industrialized country]] whose economy is transitioning from being agriculture centered to services and manufacturing centered. It is a founding member of the [[United Nations]], [[World Trade Organization]], [[ASEAN]], the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum, and the [[East Asia Summit]]. The location of the Philippines as an island country on the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]] that is close to the equator makes it prone to [[Earthquakes in the Philippines|earthquakes]] and [[Typhoons in the Philippines|typhoons]]. The country has a variety of natural resources and is home to a globally significant [[megadiverse countries|level of biodiversity]].', 171 => '', 172 => '== Etymology ==', 173 => '{{Main|Name of the Philippines}}', 174 => '[[File:Portrait of Philip II of Spain by Sofonisba Anguissola - 002b.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Philip II of Spain]]]]', 175 => '', 176 => 'Spanish explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of [[Leyte]] and [[Samar]] "''{{lang|es|Felipinas}}''" after [[Philip II of Spain|Philip&nbsp;II of Spain]], then the [[Prince of Asturias]]. Eventually the name "''{{lang|es|Las Islas Filipinas}}''" would be used to cover the archipelago's Spanish possessions.{{sfn|Scott |1994 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC&pg=PA6 6]}} Before Spanish rule was established, other names such as ''{{lang|es|Islas del Poniente}}'' (Islands of the West) and Ferdinand Magellan's name for the islands, ''{{lang|es|San Lázaro}}'', were also used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region.<ref name="Spate">{{cite book |url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |title=The Spanish Lake – The Pacific since Magellan, Volume I |chapter=Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos |last=Spate |first=Oskar H.K. |author-link=Oskar Spate |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1979 |page=97 |isbn=978-0-7099-0049-8 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805022835/http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Friis">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veuwAAAAIAAJ&q=islas+del+poniente |title=The Pacific Basin: A History of Its Geographical Exploration |editor-last=Friis |editor-first=Herman Ralph |publisher=American Geographical Society |year=1967 |page=369 }}</ref><ref name="Galang">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt5uAAAAMAAJ&q=islas+del+poniente+ |title=Encyclopedia of the Philippines, Volume 15 |editor-link=Zoilo Galang |editor-last=Galang |editor-first=Zoilo M. |publisher=E. Floro |edition=3rd |year=1957 |page=46}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia – Volume One, Part Two – From c. 1500 to c. 1800 |last=Tarling |first=Nicholas |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&pg=PA12&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false 12] |isbn=978-0-521-66370-0}}</ref>', 177 => '', 178 => 'During the [[Philippine Revolution]], the [[Malolos Congress]] proclaimed the establishment of the ''{{lang|es|República Filipina}}'' or the ''[[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]''. From the period of the [[Spanish–American War]] (1898) and the [[Philippine–American War]] (1899–1902) until the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] period (1935–1946), American colonial authorities referred to the country as ''The Philippine Islands'', a translation of the Spanish name.<ref name="Constantino1975">{{cite book |last1=Constantino |first1=R |title=The Philippines: a Past Revisited |date=1975 |publisher=Tala Pub. Services |location=Quezon City }}</ref> The United States began the process of changing the reference to the country from ''The Philippine Islands'' to ''The Philippines'', specifically when it was mentioned in the Philippine Autonomy Act or the [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]].<ref>{{cite web |date=August 29, 1916 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/|title=The Jones Law of 1916 |website=Official Gazette of the Philippines |access-date=March 12, 2021}}, "''The provisions of this Act and the name "The Philippines" as used in this Act shall apply to and include the Philippine Islands''"</ref> The full official title, ''Republic of the Philippines'', was included in the 1935 constitution as the name of the future independent state,<ref name="PhilIs">{{cite web |author-link=Manolo Quezon |last=Quezon |first=Manuel, III |date=March 28, 2005 |url=http://www.quezon.ph/2005/03/28/323/ |title=The Philippines ''are'' or ''is''? |website=Manuel L. Quezon III: The Daily Dose |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> it is also mentioned in all succeeding constitutional revisions.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 17, 1973 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/|title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |website=Official Gazette of the Philippines |access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 11, 1987 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/|title=The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |website=Official Gazette of the Philippines |access-date=March 14, 2021}}</ref>', 179 => '', 180 => '== History ==', 181 => '{{Main|History of the Philippines}}', 182 => '{{For timeline|Timeline of Philippine history}}', 183 => '', 184 => '=== Prehistory (pre–900) ===', 185 => '{{Main|Prehistory of the Philippines}}', 186 => 'There is evidence of early [[Hominini|hominins]] living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago |first1=T.|last1=Ingicco |first2=G.D.|last2=van den Bergh |first3=C.|last3=Jago-on |first4=J.-J.|last4=Bahain |first5=M.G.|last5=Chacón |first6=N.|last6=Amano |first7=H.|last7=Forestier |first8=C.|last8=King |first9=K.|last9=Manalo |first10=S.|last10=Nomade |first11=A.|last11=Pereira |first12=M.C.|last12=Reyes |first13=A.-M.|last13=Sémah |first14=Q.|last14=Shao |first15=P.|last15=Voinchet |first16=C.|last16=Falguères |first17=P.C.H.|last17=Albers |first18=M.|last18=Lising |first19=G.|last19=Lyras |first20=D.|last20=Yurnaldi |first21=P.|last21=Rochette |first22=A.|last22=Bautista |first23=J.|last23=de Vos |s2cid=13742336|date=May 1, 2018 |journal=Nature |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |pmid=29720661 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers}}</ref> A small number of bones from [[Callao Cave]] potentially represent an otherwise unknown species, ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'', that lived around 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |title=New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines |last1=Greshko |first1=Michael |last2=Wei-Haas |first2=Maya |work=National Geographic |date=April 10, 2019 |access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |title=New human species found in Philippines |first=Paul |last=Rincon |work=BBC News |date=April 10, 2019 |access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> The oldest [[Early modern human|modern human]] remains found on the islands are from the [[Tabon Caves]] of [[Palawan]], [[Uranium–thorium dating|U/Th-dated]] to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.<ref name="Detroit2004">{{cite journal |last1=Détroit |first1=Florent |last2=Dizon |first2=Eusebio |last3=Falguères |first3=Christophe |last4=Hameau |first4=Sébastien |last5=Ronquillo |first5=Wilfredo |last6=Sémah |first6=François |title=Upper Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |date=2004 |volume=3 |issue=2004 |pages=705–712 |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004 |url=http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf}}</ref> The [[Tabon Man]] is presumably a [[Negrito]], who were among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, descendants of the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along [[South Asia|southern Asia]] to the now sunken landmasses of [[Sundaland]] and [[Sahul]].<ref name="Jett2017">{{cite book |last1=Jett |first1=Stephen C. |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7 |pages=168–171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ}}</ref>', 187 => '', 188 => 'The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan at around 2200 BC, settling the [[Batanes]] Islands and northern [[Luzon]]. From there, they rapidly spread southwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Chambers2013">{{cite book |last1=Chambers |first1=Geoff |title=eLS |chapter=Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians |publisher= John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |date=2013 |doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2 |isbn=978-0-470-01617-6}}</ref><ref name=mijares2006>{{cite journal|last=Mijares|first=Armand Salvador B. |year=2006 |url=http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707050814/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9|archive-date=July 7, 2014 |title=The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|issue=26|pages=72–78}}</ref> This population assimilated with the existing Negritos resulting in the modern [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|Filipino ethnic groups]] which display various ratios of [[genetic admixture]] between Austronesian and Negrito groups.<ref name="Lipson2014">{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |last2=Loh |first2=Po-Ru |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Moorjani |first4=Priya |last5=Ko |first5=Ying-Chin |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Berger |first7=Bonnie |last8=Reich |first8=David |title=Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia |journal=Nature Communications |date=2014 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=4689 |doi=10.1038/ncomms5689 |pmid=25137359 |pmc=4143916 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2014/05/27/005603.full.pdf|bibcode=2014NatCo...5E4689L }}</ref> Genetic signatures also indicate the possibility of migration of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]], [[Papuan languages|Papuan]], and South Asian people.<ref name="Larena">{{Cite journal|last1=Larena|first1=Maximilian|last2=Sanchez-Quinto|first2=Federico|last3=Sjödin|first3=Per|last4=McKenna|first4=James|last5=Ebeo|first5=Carlo|last6=Reyes|first6=Rebecca|last7=Casel|first7=Ophelia|last8=Huang|first8=Jin-Yuan|last9=Hagada|first9=Kim Pullupul|last10=Guilay|first10=Dennis|last11=Reyes|first11=Jennelyn|date=2021-03-30|title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=118|issue=13|pages=e2026132118|doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118|issn=0027-8424|pmid=33753512|pmc=8020671|bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Philippine jade culture|Jade artifacts]] have been found dated to 2000&nbsp;BC,{{sfn|Scott|1984|p=17}}<ref>{{citation|last=Ness|first=Immanuel|title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-97059-1|page=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289&dq=jade+%222000+bce%22 289]}}</ref> with the [[lingling-o]] jade items crafted in Luzon made using raw materials originating from Taiwan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hsiao-Chun| first1=Hung |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=19745–19750 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707304104 | pmid=18048347 | pmc=2148369 | doi-access=free }}</ref> By 1000&nbsp;BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups: [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes, warrior societies, highland [[Plutocracy|plutocracies]], and port principalities.<ref name="Legarda, Benito, Jr. 2001 40">{{cite journal|author = Legarda, Benito Jr. |journal = Kinaadman (Wisdom) A Journal of the Southern Philippines |title = Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |volume = 23 |year = 2001 |page = 40}}</ref>', 189 => '', 190 => '=== Early states (900–1565) ===', 191 => '{{Main|History of the Philippines (900–1565)}}', 192 => '[[File:Extract from Inskripsyon sa Binatbat na Tanso ng Laguna.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]], the oldest known writing found in the Philippines]]', 193 => 'The earliest known surviving written record found in the Philippines is the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]].<ref name=Postma1992>{{cite journal |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018|title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary|last=Postma|first=Antoon|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=40|issue=2|pages=182–203 |date=1992}}</ref> By the 14th century, several the large coastal settlements had emerged as trading centers and became the focal point of societal changes.<ref name="Jocano2001">{{cite book', 194 => ' | last = Jocano', 195 => ' | first = F. Landa', 196 => ' | author-link = F. Landa Jocano', 197 => ' | title = Filipino Prehistory: Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage', 198 => ' | publisher = Punlad Research House, Inc.', 199 => ' | date = 2001', 200 => ' | location = Quezon City', 201 => ' | isbn = 978-971-622-006-3 }}{{Page needed|date=July 2020}}</ref> Some [[Polity|polities]] had exchanges with other states across Asia.<ref name="Junker1999">{{cite book |last1=Junker |first1=Laura Lee |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |date=1999 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=978-0-8248-2035-0 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |access-date=July 29, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Sals2005">{{cite book | last = Sals | first = Florent Joseph | title = The history of Agoo: 1578–2005 | publisher = Limbagan Printhouse | date = 2005 | location = La Union | page = 80 }}</ref> Trade with China is believed to have begun during the [[Tang dynasty]], and grew more extensive during the [[Song dynasty]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glover |first1=Ian |last2=Bellwood |first2=Peter |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter S. |last4=Glover |first4=Dr |title=Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-29777-6 |page=267 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PA267 |access-date=August 10, 2020 }}</ref> and by the second millennium some polities participated in the [[tributary system of China]].{{sfn|Scott|1994|pp=177–178}}<ref name="Junker1999" /> Indian cultural traits, such as linguistic terms and religious practices, began to spread within the Philippines during the 10th century, likely via the Hindu [[Majapahit]] empire.<ref name="JocanoJr2012">{{Cite book |last=Jocano |first=Felipe Jr. |title=A Question of Origins |date=August 7, 2012 |work=Arnis: Reflections on the History and Development of Filipino Martial Arts |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-0742-7 |editor-last=Wiley |editor-first=Mark}}{{Page needed|date=July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Jocano2001" /><ref name="Osborne2004">{{cite book | last = Osborne | first = Milton | author-link = Milton Osborne | title = Southeast Asia: An Introductory History | publisher = Allen & Unwin | date = 2004 | location = Australia | edition = Ninth | isbn = 978-1-74114-448-2 }}{{Page needed|date=July 2020}}</ref> By the 15th&nbsp;century, Islam was established in the [[Sulu Archipelago]] and spread from there.<ref name=McAmis>{{cite book', 202 => '|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59PnSwurWj8C&pg=PA18', 203 => '|title=Malay Muslims: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia', 204 => '|author=McAmis, Robert Day.', 205 => '|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing', 206 => '|year=2002', 207 => '|pages=18–24, 53–61', 208 => '|isbn=0-8028-4945-8', 209 => '|access-date=January 7, 2010}}</ref>', 210 => '', 211 => 'Polities founded in the Philippines from the 10th–16th centuries include [[Maynila (historical polity)|Maynila]],<ref name=Ring>{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA565 |title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |author = Ring, Trudy |author2 = Robert M. Salkin |author3 = Sharon La Boda |name-list-style = amp |publisher = Taylor & Francis |year = 1996 |pages = 565–569 |isbn = 978-1-884964-04-6 |access-date = January 7, 2010}}</ref> [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]], [[Namayan]], [[Caboloan|Pangasinan]], [[Cebu (historical state)|Cebu]], [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]], Lanao, [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], and [[Ma-i]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Atlas of the Republic |date=2016 |publisher=The Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office |isbn=978-971-95551-6-2 |page=64 |url=https://archive.org/details/historical-atlas-of-the-republic/page/n65/mode/2up}}</ref> The early polities were typically made up of three-tier social structures: a nobility class, a class of "freemen", and a class of dependent debtor-bondsmen.<ref name="Jocano2001" /><ref name="Junker1999" /> Among the nobility were leaders called "[[Datu]]s", responsible for ruling autonomous groups called "[[Barangay state|barangay]]" or "dulohan".<ref name="Jocano2001" /> When these barangays banded together, either to form a larger settlement<ref name="Jocano2001" /> or a geographically looser alliance,<ref name="Junker1999" /> the more esteemed among them would be recognized as a "paramount datu",<ref name="Jocano2001" /><ref name="Legarda, Benito, Jr. 2001 40"/> [[rajah]], or [[sultan]]<ref name="Carley2013">{{cite book', 212 => ' |last1 = Carley', 213 => ' |first1 = Michael', 214 => ' |access-date = September 11, 2020', 215 => ' |date = November 4, 2013', 216 => ' |chapter = 7', 217 => ' |title = Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities', 218 => ' |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&q=Barangay+city-states&pg=PA108', 219 => ' |publisher = Routledge', 220 => ' |publication-date = November 4, 2013', 221 => ' |orig-date = 2001', 222 => ' |isbn = 9781134200504', 223 => ' |page = 108', 224 => ' |quote = Each boat carried a large family group, and the master of the boat retained power as leader, or datu, of the village established by his family. This form of village social organization can be found as early as the 13th century in Panay, Bohol, Cebu, Samar and Leyte in the Visayas, and in Batangas, Pampanga and Tondo in Luzon. Evidence suggests a considerable degree of independence as small city-states with their heads known as datu, rajah or sultan.}}</ref> which headed the community state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tan |first1=Samuel K. |title=A History of the Philippines |date=2008 |publisher=UP Press |isbn=978-971-542-568-1 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C&pg=PA37 |access-date=August 10, 2020 }}</ref> Warfare developed and escalated during the 14th to 16th centuries,<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Reyeg |first1=Fernardo |last2=Marsh |first2=Ned |date=December 2011 |title=The Filipino Way of War: Irregular Warfare Through The Centuries |type=Post Graduate |chapter=2 |publisher=Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California |page=21 |chapter-url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a556504.pdf |access-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415183151/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a556504.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and throughout these periods population density is thought to have been low,<ref>{{cite book', 225 => ' |last1 = Newson', 226 => ' |first1 = Linda', 227 => ' |access-date = September 11, 2020', 228 => ' |url = https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.001.0001/upso-9780824832728', 229 => ' |year = 2009', 230 => ' |chapter = 2', 231 => ' |title = Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines', 232 => ' |publisher = University of Hawaii Press', 233 => ' |orig-date = 2009', 234 => ' |page = 18', 235 => ' |doi = 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.001.0001', 236 => ' |isbn = 9780824832728', 237 => ' |quote = Given the significance of the size and distribution of the population to the spread of diseases and their ability to become endemic, it is worth commenting briefly on the physical and human geography of the Philippines. The hot and humid tropical climate would have generally favored the propagation of many diseases, especially water-borne infections, though there might be regional or seasonal variations in climate that might affect the incidence of some diseases. In general, however, the fact that the Philippines comprise some seven thousand islands, some of which are uninhabited even today, would have discouraged the spread of infections, as would the low population density.', 238 => '}}</ref> which was also caused by the [[Typhoon#Frequency|frequency of typhoons]] and the Philippines' location on the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]].<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9 | jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9 | chapter=Storms of history | last1=Bankoff | first1=Greg | title=A World of Water | year=2007 | pages=153–184 | publisher=Brill }}</ref> In 1521, Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] arrived in the area, claimed the islands for Spain and was then killed by [[Lapulapu]]'s fighters at the [[Battle of Mactan]].<ref name="etymology">{{cite book|author1=Zaide, Gregorio F. |author2=Sonia M. Zaide |title=Philippine History and Government|edition=6th|publisher=All-Nations Publishing Company |year=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/philippinehistor0000zaid/page/52/mode/2up |pages=52–55 |isbn=971-642-222-9}}</ref>', 239 => '', 240 => '=== Spanish and American Colonial rule (1565–1946) ===', 241 => '{{Main|History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|History of the Philippines (1898–1946)}}', 242 => '[[File:Vista del Puente de Manila (1847).png|thumb|left|Manila in 1847.]]', 243 => 'Colonization began when Spanish explorer [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] arrived from Mexico in 1565.<ref>{{cite book|last=Education|first=United States. Office of|title=Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRMApyHUiFIC|year=1961|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PRMApyHUiFIC&pg=PA7&dq=legaspi+1565+%22colonlal%20rule%22 7]}}</ref><ref name="Basques">{{cite book |last1=de Borja |first1=Marciano R. |title=Basques In The Philippines |date=2005 |publisher=University of Nevada Press |isbn=9780874175905 |url=https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff}}</ref>{{rp|20–23}} The Spanish forces brought by Legazpi's five ships were a mix of Spaniards and Novohispanics (Mexicans) from New Spain (modern Mexico).<ref>(In Spanish) Sáenz Carrete, E. (1998). [https://bagn.archivos.gob.mx/index.php/legajos/article/view/1243 Forzados y reclutas: Los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)] Boletín Del Archivo General De La Nación, 4(11), 203-205.</ref><ref name="UnrulyMexicans">', 244 => '{{cite book |quote=In Governor Anda y Salazar's opinion, an important part of the problem of vagrancy was the fact that Mexicans and Spanish disbanded after finishing their military or prison terms "all over the islands, even the most distant, looking for subsistence.~CSIC riel 208 leg.14 |last=Mehl |first=Eva Maria |title=Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |chapter=Chapter 6 – Unruly Mexicans in Manila |date=2016 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C |doi=10.1017/CBO9781316480120.007 |isbn=9781316480120}}</ref><ref>Garcıa de los Arcos, "Grupos etnicos", 65–66 {{cite journal |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1999_num_57_2_3515 |title=Grupos éthnicos y Clases sociales en las Filipinas de Finales del Siglo XVIII |last= Garcia de los Arcos |first=Maria Fernanda |journal=Archipel |date=1999 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=55–71 |doi=10.3406/arch.1999.3515 |access-date=August 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>', 245 => '{{cite book |quote=The military organization of Manila might have depended to some degree on non-European groups, but colonial authorities measured a successful imperial policy of defense on the amount of European and American recruits that could be accounted for in the military forces.~CSIC ser. Consultas riel 301 leg.8 (1794) |chapter=Chapter 1 – Intertwined Histories in the Pacific |last=Mehl |first=Eva Maria |title=Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2016 |page=246 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1Y2DAAAQBAJ&q=CSIC+ser.+Consultas+riel+301+leg.8&pg=PA256 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781316480120.007 |isbn=9781316480120}}</ref><ref name="Abinales"/>{{rp|97–98}}<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web |url=http://filipinokastila.tripod.com/FilMex.html |title=Filipino-Mexican-Central-and-South American Connection, Tales of Two Sisters: Manila and Mexico |date=June 21, 1997 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |quote=Tomás de Comyn, general manager of the Compañia Real de Filipinas, in 1810 estimated that out of a total population of 2,515,406, "the European Spaniards, and Spanish creoles and mestizos do not exceed 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages, and the distinct castes or modifications known in America under the name of mulatto, quarteroons, etc., although found in the Philippine Islands, are generally confounded in the three classes of pure Indians, Chinese mestizos and Chinese".}}</ref><ref>(Page 10) {{cite thesis |type=PhD|last=Pérez|first=Marilola |date=2015|title=Cavite Chabacano Philippine Creole Spanish: Description and Typology|quote= "The galleon activities also attracted a great number of Mexican men that arrived from the Mexican Pacific coast as ships' crewmembers (Grant 2009: 230). Mexicans were administrators, priests and soldiers (guachinangos or hombres de pueblo) (Bernal 1964: 188) many though, integrated into the peasant society, even becoming tulisanes 'bandits' who in the late 18th century "infested" Cavite and led peasant revolts (Medina 2002: 66). Meanwhile, in the Spanish garrisons, Spanish was used among administrators and priests. Nonetheless, there is not enough historical information on the social role of these men. In fact some of the few references point to a quick integration into the local society: "''los hombres del pueblo, los soldados y marinos, anónimos, olvidados, absorbidos en su totalidad por la población Filipina.''" (Bernal 1964: 188). In addition to the Manila-Acapulco galleon, a complex commercial maritime system circulated European and Asian commodities including slaves. During the 17th century, Portuguese vessels traded with the ports of Manila and Cavite, even after the prohibition of 1644 (Seijas 2008: 21). Crucially, the commercial activities included the smuggling and trade of slaves: "from the Moluccas, and Malacca, and India … with the monsoon winds" carrying "clove spice, cinnamon, and pepper and black slaves, and Kafir [slaves]" (Antonio de Morga cf Seijas 2008: 21). Though there is no data on the numbers of slaves in Cavite, the numbers in Manila suggest a significant fraction of the population had been brought in as slaves by the Portuguese vessels. By 1621, slaves in Manila numbered 1,970 out of a population of 6,110. This influx of slaves continued until late in the 17th century; according to contemporary cargo records in 1690, 200 slaves departed from Malacca to Manila (Seijas 2008: 21). Different ethnicities were favored for different labor.|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xj6f1jt |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114232555/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6xj6f1jt/qt6xj6f1jt_noSplash_fd187448d1120e8904337fe47b42df2a.pdf |archive-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> Many Filipinos were brought back to New Spain as slaves and forced crew.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Asian_Slaves_in_Colonial_Mexico/YCWjAwAAQBAJ|title=Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico|author=Tatiana Seijas|year=2014|chapter=The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market|chapter-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Asian_Slaves_in_Colonial_Mexico/YCWjAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA32|page=36|isbn=978-1-107-06312-9}}</ref> In 1571, [[Intramuros|Spanish Manila]] became the capital of the [[Spanish East Indies]],<ref>{{Cite journal |url = https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |title = Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898 |author = Fernando A. Santiago Jr. |access-date = July 18, 2008 |journal = Malay |volume = 19 |issue = 2 |pages = 70–87 |year = 2006 |language=fil}}</ref> which encompassed Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/the-latest-news-features/70433/philippine-map-palau-a1507-20170612-lfrm3 |title=The Philippines Isn't What It Used to Be |author=Manuel L. Quezon III |website=SPOT.PH |date=June 12, 2017 |access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Andrade>{{cite book|last=Andrade|author1-link=Tonio Andrade|first=Tonio|title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2005|url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/ |chapter=La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html}}</ref> The Spanish successfully invaded the different local states by employing the principle of [[divide and rule|divide and conquer]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guillermo |first1=Artemio |access-date=September 11, 2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&q=divide+and+conquer+philippines&pg=PA374 |year=2012 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |publisher=The Scarecrow Press Inc. |orig-date=2012 |page=374 |isbn=9780810875111 |quote=To pursue their mission of conquest, the Spaniards dealt individually with each settlement or village and with each province or island until the entire Philippine archipelago was brought under imperial control. They saw to it that the people remained divided or compartmentalized and with the minimum of contact or communication. The Spaniards adopted the policy of divide et impera (divide and conquer).}}</ref> bringing most of what is now the Philippines into a single unified administration.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/philippines-a-mountain-of-difference-the-lumad-in-early-colonial-mindanao-by-oona-paredes-ithaca-southeast-asia-program-publications-cornell-university-2013-pp-195-maps-appendices-notes-bibliography-index/10F3EEAA42554FF4996D35ADA368B7F5|title=The Philippines. A mountain of difference: The Lumad in early colonial Mindanao By Oona Paredes Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University, 2013. Pp. 195. Maps, Appendices, Notes, Bibliography, Index.|first=Ruth de|last=Llobet|date=June 23, 2015|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=46|issue=2|pages=332–334|via=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0022463415000211}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines|first=Stephen|last=Acabado|date=March 1, 2017|journal=International Journal of Historical Archaeology|volume=21|issue=1|pages=1–26|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9|s2cid=147472482|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3tp1p8m3 }}</ref> Disparate barangays were deliberately [[Reductions|consolidated into towns]], where [[Friars in Spanish Philippines|Catholic missionaries]] were more easily able to convert the inhabitants to [[Christianity]].<ref name="Abinales">{{cite book |last1=Abinales |first1=P. N. |last2=Amoroso |first2=Donna J. |title=State and Society in the Philippines |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1024-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |pages=53, [https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |access-date=January 12, 2021 }}</ref>{{rp|53, 68}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Constantino |first1=Renato |last2=Constantino |first2=Letizia R. |title=A History of the Philippines |year=1975 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-85345-394-9 |pages=58–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |access-date=January 12, 2021 }}</ref> From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the [[Mexico City]]-based [[New Spain|Viceroyalty of New Spain]], and later administered from [[Madrid]] following the [[Mexican War of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/39007295 |title=Dissolution of Manila-Mexico Architectural Connections between 1784 and 1810 |first=Pedro Luengo |last=Gutierrez |journal=Transpacific Exchanges |pages=62–63}}</ref> Manila was the western hub of the [[Spanish treasure fleet|trans-Pacific trade]].<ref name=Kane>{{cite book |last=Kane |first=Herb Kawainui |author-link=Herb Kawainui Kane |editor=Bob Dye |chapter=The Manila Galleons |title=Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine |volume=I |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |location=Honolulu |year=1996 |pages=25–32 |isbn=978-0-8248-1829-6}}</ref> [[Manila galleon]]s were constructed in [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] and [[Cavite]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf |title=Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon |first=Mary Jane Louise A. |last=Bolunia |publisher=Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines |access-date=October 26, 2015 |page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines|author=William J. McCarthy|date=December 1, 1995|journal=International Journal of Maritime History|volume=7|issue=2|pages=149–162|doi=10.1177/084387149500700208|s2cid = 163709949}}</ref>', 246 => '', 247 => 'During its rule, Spain quelled [[Philippine revolts against Spain|various indigenous revolts]],<ref name=Halili>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA119 |title=Philippine History |last=Halili |first=Maria Christine N. |publisher=Rex Bookstore |year=2004 |pages=111–122 |isbn=978-971-23-3934-9 }}</ref> as well as defending against external military challenges.<ref name="Ooi2004"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iaccarino |first1=Ubaldo |title="The Centre of a Circle": Manila's Trade with East and Southeast Asia at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century |journal=Crossroads |date=October 2017 |volume=16 |url=https://ostasien-verlag.de/zeitschriften/crossroads/cr/pdf/CR_16_2017_099-120_Iaccarino.pdf |publisher=OSTASIEN Verlag |issn=2190-8796}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2021}} [[Battles of La Naval de Manila|War against the Dutch]] from the west, in the 17th century, together with conflict with the Muslims in the south nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dolan|1991}}, [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/4.htm The Early Spanish Period].</ref>', 248 => '', 249 => '[[File:Ilustrados 1890.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Filipino ''[[Ilustrado]]s'' in Spain formed the [[Propaganda Movement]]. Photographed in 1890.]]', 250 => '', 251 => 'Administration of the Philippine islands was considered a drain on the economy of New Spain,<ref name="Ooi2004">{{cite book |last1=Ooi |first1=Keat Gin |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |page=1077 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077 |access-date=January 29, 2021 |quote=Because local resources did not yield enough money to maintain the colonial administration, the government was constantly running a deficit and had to be supported with an annual subsidy from the Spanish government in Mexico, the situado.}}</ref> and there were debates to abandon it or trade it for other territory. However, this was opposed because of economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the islands and the surrounding region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newson |first1=Linda A. |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |date=April 16, 2009 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1 |pages=7–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |access-date=January 29, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Crossley |first1=John Newsome |title=Hernando de los Ríos Coronel and the Spanish Philippines in the Golden Age |date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=9781409482420 |pages=168–169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168}}</ref> The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy provided by the Spanish Crown,<ref name="Ooi2004" /> which averaged 250,000 pesos<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newson |first1=Linda A. |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |date=April 16, 2009 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref> and was usually paid through the provision of 75 tons of silver bullion being sent from the Americas.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Jeffrey A.|title=The Potosí mita, 1573–1700: compulsory Indian labor in the Andes|year=1985|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, Calif.|isbn=978-0-8047-1256-9|page=20}}</ref> [[British occupation of Manila|British forces occupied Manila]] from 1762 to 1764 during the [[Seven Years' War]], with Spanish rule restored through the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]].<ref name="Basques"/>{{rp|81–83}} The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the [[Reconquista]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hawkley |first=Ethan |title=Reviving the Reconquista in Southeast Asia: Moros and the Making of the Philippines, 1565–1662 | journal = Journal of World History |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |year=2014 |volume=25 |issue=2–3 |page=288 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276488434 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2014.0014 |quote=The early modern revival of the Reconquista in the Philippines had a profound effect on the islands, one that is still being felt today. As described above, the Spanish Reconquista served to unify Christians against a common Moro enemy, helping to bring together Castilian, Catalan, Galician, and Basque peoples into a single political unit: Spain. In precolonial times, the Philippine islands were a divided and unspecified part of the Malay archipelago, one inhabited by dozens of ethnolinguistic groups, residing in countless independent villages, strewn across thousands of islands. By the end of the seventeenth century, however, a dramatic change had happened in the archipelago. A multiethnic community had come together to form the colonial beginnings of a someday nation: the Philippines. The powerful influence of Christian-Moro antagonisms on the formation of the early Philippines remains evident more than four hundred years later, as the Philippine national government continues to grapple with Moro separatists groups, even in 2013. |s2cid=143692647}}</ref> The [[Spanish–Moro conflict]] lasted for several hundred years. In the last quarter of the 19th century, Spain conquered portions of [[Mindanao]] and [[Jolo, Sulu|Jolo]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=United States War Department |title=Annual Report of the Secretary of War |date=1903 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=379–398 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8FMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA379 |access-date=January 29, 2021 }}</ref> and the [[Moro people|Moro]] Muslims in the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] formally recognized Spanish sovereignty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=James Francis |title=The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State |date=2007 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-386-2 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC&pg=PA124 |access-date=August 10, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA120 |title=Colección de los tratados, convenios y documentos internacionales celebrados por nuestros gobiernos con los estados extranjeros desde el reinado de Doña Isabel II. hasta nuestros días. Acompañados de notas histórico-críticas sobre su negociación y cumplimiento y cotejados con los textos originales... |year=1893 |pages=120–123 |language=es|author1=Spain }}</ref>', 252 => '', 253 => 'In the 19th century, Philippine ports opened to world trade, and shifts started occurring within Filipino society.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Daniel George Edward |title=History of South East Asia |date=1981 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-1-349-16521-6 |page=757 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA757 |access-date=July 30, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bacareza |first1=Hermógenes E. |title=The German Connection: A Modern History |date=2003 |publisher=Hermogenes E. Bacareza |page=10 |isbn=9789719309543 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsBxAAAAMAAJ&q=philippines+ports+world+trade+19th+century |access-date=July 30, 2020 }}</ref> Shifts in social identity occurred, with the term ''Filipino'' changing from referring to [[Spanish Filipinos|Spaniards born in the Philippines]] to a term encompassing all people in the archipelago.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hedman |first1=Eva-Lotta |last2=Sidel |first2=John |title=Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-75421-2 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C&pg=PA71 |access-date=July 30, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book', 254 => ' | quote = The cultural identity of the mestizos was challenged as they became increasingly aware that they were true members of neither the indio nor the Chinese community. Increasingly powerful but adrift, they linked with the Spanish mestizos, who were also being challenged because after the Latin American revolutions broke the Spanish Empire, many of the settlers from the New World, Caucasian Creoles born in Mexico or Peru, became suspect in the eyes of the Iberian Spanish. The Spanish Empire had lost its universality. |chapter=Chapter – 3 A SINGULAR AND A PLURAL FOLK |last=Steinberg |first=David Joel |title=THE PHILIPPINES A Singular and a Plural Place |publisher=Routledge |date=2018 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ |doi=10.4324/9780429494383 |isbn=978-0-8133-3755-5}}</ref>', 255 => '', 256 => 'Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after [[Gomburza|three activist Catholic priests]] were executed on weak pretences.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schumacher |first1=John N. |title=The Propaganda Movement, 1880–1895 |date=1997 |publisher=Ateneo University Press |isbn=9789715502092 |pages=8–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GU_Tzxu5qoC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schumacher |first1=John N. |title=Revolutionary Clergy: The Filipino Clergy and the Nationalist Movement, 1850–1903 |date=1998 |publisher=Ateneo University Press |isbn=9789715501217 |pages=23–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaLh8W6_84cC}}</ref><ref name="Cavite Mutiny">Nuguid, Nati. (1972). [http://stuartxchange.com/CaviteMutiny.html "The Cavite Mutiny"]. in Mary R. Tagle. ''12 Events that Have Influenced Philippine History''. [Manila]: National Media Production Center. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from [http://stuartxchange.com/ StuartXchange Website].</ref> This would inspire a [[Propaganda Movement|propaganda movement]] in Spain, organized by [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]], [[José Rizal]], [[Graciano López Jaena]], and [[Mariano Ponce]], lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines. Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion. This radicalized many who had previously been loyal to Spain.<ref name="ReferenceA1">{{cite book |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth |author-link=Ambeth Ocampo |title=Rizal Without the Overcoat |place=Pasig |publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc. |year=1999 |edition=Expanded |isbn=978-971-27-0920-3|title-link=Rizal Without the Overcoat }}{{Page needed|date=July 2020}}</ref> As attempts at reform met with resistance, [[Andrés Bonifacio]] in 1892 established the militant secret society called the [[Katipunan]], who sought independence from Spain through armed revolt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Halili |first1=M. c |title=Philippine History |date=2004 |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=978-971-23-3934-9 |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA137 |access-date=July 29, 2020 }}</ref>', 257 => '', 258 => 'The Katipunan [[Cry of Pugad Lawin|started]] the [[Philippine Revolution]] in 1896.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Borromeo-Buehler |first1=Soledad |title=The Cry of Balintawak: A Contrived Controversy |date=1998 |publisher=Ateneo University Press |isbn=9789715502788 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C}}</ref> Internal disputes led to [[Tejeros Convention|an election]] in which Bonifacio lost his position and [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] was elected as the new leader of the revolution.<ref name="Duka">{{cite book |last1=Duka |first1=Cecilio D. |title=Struggle for Freedom |date=2008 |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=9789712350450 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA202}}</ref>{{rp|145–147}} In 1897, the [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]] brought about the [[Hong Kong Junta|exile of the revolutionary leadership to Hong Kong]]. In 1898, the [[Spanish–American War]] began and reached the Philippines. Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared independence]] from Spain on June 12, 1898.<ref name="Abinales"/>{{rp|112–113}} The [[First Philippine Republic]] was established on January 21, 1899.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Starr |first1=J. Barton |title=The United States Constitution: Its Birth, Growth, and Influence in Asia |date=September 1988 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-201-3 |page=260 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 |access-date=January 15, 2021 }}</ref>', 259 => '', 260 => '[[File:Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, around 1898.jpg|thumb|250px|Filipino troops and General [[Gregorio del Pilar]], {{circa}} 1898. Between 10,000 and 20,000 Filipino soldiers, as well as between 200,000 and 1,000,000 civilians, died as a result of the [[Philippine–American War]].]]', 261 => '', 262 => 'The islands had been [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|ceded by Spain]] to the United States along with [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Guam]] as a result of the latter's victory in the [[Spanish–American War]] in 1898.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Draper |first1=Andrew Sloan |title=The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government |date=1899 |publisher=Silver, Burdett |pages=170–172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170 |access-date=January 29, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fantina |first1=Robert |title=Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006 |date=2006 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-454-9 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC&pg=PA83 |access-date=January 29, 2021 }}</ref> As it became increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the First Philippine Republic, the [[Philippine–American War]] broke out.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linn |first=Brian McAllister|author-link=Brian McAllister Linn |title=The Philippine War, 1899–1902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-1225-3|pages=75–76}}</ref> The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1&nbsp;million civilians, mostly because of famine and disease.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA478 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|date=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851099511|pages=478|language=en}}</ref> Many Filipinos were also moved by the Americans to [[List of concentration and internment camps#Philippines|concentration camps]], where thousands died.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 |title=Talking American History: An Informal Narrative History of the United States |author=Ron Briley |year=2019 |page=247 |isbn=9781611395839 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era |author1=Catherine Cocks |author2=Peter C. Holloran |author3=Alan Lessoff |date=13 March 2009 |page=332 |isbn=9780810862937 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC&pg=PA332 }}</ref> After the defeat of the First Philippine Republic in 1902, an [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American civilian government]] was established through the [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act]].<ref name=Gates>{{cite book |author=Gates, John M. |chapter-url=http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805061319/http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html|archive-date=August 5, 2010|title=The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare |chapter=The Pacification of the Philippines |date=November 2002 |access-date=February 20, 2010}}</ref> American forces continued to secure and extend their control over the islands, suppressing an attempted [[Tagalog Republic#Sakay|extension of the Philippine Republic]],<ref name="Duka"/>{{rp|200–202}}<ref name="antonio abad">{{cite book|last=Kabigting Abad|first=Antonio|title=General Macario L. Sakay: Was He a Bandit or a Patriot?|year=1955|publisher=J. B. Feliciano and Sons Printers-Publishers}}{{Full citation needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> [[Kiram–Bates Treaty|securing the Sultanate of Sulu]],<ref name=Bates>{{cite web|url=http://www.philippineupdate.com/Bates.htm|title=The Bates Treaty|first=Madge|last=Kho|publisher=PhilippineUpdate.com|access-date=December 2, 2007}}</ref> and establishing control over interior mountainous areas that had resisted Spanish conquest.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Igorot as Other: Four Discourses from the Colonial Period|author=Aguilar-Cariño, Ma. Luisa|year=1994|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=42|issue=2|pages=194–209|jstor=42633435}}</ref>', 263 => '', 264 => 'Cultural developments strengthened the continuing development of a national identity,<ref name="books.google.com">Armes, Roy. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC&lpg=PA152&pg=PA152#v=onepage "Third World Film Making and the West"], p.152. University of California Press, 1987. Retrieved on October 30, 2020.</ref><ref>[http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:200615/FULLTEXT01.pdf "The Role of José Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society: What language did his silent film speaks?"]. Stockholm University Publications. Retrieved on October 30, 2020.</ref> and Tagalog began to take precedence over other local languages.<ref name="Abinales"/>{{rp|121}} Governmental functions were gradually devolved to Filipinos under the [[Taft Commission]]<ref name="Ooi"/> and in 1935 the Philippines [[Tydings–McDuffie Act|was granted]] [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] status with [[Manuel L. Quezon|Manuel Quezon]] as president and [[Sergio Osmeña]] as vice president.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Lee Lai To |author2=Zarina Othman |title=Regional Community Building in East Asia: Countries in Focus |date=September 1, 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317265566 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145}}</ref> Quezon's priorities were defence, social justice, inequality and economic diversification, and national character.<ref name="Ooi">{{cite book |last1=Ooi |first1=Keat Gin |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576077702 |pages=1081, 1117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1117}}</ref> Tagalog was designated the [[Filipino language|national language]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Roger M. |title=Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives |date=2003 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=9789027248916 |pages=27–29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA27}}</ref> [[1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite|women's suffrage was introduced]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1267381/celebrating-83-years-of-womens-suffrage-in-the-philippines |title=Celebrating 83 years of women's suffrage in the Philippines |last=Gonzales |first=Cathrine |work=The Inquirer |date=April 30, 2020 |access-date=January 29, 2021}}</ref> and land reform mooted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kwiatkowski |first1=Lynn |title=Struggling With Development: The Politics Of Hunger And Gender In The Philippines |date=May 20, 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780429965623 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41}}</ref><ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010">Manapat, Carlos, et al.'' Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform''. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010.Print.{{Full citation needed|date=July 2020}}</ref>', 265 => '', 266 => '[[File:Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg|thumb|right|[[General Douglas MacArthur]] coming ashore during the [[Battle of Leyte]] on October 20, 1944]]', 267 => '', 268 => '[[Military history of the Philippines during World War II|During World War II]] the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|invaded]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Sharon W. |title=A Reckoning: Philippine Trials of Japanese War Criminals |date=March 5, 2019 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=9780299318604 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JByIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11}}</ref> and the [[Second Philippine Republic]], under [[Jose P. Laurel]], was established as a [[puppet state]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d984|title=FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES: DIPLOMATIC PAPERS, 1943, THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH, EASTERN EUROPE, THE FAR EAST, VOLUME III|author=Karl L. Rankin|author-link=Karl L. Rankin|date=November 25, 1943|publisher=Office of the Historian|access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abinales |first1=Patricio N. |last2=Amoroso |first2=Donna J. |title=State and Society in the Philippines |date=July 6, 2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538103951 |page=160 |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA160}}</ref> From 1942 the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]] was [[Philippine resistance against Japan|opposed]] by large-scale [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines#Resistance|underground guerrilla activity]].<ref name="McAAE">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128153210/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html|archive-date=January 28, 2017 |title=The Guerrilla War |website=[[American Experience]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |access-date=February 24, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maranao.com/bangsamoro/0506-japan_invasion.htm |title=The Japanese Invasion |first=Salah |last=Jubair |publisher=Maranao.Com |access-date=February 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727232925/http://www.maranao.com/bangsamoro/0506-japan_invasion.htm |archive-date=July 27, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sandler |first1=Stanley |title=World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |date=2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780815318835 |pages=819–825 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC&pg=PA819}}</ref> [[Japanese war crimes|Atrocities and war crimes]] were committed during the war, including the [[Bataan Death March]] and the [[Manila massacre]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Jeffrey Frank |title=Japanese War Crimes and Related Topics: A Guide to Records at the National Archives |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |location=United States |pages=1031–1037 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx9JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1032 |access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Japanese_War_Crimes/2J0ZqRZw-QQC|title=Japanese War Crimes: The Search for Justice|isbn=978-1-4128-2683-9|page=[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Japanese_War_Crimes/2J0ZqRZw-QQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22japanese+atrocities&pg=PA250 250]|last1=Li|first1=Peter|publisher=Transaction Publishers}}</ref> Allied troops [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)|defeated the Japanese]] in 1945. It is estimated that over one million Filipinos had died by the end of the war.<ref name=Rottman>{{cite book |last1=Rottman |first1=Gordon L. |title=World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-313-31395-0 |page=318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA318 |access-date=July 30, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Sonia M.|title=The Philippines: A Unique Nation|publisher=All-Nations Publishing Co.|year=1994|isbn=978-971-642-071-5|page=354}}</ref> On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became one of the [[member states of the United Nations|founding members]] of the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121135646/https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml|archive-date=November 21, 2009|title=Founding Member States|publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref name="Bühler">{{cite book |last1=Bühler |first1=Konrad G. |title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism |date=February 8, 2001 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=9789041115539 |pages=38–41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA38}}</ref> On July 4, 1946, the Philippines was officially recognized by the United States as an independent nation through the [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila]], during the presidency of [[Manuel Roxas]].<ref name="Bühler" /><ref name="Treaty of Manila">{{cite book|author=Philippines|title=Treaty of General Relations and Protocol with the Republic of the Philippines: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Treaty of General Relations and Protocol Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines, Signed at Manila on July 4, 1946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyDEHAAACAAJ|year=1946|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ooi |first1=Keat Gin |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576077702 |page=1152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1152}}</ref>', 269 => '', 270 => '=== Independence (1946–present) ===', 271 => '{{Main|History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|History of the Philippines (1965–1986)|History of the Philippines (1986–present)}}', 272 => 'Efforts to end the [[Hukbalahap Rebellion]] began during [[Elpidio Quirino]]'s term,<ref>Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.{{Full citation needed|date=July 2020}}</ref> however, it was only during [[Ramon Magsaysay]]'s presidency that the movement was suppressed.<ref>Jeff Goodwin, [https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff/page/118 <!-- quote=huk rebellion. --> No Other Way Out], Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.119, {{ISBN|0-521-62948-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-62948-5}}</ref> Magsaysay's successor, [[Carlos P. Garcia]], initiated the [[Filipino First policy|Filipino First Policy]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abinales |first1=P. N. |last2=Amoroso |first2=Donna J. |title=State and Society in the Philippines |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1024-1 |page=182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA182 |access-date=September 1, 2020 }}</ref> which was continued by [[Diosdado Macapagal]], with celebration of Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12, the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration,<ref name=bibingka-jun12>{{cite web|url=http://www.bibingka.com/phg/documents/jun12.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970713004232/http://www.bibingka.com/phg/documents/jun12.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 13, 1997 |title=Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day |last=Macapagal |first=Diosdado |publisher=Philippine History Group of Los Angeles |access-date=November 11, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.positivenewsmedia.net/am2/publish/Article_Features_22/President_Diosdado_Macapagal_set_RP_Independence_D_5939.shtml|title=President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12|author=Manuel S. Satorre Jr.|publisher=positivenewsmedia.net|access-date=December 10, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724020320/http://www.positivenewsmedia.net/am2/publish/Article_Features_22/President_Diosdado_Macapagal_set_RP_Independence_D_5939.shtml|archive-date=July 24, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and pursuit of [[North Borneo dispute|a claim]] on the eastern part of [[North Borneo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Developing Regional Minorities in Asia|url=http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf|website=Sabri Zain|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415034823/http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/connections.pdf |archive-date=April 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Weatherbee|first=Donald E.|author2=Ralf Emmers |author3=Mari Pangestu |author4=Leonard C. Sebastian |title=International relations in Southeast Asia|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2005|pages=68–69|isbn=978-0-7425-2842-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC&pg=PA68}}</ref>', 273 => '', 274 => 'In 1965, Macapagal lost the presidential election to [[Ferdinand Marcos]]. Early in his presidency, Marcos initiated numerous infrastructure projects<ref>{{cite book |last1=Timberman |first1=David G. |title=A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics |year=1991 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian |isbn=978-981-3035-86-7 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC&pg=PA58 |access-date=September 1, 2020 }}</ref> but, together with his wife [[Imelda Marcos|Imelda]], was accused of corruption and embezzling billions of dollars in public funds.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21022457|title=What happened to the Marcos fortune?|work=BBC News|date=January 25, 2013|first=Kate|last=McGeown|access-date=November 19, 2020}}{{Full citation needed|date=July 2020}}</ref> Nearing the end of his last constitutionally-allowed term, Marcos declared [[martial law in the Philippines|martial law]] on September 21, 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title=Declaration of Martial Law |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/ |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708065018/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/ |archive-date=July 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Problems of Communism |date=1975 |publisher=Documentary Studies Section, International Information Administration |page=59 |edition=March–April 1975; Vol. XXIV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C&pg=PA59 |access-date=September 1, 2020 }}</ref> This period of his rule was characterized by political repression, censorship, and [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|human rights violations]].<ref>{{cite book|title=To Islands Far Away: the Story of the Thomasites and Their Journey to the Philippines|date=2001|publisher=US Embassy|location=Manila}}{{Full citation needed|date=July 2020}}</ref>', 275 => '', 276 => 'Numerous [[Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986)|monopolies]] controlled by [[Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos|crony businessmen]] were established in key industries, including [[Logging concessions during the Marcos dictatorship|logging]], coconuts, bananas, telephones, and broadcasting;<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10"/> a sugar monopoly led to [[Negros famine|a famine on the island of Negros]].<ref name="Kasaysayan9ch10"/> Marcos’ heavy borrowing early in his presidency resulted in [[Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)|numerous economic crashes]], capped by a massive recession in the early 1980s which culminated in the economy contracting by 7.3% in both 1984 and 1985.<ref name="EJGuido&CheDeLosReyes20170921">{{Citation | last1 = Guido | first1 =Edson Joseph | last2 = de los Reyes | first2 = Che | title = The best of times? Data debunk Marcos's economic 'golden years' | newspaper =ABSCBN News and Public Affairs | year = 2017 | url = https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/09/21/17/the-best-of-times-data-debunk-marcoss-economic-golden-years }}</ref><ref name ="Kasaysayan9ch10">{{Cite book |title=Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. |publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited |year=1998 |editor-last=Magno |editor-first=Alexander R. |location=Hong Kong |chapter=Democracy at the Crossroads}}</ref>', 277 => '', 278 => 'On August 21, 1983, Marcos' chief rival, opposition leader [[Ninoy Aquino|Benigno Aquino Jr.]], was [[Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.|assassinated on the tarmac]] at [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila International Airport]]. Marcos called a snap [[1986 Philippine presidential election|presidential election in 1986]].<ref name=Chandler /> Marcos was proclaimed the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent.<ref name=":7">{{Cite report|last1=Atwood|first1=J. Brian|last2=Schuette|first2=Keith E.|title=A Path to Democratic Renewal|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf|page=350|via=National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and National Republican Institute for International Affairs}}</ref> The resulting protests led to the [[People Power Revolution]],<ref name="Gandhi">{{Citation |last=Kumar |first=Ravindra |title=Mahatma Gandhi at the Close of Twentieth Century|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. |isbn=978-81-261-1736-9 |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTNpstqGlAMC&q=EDSA+Revolution&pg=PA168 |access-date= December 2, 2007 |year=2004}}<!--REFORMAT SOURCE--></ref> which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to [[Hawaii]], and Aquino's widow, [[Corazon Aquino]], was installed as president.<ref name=Chandler>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzUz9lKn6PEC&pg=PA431|title=In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History|author1=Chandler, David P. |author2=David Joel Steinberg |name-list-style=amp |edition=Revised 2nd|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1987|pages=431–442|isbn=978-0-8248-1110-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stuartxchange.org/DayFour.html |title=The Original People Power Revolution |access-date=February 28, 2008 |publisher=Quartet |page=77}}</ref>', 279 => '', 280 => '[[File:Pinatubo91eruption plume.jpg|thumb|left|The [[1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo]] was the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century.]]', 281 => 'The return of democracy and government reforms beginning in 1986 were hampered by national debt, government corruption, and [[Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino|coup attempts]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kingsbury |first1=Damien |title=Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change |date=September 13, 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-49628-1 |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |access-date=August 27, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Timberman |first1=David G. |title=A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics |year=1991 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian |isbn=978-981-3035-86-7 |pages=xii, xiii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC&q=%22corazon+aquino%22+democracy+%2B%22coup%22 |access-date=August 27, 2020 }}</ref> A [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines|communist insurgency]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tan |first1=Andrew T. H. |title=A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia |date=January 2009 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84720-718-0 |page=405 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMmpCinBYoC&pg=PA405 |access-date=September 2, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Communist Insurgency in the Philippines: Tactics and Talks |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d5a310e2.pdf |website=Refworld |publisher=Asia Report N°202 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806030349/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d5a310e2.pdf |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |pages=5–7 |date=February 14, 2011}}</ref> and a military conflict with [[Moro conflict|Moro separatists]] persisted,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mydans |first1=Seth |title=Philippine Communists Are Spread Widely, but Not Thinly |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/weekinreview/philippine-communists-are-spread-widely-but-not-thinly.html |access-date=September 2, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=September 14, 1986 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524190820/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/weekinreview/philippine-communists-are-spread-widely-but-not-thinly.html |archive-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref> while the administration also faced a series of disasters, including the sinking of the ''[[MV Doña Paz]]'' in December 1987,<ref name="nyt1">{{cite news|author=[[Associated Press]]|title=1,500 Are Feared Lost as Two Ships Collide and Sink Near Philippines |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7D91638F932A15751C1A961948260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |work=The New York Times |date=December 21, 1987|access-date=December 13, 2008}}</ref>{{undue weight inline|1=1990 Luzon Earthquake, 1980s economic nosedive, and 1980s Negros Famine|reason=there are numerous more significant natural disasters which had greater social and economic impact, since this is a top level article|date=December 2022}} and the eruption of [[Mount Pinatubo]] in June 1991.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Drogin |first1=Bob |title=UNDER THE VOLCANO: As Mt. Pinatubo Continues to Spew Tons of Ash and Rock, Filipinos Wonder How Their Battered Country Will Ever Recover |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-11-tm-798-story.html |access-date=August 27, 2020 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=August 11, 1991 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827165643/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-11-tm-798-story.html |archive-date=August 27, 2020 |quote=President Corazon Aquino's government is overwhelmed by broken bridges, buried homes and lost crops.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Reilly |first1=Benjamin |title=Disaster and Human History: Case Studies in Nature, Society and Catastrophe |date=January 22, 2009 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3655-2 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mI77lmwmVDkC&pg=PA62 |access-date=August 27, 2020 }}</ref> Aquino was succeeded by [[Fidel V. Ramos]], whose economic performance, at 3.6% growth rate,<ref name="lastlaugh">{{cite news |first=Edward A.|last=Gargan|title= Last Laugh for the Philippines; Onetime Joke Economy Avoids Much of Asia's Turmoil |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 11, 1997 |access-date=January 25, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pempel|first=T.J.|title=The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC|year=1999|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8634-0|page=163}}</ref> was overshadowed by the onset of the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]].<ref name=AFC-NA-13>{{cite web |title = Financial Crisis and Global Governance: A Network Analysis |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/143071468174883223/pdf/577660NWP0Box353767B01PUBLIC10gcwp067web.pdf|last=Sheng |first=Andrew |date= July 2009|access-date=June 11, 2012}}</ref><ref name=AFC-NA-14>{{cite web |title = Analyzing Systemic Risk with Financial Networks During a Financial Crash|website= fma.org|author1=Yenilmez, Taylan |author2=Saltoglu, Burak |name-list-style=amp |url=http://www.fma.org/JAF2011/Papers/bsty-2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308105228/http://www.fma.org/JAF2011/Papers/bsty-2010.pdf |archive-date=March 8, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref>', 282 => '', 283 => 'Ramos' successor, [[Joseph Estrada]], was overthrown by the [[Second EDSA Revolution|2001 EDSA Revolution]] and succeeded by his vice president, [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]], on January 20, 2001.<ref>{{cite book|author=Dirk J. Barreveld|title=Philippine President Estada Impeached!: How the President of the World's 13th Most Populous Country Stumbles Over His Mistresses, a Chinese Conspiracy and the Garbage of His Capital|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfJ48GxXRokC|year=2001|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-18437-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NfJ48GxXRokC&pg=PA476 476]}}</ref> Arroyo's 9-year administration was marked by economic growth<ref>{{cite book |author1=Central Intelligence Agency |title=The CIA World Factbook 2010 |date=2009 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc. |isbn=978-1-60239-727-9 |page=541 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqanFyF6nI0C&pg=PA541 |access-date=September 14, 2020 }}</ref> but was tainted by corruption and political scandals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/04/10/corruption-was-glorias-biggest-mistake-survey |title=Corruption was Gloria's biggest mistake: survey |last1=Dizon |first1=David |date=August 4, 2010 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs]] |access-date=April 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/18/philippines-asia-pacific |title=Philippines charges Gloria Arroyo with corruption |agency=Associated Press |date=November 18, 2011 |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=April 15, 2012 |quote=Former president is formally accused of electoral fraud after government rushed to court as she tried to leave country}}</ref> On November 23, 2009, 34 journalists and several civilians were [[Maguindanao massacre|killed in Maguindanao]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20101123-304817/Philippines-mourns-massacre-victims|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627122428/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20101123-304817/Philippines-mourns-massacre-victims|archive-date=June 27, 2015|title=Philippines mourns massacre victims |last=Jimenez-Gutierrez|first=Jason|date=November 23, 2010|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref><ref name=maptimeline>{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/177821/news/specialreports/the-ampatuan-massacre-a-map-and-timeline|title=The Ampatuan Massacre: a map and timeline|last=Perez|first=Analyn|work=GMA News|publisher=GMANews.TV|date=November 25, 2009}}</ref>', 284 => '', 285 => 'Economic growth continued during [[Benigno Aquino III]]'s administration, which pushed for good governance and transparency.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lum |first1=Thomas |last2=Dolven |first2=Ben |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests—2014 |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5375d9d64.pdf |website=Refworld |publisher=Congressional Research Service |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914150041/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5375d9d64.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2020 |pages=1, 3 |date=April 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lucas |first1=Dax |title=Aquino attributes growth to good governance |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/39227/aquino-attributes-growth-to-good-governance |access-date=September 14, 2020 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=June 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610044835/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/39227/aquino-attributes-growth-to-good-governance |archive-date=June 10, 2012 }}</ref> In 2015, a [[Mamasapano clash|shootout in Mamasapano]] resulted in the death of 44 members of the [[Philippine National Police]]-[[Special Action Force]], which caused a delay in the passage of the [[Bangsamoro Organic Law]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/01/25/15/govt-milf-report-casualties-rare-clash |title=At least 30 elite cops killed in clash with MILF |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |access-date=January 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/103759/pnp-saf-casualties-in-encounter-now-50---armm-police-chief|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207064237/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/103759/pnp-saf-casualties-in-encounter-now-50---armm-police-chief|archive-date=February 7, 2015 |title=PNP-SAF casualties in encounter now 50 – ARMM police chief |newspaper=[[Interaksyon]] |date=January 26, 2015 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |last=Arcon |first= Dennis}}</ref>', 286 => '', 287 => 'Former [[Davao City]] mayor [[Rodrigo Duterte]] won the [[2016 Philippine presidential election|2016 presidential election]], becoming the first president from Mindanao.<ref name="2016 election">{{cite news|url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/27/16/duterte-robredo-win-2016-polls/|title=Duterte, Robredo win 2016 polls|date=May 27, 2016|work=ABS-CBN|access-date=May 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/video/2016/06/30/duterte-sworn-in-as-philippines-presiden?videoId=369120035 |title=Duterte sworn in as Philippines president |work=Reuters |date=June 30, 2016 |access-date=August 24, 2016}}</ref> Duterte launched [[Philippine drug war|an anti-drug campaign]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Between Duterte and a death squad, a Philippine mayor fights drug-war violence |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-drugs-mayor-idUSKBN16N33I |work=Reuters|date=March 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/28/19/5000-killed-and-170000-arrested-in-war-on-drugs-police |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329213700/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/28/19/5000-killed-and-170000-arrested-in-war-on-drugs-police |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |title=5,000 killed and 170,000 arrested in war on drugs: police |work=ABS-CBN News |date=March 29, 2019 |access-date=April 16, 2019}}</ref> and [[Build! Build! Build!|an infrastructure program]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nicolas |first1=Fiona |title=Big projects underway in 'golden age' of infrastructure |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/04/golden-age-infrastructure-Duterte-administration-Arthur-Tugade-Mark-Villar-Ernesto-Pernia-Vince-Dizon.html |access-date=September 13, 2020 |work=CNN Philippines |date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107131039/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/04/golden-age-infrastructure-Duterte-administration-Arthur-Tugade-Mark-Villar-Ernesto-Pernia-Vince-Dizon.html |archive-date=November 7, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vera |first1=Ben O. de |title=Build, Build, Build's 'new normal': 13 projects added, 8 removed |url=https://business.inquirer.net/304612/build-build-builds-new-normal-8-projects-added-13-removed |access-date=September 13, 2020 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817063018/https://business.inquirer.net/304612/build-build-builds-new-normal-8-projects-added-13-removed |archive-date=August 17, 2020 }}</ref> The implementation in 2018 of the Bangsamoro Organic Law led to the creation of the autonomous [[Bangsamoro]] region in Mindanao.<ref name="willitlast">{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/01/27/1888489/plebiscite-mindanao-will-it-be-last|title=Plebiscite in Mindanao: Will it be the last?|last1=Unson|first1=John|date=January 27, 2019|work=The Philippine Star|access-date=January 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name="CarolynArguillas20190126">{{cite news|url=https://www.mindanews.com/peace-process/2019/01/bangsamoro-law-ratified-how-soon-can-transition-from-armm-to-barmm-begin1/|title=Bangsamoro law ratified; how soon can transition from ARMM to BARMM begin?|last1=Arguillas|first1=Carolyn|work=MindaNews|access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> In early 2020, the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines|COVID-19 pandemic]] reached the country<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite news |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus |work=ABS-CBN News|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus |access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref><ref name="phconfirms">{{Cite news |date=March 7, 2020 |title=DOH recommends declaration of public health emergency after COVID-19 local transmission |work=GMA News|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/728715/doh-recommends-declaration-of-public-health-emergency-after-covid-19-local-transmission/story/ |access-date=March 7, 2020}}</ref> causing the gross domestic product to shrink by 9.5%, the country's worst annual economic performance since records began in 1947.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Venzon |first1=Cliff |title=Philippines GDP shrinks 9.5% in 2020, worst since 1947 |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Philippines-GDP-shrinks-9.5-in-2020-worst-since-1947 |access-date=January 31, 2021 |work=Nikkei Asia |date=January 28, 2021}}</ref>', 288 => '', 289 => 'Marcos' son, [[Bongbong Marcos]], won the [[2022 Philippine presidential election|2022 presidential election]], together with Duterte's daughter, [[Sara Duterte]], as [[Vice President of the Philippines|vice president]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos wins the Philippine presidency in a landslide |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/ferdinand-bongbong-marcos-wins-the-philippine-presidency-in-a-landslide/21809220 |publisher=The Economist |access-date=21 June 2022 |date=10 May 2022}}</ref>', 290 => '', 291 => '== Geography and environment ==', 292 => '{{Main|Geography of the Philippines|List of islands of the Philippines}}', 293 => '[[File:Relief Map Of The Philippines.png|thumb|left|upright|Topography of the Philippines]]', 294 => 'The Philippines is an [[archipelago]] composed of about 7,640 [[List of islands of the Philippines|islands]],<ref name="Islands">{{Cite web|date=June 4, 2019|title=Know before you go: the Philippines|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/partner-content-know-before-you-go-the-philippines|access-date=April 4, 2021|website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html |title=More islands, more fun in PH |work=[[CNN Philippines]] |date=February 20, 2016 |access-date=July 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024729/http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html |archive-date=June 20, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> covering a total area, including inland bodies of water, of around {{convert|300,000|km2|sqmi|sp=us|0}},<ref>{{cite journal |title=Land Use and Land Classification of the Philippines |journal=Infomapper |date=December 1991 |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=10 |issn=0117-1674 |url=http://www.namria.gov.ph/jdownloads/Info_Mapper/00a_im_dec911.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Boquet">{{cite book |last1=Boquet |first1=Yves |title=The Philippine Archipelago |date=April 19, 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319519265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ|page=15}}</ref> with cadastral survey data suggesting it may be larger.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/DBM%20Publications/FPB/ZBB-2012/a.pdf |title=Assessment of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Cadastral Survey Program of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) |last1=Llanto |first1=Gilberto M. |last2=Rosellon |first2=Maureen Ane D. |publisher=Philippine Institute for Development Studies |access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> The [[exclusive economic zone of the Philippines]] covers {{convert|2263816|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/summaryInfo.aspx?eez=608# Exclusive Economic Zones] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.</ref> Its {{convert|36289|km|mi|sp=us}} coastline gives it the world's [[List of countries by length of coastline|fifth-longest coastline]].<ref name="CIAfields"><!--says the coastline is 36,289&nbsp;km and that only Canada, Russia, Indonesia, and Greenland have longer coastlines-->Central Intelligence Agency. (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html "Field Listing : Coastline"]. Washington, DC.</ref> It is located between 116°&nbsp;40', and 126°&nbsp;34' E longitude and 4°&nbsp;40' and 21°&nbsp;10' N latitude and is bordered by the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820123304/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html|title=Philippine Sea|website=encarta.msn.com|archive-date=August 20, 2009 }} on August 20, 2009).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippine-Sea|title=Philippine Sea|date=2008|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref> the [[South China Sea]] to the west,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130213111846/http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?ID=201302090013&Type=aIPL "U.S. report details rich resources in South China Sea"] (archived from [http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aIPL&ID=201302090013 the original] on 2013-02-133)</ref> and the [[Celebes Sea]] to the south.<ref>C.Michael Hogan. 2011. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Celebes_Sea?topic=49523 "Celebes Sea"]. ''Encyclopedia of Earth''. Eds. P. Saundry & C.J. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington, DC{{dead link|date=July 2020}}</ref> The island of [[Borneo]] is located a few hundred kilometers southwest,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/borneo/awesome.html|title=An Awesome Island|website=Borneo: Island in the Clouds|publisher=PBS|access-date=November 11, 2012}}</ref> and Taiwan is located directly to the north. [[Sulawesi]] is located to the southwest, and [[Palau]] is located to the east of the islands.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rottman |first1=Gordon L. |title=World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313313950 |pages=266–268 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA266}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/content/108510/rp-talks-with-palau-indonesia-over-maritime-issues/story/|title=Philippines talks with Palau and Indonesia over maritime borders|website=gmanetwork.com|access-date=January 9, 2021}}</ref>', 295 => '', 296 => 'The [[List of mountains in the Philippines|highest mountain]] is [[Mount Apo]], measuring up to {{convert|2954|m|ft|sp=us}} above sea level and located on the island of [[Mindanao]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Division |first1=Library of Congress Federal Research |title=Philippines: A Country Study |date=1993 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0748-7 |page=xvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64KnPJbfHRMC&q=philippines+mount+apo+2954 |access-date=July 27, 2020 }}</ref> Running east of the archipelago, the [[Philippine Trench]] extends {{convert|10540|m|adj=on|sp=us}} down at the [[Emden Deep]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Intra-Oceanic Subduction Systems: Tectonic and Magmatic Processes |last1=Deschamps |first1=A. |last2=Lallemand |first2=S. |editor1=Larter, R.D. |editor2=Leat, P.T. |year=2003 |series=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=219 |pages=163–185 |chapter=Geodynamic setting of Izu-Bonin-Mariana boninites |chapter-url=http://www.gm.univ-montp2.fr/IMG/pdf/Deschamps_Lallemand_2003_GeolSocLondon.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31710 |title=The Galathea Deep Sea Expedition, 1950–1952, described by members of the expedition |last=Bruun |first=Anton Frederick |publisher=Macmillan, New York |year=1956 |pages=32–35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Deo Onda: Reaching new depths|url=https://upd.edu.ph/1st-filipino-to-reach-emden-deep-3rd-deepest-spot-on-earth/?cli_action=1621156430.861}}</ref> The [[List of rivers of the Philippines|longest river]] is the [[Cagayan River]] in northern [[Luzon]], measuring about {{convert|520|km||abbr=|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite web |author1=College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños |title=Climate-Responsive Integrated Master Plan for Cagayan River Basin; Volume I – Executive Summary |url=https://riverbasin.denr.gov.ph/masterplans/cagayanexecutivesummary.pdf |website=River Basin Control Office |publisher=Department of Environment and Natural Resources |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730173552/https://riverbasin.denr.gov.ph/masterplans/cagayanexecutivesummary.pdf |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |page=5}}</ref> [[Manila Bay]],<ref name="Jacinto et al (A)">Jacinto, G.S., Azanza, R.V., Velasquez, I.B. and Siringan, F.P.(2006). "Manila Bay:Environmental Challenges and Opportunities" in Wolanski, E.(ed.) The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours. Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands. p309-328.</ref> upon the shore of which the capital city of Manila lies, is connected to [[Laguna de Bay]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llda.gov.ph/|title=Official Website of the Laguna Lake Development Authority|website=www.llda.gov.ph|access-date=August 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323222359/http://llda.gov.ph/|archive-date=March 23, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[List of lakes of the Philippines|largest lake]] in the Philippines, by the [[Pasig River]].<ref name="rehabinfo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hic-net.org/document.asp?PID=197 |title=Pasig River Rehabilitation Program |last1=Murphy |first1=Denis |last2=Anana |first2=Ted |date=2004 |website=Habitat International Coalition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012123338/http://www.hic-net.org/document.asp?PID=197 |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> The [[Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park|Puerto Princesa Subterranean River]], which runs {{convert|8.2|km|mi|abbr=|sp=us}} underground through a [[karst]] landscape before reaching the ocean, is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652 |title=Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>', 297 => '', 298 => '[[File:The Mayon Volcano.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mayon]] is an active [[stratovolcano]], located in the south of the island of Luzon]]', 299 => 'Situated on the western fringes of the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]], the Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holden |first1=William |last2=Nadeau |first2=Kathleen |last3=Porio |first3=Emma |title=Ecological Liberation Theology |date=February 16, 2017 |publisher=Springer, Cham |isbn=978-3-319-50780-4 |pages=5–9 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-50782-8 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |chapter=The Philippines: Understanding the Economic and Ecological Crisis |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-50782-8_2}}</ref> The Philippine region is [[Seismology|seismically]] active and has been progressively constructed by [[Subduction tectonics of the Philippines|plates]] converging towards each other in multiple directions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Berckhemer |first1=H. |last2=Hsu |first2=K. |title=Alpine-Mediterranean Geodynamics |date=1982 |publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]] |isbn=978-978-087-590-9 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C&pg=RA1-PA31 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frohlich |first1=Cliff |title=Deep Earthquakes |date=4 May 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82869-7 |page=421 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC&pg=PA421 |access-date=26 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EarthScience2005" /> Around five earthquakes are registered daily, though most are too weak to be felt.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview of Past and Recent Disasters in the Philippines |url=https://www.eird.org/estrategias/pdf/eng/doc13258/doc13258-2.pdf |website=[[International Strategy for Disaster Reduction]] |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530050031/https://www.eird.org/estrategias/pdf/eng/doc13258/doc13258-2.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2012 |pages=24}}</ref><ref name="EarthScience2005">{{cite book |title=Earth Science' 2005 Ed. |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=978-971-23-3938-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4taaVmhmd8sC&pg=PA62 |access-date=25 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The [[List of earthquakes in the Philippines|last major earthquakes]] were the [[1976 Moro Gulf earthquake]] and the [[1990 Luzon earthquake]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rinard Hinga |first1=Bethany D. |title=Ring of Fire: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes |date=17 March 2015 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1-61069-297-7 |page=249 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 |access-date=25 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> There are [[List of active volcanoes in the Philippines|many active volcanoes]] such as [[Mayon]], [[Mount Pinatubo]], and [[Taal Volcano]].<ref name="PHIVOLCS-Volcanoes">{{cite web |title=Volcanoes of the Philippines |url=https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines |website=Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806190713/https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines |archive-date=August 6, 2017}}</ref> The [[1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo|eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991]] produced the [[List of volcanic eruptions 1500 - 1999|second largest terrestrial eruption]] of the 20th&nbsp;century.<ref name = Pinatubo1991>{{cite web|author = Newhall, Chris |author2 = James W. Hendley II |author3 = Peter H. Stauffer |name-list-style = amp |title = The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97) |url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130825233934/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/ |archive-date = August 25, 2013 |publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Geological Survey |date = February 28, 2005 |access-date = April 9, 2007}}</ref> The Philippines is the world's second-biggest [[Geothermal power in the Philippines|geothermal energy producer]] behind the United States, with 18% of [[Energy in the Philippines|the country's electricity]] needs being met by geothermal power.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/business/worldbusiness/29iht-energy.1.14068397.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603230258/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/business/worldbusiness/29iht-energy.1.14068397.html |archive-date=2010-06-03 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |author=Davies, Ed |author2=Karen Lema |name-list-style=amp |title=Pricey oil makes geothermal projects more attractive for Indonesia and the Philippines |newspaper=The New York Times|date = June 29, 2008 |access-date=December 18, 2009}}</ref>', 300 => '', 301 => 'The country has valuable<ref name="Inquirer-PhilippinesSits">{{cite news |last1=Esplanada |first1=Jerry E. |title=Philippines sits on $840B of mine—US {{!}} Inquirer Business |url=https://business.inquirer.net/47013/philippines-sits-on-840-b-of-mine—us |access-date=July 24, 2020 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=March 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302194026/https://business.inquirer.net/47013/philippines-sits-on-840-b-of-mine%E2%80%94us |archive-date=March 2, 2012}}</ref> mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bryner |first1=Leonid |title=Ore Deposits of the Philippines Their Geology |journal=Economic Geology |date=1969 |volume=64 |pages=645–647 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.64.6.644 |citeseerx=10.1.1.875.7878 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santos |first1=Gabriel Jr. |title=Mineral Distribution and Geological Features of the Philippines |journal=Metallogenetic and Geochemical Provinces |date=1974 |volume=1 |page=89 |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-4065-9_8 |isbn=978-3-211-81249-5 }}</ref> The Philippines is thought to have the second-largest gold deposits after South Africa, along with a large amount of copper deposits,<ref name="NYTimesMiners">{{cite news|author = Greenlees, Donald |title = Miners shun mineral wealth of the Philippines |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-mine.1.12876764.html |newspaper =The New York Times|date = May 14, 2008 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> and the world's largest deposits of [[palladium]].<ref name="Inquirer-FirmSeesMetal">{{cite news |last1=Cinco |first1=Maricar |title=Firm sees metal costlier than gold in Romblon sea |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788940/firm-sees-metal-costlier-than-gold-in-romblon-sea |access-date=July 24, 2020 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=June 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724163335/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788940/firm-sees-metal-costlier-than-gold-in-romblon-sea|archive-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref> Other minerals include chromite, nickel, and zinc. Despite this, a lack of law enforcement, poor management, opposition because of the presence of indigenous communities, and past instances of environmental damage and disaster have resulted in these mineral resources remaining largely untapped.<ref name="NYTimesMiners" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/06/the-philippines-a-nation-rich-in-precious-metals-encounters-powerful-opposition-to-mining/|title=The Philippines, a nation rich in precious metals, encounters powerful opposition to mining|publisher=Mongabay|author=Keith Schneider |date=June 8, 2017|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref>', 302 => '', 303 => '=== Biodiversity ===', 304 => '{{Main|Wildlife of the Philippines}}', 305 => '{{See also|List of threatened species of the Philippines}}', 306 => '', 307 => '[[File:Pithecophaga jefferyi front.jpg|thumb|The [[Philippine Eagle]] is endemic to the forests of the country.]]', 308 => '', 309 => 'The Philippines is a [[megadiverse countries|megadiverse country]].<ref name=Chanco>{{cite news|url=http://gbgm-umc.org/asia-pacific/philippines/ecophil.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010711225954/http://gbgm-umc.org/asia-pacific/philippines/ecophil.html|archive-date=July 11, 2001 |author=Chanco, Boo |title=The Philippines Environment: A Warning |newspaper=The Philippine Star |date=December 7, 1998}} Retrieved February 15, 2010 from gbgm-umc.org.</ref><ref name="AUSGOP">{{Cite book |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514125559/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |archive-date=May 14, 2007|title=Biodiversity Theme Report: The Meaning, Significance and Implications of Biodiversity (continued)|author = Williams, Jann|author2 = Cassia Read|author3 = Tony Norton|author4 = Steve Dovers|author5 = Mark Burgman|author6 = Wendy Proctor|author7 = Heather Anderson|name-list-style = amp|publisher=CSIRO on behalf of the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage|year=2001|isbn=978-0-643-06749-3|access-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines; [[Dipterocarpaceae|dipterocarp]], beach forest, [[pine]] forest, [[Vitex parviflora|molave]] forest, [[Montane ecosystems|lower montane forest]], upper montane or [[Cloud forest|mossy forest]], [[mangrove]]s, and ultrabasic forest.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wikramanayake |first1=Eric D. |last2=Dinerstein |first2=Eric |last3=Loucks |first3=Colby J. |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment |date=2002 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-55963-923-1 |page=480 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC&pg=PA480 |access-date=July 24, 2020 }}</ref> As of 2021, the Philippines has 7 million hectares of forest cover, according to official estimates, though experts contend that the actual figure is likely much lower.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ilagan|first=Karol|date=2021-05-12|title=7M hectares of Philippine land are forested — and that's bad news|url=https://pcij.org/article/5828/the-philippines-has-7m-hectares-of-forests-why-thats-bad-news|access-date=2021-07-18|website=PCIJ|language=en}}</ref> [[Deforestation]], often the result of [[illegal logging]], is [[Deforestation in the Philippines|an acute problem in the Philippines]]. Forest cover has declined from 70% of the Philippines's total land area in 1900 to about 18.3% in 1999.<ref>Peralta, Eleno O. (2005). "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af349e/af349e0n.htm#bm23 21. Forests for poverty alleviation: the response of academic institutions in the Philippines]". In Sim, Appanah, and Hooda (Eds.). ''Proceedings of the workshop on forests for poverty reduction: changing role for research, development and training institutions'' (RAP Publication). [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO). Retrieved July 5, 2020.</ref> With an estimated 13,500 plant species in the country, 3,200 of which are unique to the islands,<ref name="lonelyplanet" /> Philippine rainforests have an array of flora,<ref name="biodiverse">{{cite web|url=http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines|title=Hub of Life: Species Diversity in the Philippines|publisher=Foundation for the Philippine Environment|date=February 18, 2014|access-date=July 5, 2020|archive-date=September 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916011731/http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines|url-status=dead}}</ref> including many rare [[List of the orchids of the Philippines|types of orchids]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agoo |first1=Esperanza Maribel G. |title=Status of Orchid Taxonomy Research in the Philippines |journal=Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology |date=June 2007 |volume=1 |url=http://asbp.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/907-3032-2-PB.pdf |access-date=July 23, 2020 |quote=There are over 137 genera and about 998 species of orchids so far recorded for the archipelago. This represents about 10% of the total flora of the Philippines. The Philippines ranks second to New Guinea in occurrence of endemic species in the Malesian region.}}</ref> and [[rafflesia]].<ref>Taguinod, Fioro. (November 20, 2008). [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/134682/Rare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines "Rare flower species found only in northern Philippines"]. ''GMA News''. Retrieved July 5, 2020.</ref>', 310 => '', 311 => 'Around 1,100 land vertebrate species can be found in the Philippines including over 100 mammal species and 243 bird species not thought to exist elsewhere.<ref name="lonelyplanet">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaUR07G0yAcC|title=Philippines|author1=Rowthorn, Chris |author2=Greg Bloom |name-list-style=amp |edition=9th|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2006|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aaUR07G0yAcC&pg=PA52 52]|isbn=978-1-74104-289-4}}</ref><ref name="Allen2020"/> The Philippines has among the highest rates of discovery in the world with sixteen new species of mammals discovered in the last ten years. Because of this, the [[List of ecoregions with high endemism|rate of endemism]] for the Philippines has risen and likely will continue to rise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Biological_diversity_in_the_Philippines |title=Biological diversity in the Philippines |publisher=Eoearth.org |access-date=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Parts of its marine waters contain the highest diversity of shorefish species in the world.<ref name="Carpenter">{{cite journal|author1=Carpenter, Kent E. |author2=Victor G. Springer |s2cid=8280012 |name-list-style=amp |title=The center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity: the Philippine Islands |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|date=April 2005|volume=74|issue=2|pages=467–480|doi=10.1007/s10641-004-3154-4}}</ref>', 312 => '', 313 => 'Large reptiles include the [[Philippine crocodile]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Recovery plan for Philippine crocodiles |url=https://www.iucn.org/content/recovery-plan-philippine-crocodiles |access-date=July 23, 2020 |work=International Union for Conservation of Nature |date=August 10, 2009 |archive-date=July 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723183655/https://www.iucn.org/content/recovery-plan-philippine-crocodiles |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[saltwater crocodile]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=R. I. Y. |first1=Adan |title=Crocodile farming: a multi-million dollar industry |journal=SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture |date=2000 |volume=XXII |page=ww |url=https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/bitstream/handle/10862/1633/Adan2000-crocodile-farming.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=July 23, 2020 |publisher=Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center |quote=Two known crocodile species in the Philippines exists, the Crocodylus mindorensis (freshwater crocodile), also known as the Philippine crocodile, and Crocodylus porosus (saltwater crocodile).}}</ref> The largest crocodile in captivity, known locally as [[Lolong]], was captured in the southern island of Mindanao,<ref>{{cite web|title="Lolong" holds world record as largest croc in the world |url=http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=480:lolong-holds-world-record-as-largest-croc-in-the-world&catid=22:news&Itemid=131 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126140938/http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=480%3Alolong-holds-world-record-as-largest-croc-in-the-world&catid=22%3Anews&Itemid=131 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |website=Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau |access-date=June 23, 2012 |date=November 17, 2011 }}</ref> and died on February 10, 2013, from [[pneumonia]] and [[cardiac arrest]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ortiz|first=Erik|title=Tears for a croc: Lolong, the world's largest crocodile in captivity, dies in the Philippines |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/lolong-world-largest-croc-captivity-dies-article-1.1260199|access-date=February 11, 2013|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=February 10, 2013}}</ref> The [[List of national birds|national bird]], known as the [[Philippine eagle]], has the longest body of any eagle; it generally measures 86 to 102&nbsp;cm (2.82 to 3.35&nbsp;ft) in length and weighs 4.7 to 8.0&nbsp;kg (10.4 to 17.6&nbsp;lb).<ref name="RaptorsWorld">{{cite book|year=2001|title=Raptors of the World| publisher=[[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]]|location=London|pages=717–19|isbn=978-0-7136-8026-3|author1=Ferguson-Lees, J. |author2=Christie, D. }}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn |author1=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Pithecophaga jefferyi'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22696012A129595746 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22696012A129595746.en |access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref> The Philippine eagle is part of the family [[Accipitridae]] and is endemic to the rainforests of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.<ref>{{cite book |title=Statistics on Philippine Protected Areas and Wildlife Resources, Volume 1992 |year=1992 |publisher=Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTq5AAAAIAAJ |access-date=July 23, 2020 }}</ref> The Philippines has the third highest number of endemic birds in the world (behind Indonesia and Australia) with 243 endemics. Notable birds include the [[Celestial monarch]], [[flame-templed babbler]], [[Red-vented cockatoo]], [[Whiskered pitta]], [[Sulu hornbill]], [[Rufous hornbill]], [[Luzon bleeding-heart]] and the [[Flame-breasted fruit dove]].<ref name="Allen2020">{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Desmond|title=Birds of the Philippines|publisher=Lynx and Birdlife International Fieldguides|year=2020}}</ref>', 314 => ' ', 315 => 'Philippine maritime waters produce unique and diverse marine life<ref name="FAOOrg">{{cite web |title=INTRODUCTION |url=http://www.fao.org/3/x6943e/x6943e05.htm |website=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315020325/http://www.fao.org/3/x6943e/x6943e05.htm |archive-date=March 15, 2019}}</ref> and is an important part of the [[Coral Triangle]] ecoregion.<ref name="LiveScience-CoralTriangle">{{cite news |last1=Leman |first1=Jennifer |title=What Is the Coral Triangle? |url=https://www.livescience.com/64738-coral-triangle.html |access-date=July 24, 2020 |work=LiveScience |date=February 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429190233/https://www.livescience.com/64738-coral-triangle.html |archive-date=April 29, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="PNAGovPH-PHSeeks">{{cite news |last1=Teves |first1=Catherine |title=PH seeks more climate action for Coral Triangle |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1056744 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=December 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214235557/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1056744 |archive-date=December 14, 2018 |quote=The Coral Triangle refers to a roughly triangular area in the tropical marine waters of the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste.}}</ref> The total number of corals and marine fish species in this ecoregion is estimated at 500 and 2,400 respectively.<ref name="lonelyplanet" /> New records<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236001316|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016063342/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236001316_First_Record_of_the_dottyback_Manonichthys_alleni_(Teleostei_Perciformes_Pseudochromidae)_from_the_Philippines?ev=prf_pub|archive-date=October 16, 2013 |author1=Bos, A.R. |author2=Smits, H.M. |name-list-style=amp |title= First Record of the dottyback Manonichthys alleni (Teleostei: Perciformes: Pseudochromidae) from the Philippines |journal= Marine Biodiversity Records |year=2013 |volume=6 |issue=e61 |doi=10.1017/s1755267213000365}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237335102 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919140031/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237335102_Seven_new_records_of_fishes_%28Teleostei_Perciformes%29_from_coral_reefs_and_pelagic_habitats_in_Southern_Mindanao_the_Philippines?ev=prf_pub|archive-date=September 19, 2014 |author1=Bos, Arthur R. |author2=Gumanao, Girley S. |name-list-style=amp |title= Seven new records of fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes) from coral reefs and pelagic habitats in Southern Mindanao, the Philippines|journal= Marine Biodiversity Records |year=2013 |volume=6 |issue=e95 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1017/s1755267213000614}}</ref> and species discoveries continue.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bos, A.R.|author2=Gumanao, G.S. |author3=Salac, F.N. |s2cid=34920961 |year=2008 |title=A newly discovered predator of the crown-of-thorns starfish |journal=Coral Reefs |volume=27 |issue= 3|page=581 |doi= 10.1007/s00338-008-0364-9 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225650880|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703190342/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/225650880_A_newly_discovered_predator_of_the_crown-of-thorns_starfish |archive-date=July 3, 2015|bibcode=2008CorRe..27..581B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ocaña |author2=J.C. den Hartog |author3=A. Brito |author4=A.R. Bos |year=2010 |title=On Pseudocorynactis species and another related genus from the Indo-Pacific (Anthozoa: Corallimorphidae) |journal=Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias |volume=XXI |issue=3–4 |pages=9–34 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230851883 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919140037/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/230851883_On_Pseudocorynactis_species_and_another_related_genus_from_the_Indo-Pacific_%28Anthozoa_Corallimorphidae%29?ev=prf_pub|archive-date=September 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bos, A.R. |year=2014 |title=Upeneus nigromarginatus, a new species of goatfish (Perciformes: Mullidae) from the Philippines |journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=62 |pages=745–753 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266563180|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703125644/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/266563180_Upeneus_nigromarginatus_a_new_species_of_goatfish_%28Perciformes_Mullidae%29_from_the_Philippines|archive-date=July 3, 2015}}</ref> The [[Tubbataha Reef]] in the Sulu Sea was declared a World Heritage Site in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/653/ |title=Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref> Philippine waters also sustain the cultivation of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_philippines/en |title=National Aquaculture Sector Overview Philippines |publisher=FAO |access-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref> One species of oyster, [[Pinctada maxima]], produces pearls that are naturally golden in color.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elen |first1=Shane |title=Spectral Reflectance and Fluorescence Characteristics of Natural-Color and Heat-Treated "Golden" South Sea Cultured Pearls |journal=Gems & Gemology |date=2001 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=114–123 |doi=10.5741/gems.37.2.114 |url=https://www.gia.edu/doc/Spectral-Reflectance-and-Fluorescence-Characteristics-of-Natural-Color-and-Heat-Treated-%E2%80%9CGolden%E2%80%9D-South-Sea-Cultured-Pearls.pdf |access-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref> Pearls have been declared a "national gem".<ref name="gem">{{cite web |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-pearl.php |title=Philippine Fast Facts, National Gem: Philippine Pearl |access-date=July 4, 2020 |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts (Philippines)|National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820011316/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/phil-fast-facts/culture-profile-pearl.php |archive-date=August 20, 2010 }}</ref>', 316 => '', 317 => '=== Climate ===', 318 => '{{Main|Climate of the Philippines}}', 319 => '[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map PHL present.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification]] of the Philippines]]', 320 => 'The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate that is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hot [[dry season]] from March to May; a [[Wet season|rainy season]] from June to November; and a cool dry season from December to February. The southwest [[monsoon]] lasts from May to October and the northeast monsoon from November to April. Temperatures usually range from {{convert|21|C|F}} to {{convert|32|C|F}}. The coolest month is January; the warmest is May.<ref name="PAGASA-Climate">{{cite web |title=Climate of the Philippines |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines |website=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418140425/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines |archive-date=April 18, 2018 |quote=Based on the average of all weather stations in the Philippines, excluding Baguio, the mean annual temperature is 26.6o C. The coolest months fall in January with a mean temperature of 25.5oC while the warmest month occurs in May with a mean temperature of 28.3oC. Latitude is an insignificant factor in the variation of temperature while altitude shows greater contrast in temperature. Thus, the mean annual temperature of Baguio with an elevation of 1,500 meters is 18.3oC.}}</ref>', 321 => '', 322 => 'The average yearly temperature is around {{convert|26.6|C|F}}. In considering temperature, location in terms of latitude and longitude is not a significant factor, and temperatures at sea level tend to be in the same range. Altitude usually has more of an impact. The average annual temperature of [[Baguio]] at an elevation of {{convert|1500|m|sp=us}} above sea level is {{convert|18.3|C|F}}, making it a popular destination during hot summers.<ref name="PAGASA-Climate" /> Annual rainfall measures as much as {{convert|5000|mm|sp=us}} in the mountainous east coast section but less than {{convert|1000|mm|sp=us}} in some of the sheltered valleys.<ref name=cp />', 323 => '', 324 => 'Sitting astride the [[Typhoons in the Philippines|typhoon belt]], the islands experience 15–20 typhoons annually from July to October,<ref name=cp>[[Library of Congress]] – [[Federal Research Division]]. (March 2006). [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf ''Country Profile: Philippines'']. Retrieved July 30, 2020. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214022548/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf |date=February 14, 2015 }}</ref> with around 19 typhoons<ref>{{Cite book|url = http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719181709/http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |archive-date = July 19, 2011 |title = Economics of the Philippine Milkfish Resource System |chapter-url = https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E06.htmhtm |chapter = III. The transformation sub-system: cultivation to market size in fishponds |author1 = Chong, Kee-Chai |author2 = Ian R. Smith |author3 = Maura S. Lizarondo |name-list-style = amp |publisher = The United Nations University |year = 1982 |isbn = 978-92-808-0346-4 |access-date = July 4, 2020}}</ref> entering the [[Philippine Area of Responsibility|Philippine area of responsibility]] in a typical year and 8 or 9 making landfall.<ref name=PagasaWMO>{{cite web|url = http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |author = Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)|title = Member Report to the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, 41st Session |page=4 |date = January 2009 |access-date = December 17, 2009}}</ref><ref name=digitaltyphoon>[http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/ ''Monthly Typhoon Tracking Charts'']. (2010). Retrieved April 24, 2010 from the [[National Institute of Informatics]], Kitamoto Laboratory, Digital Typhoon Website.</ref> Historically typhoons were sometimes referred to as ''baguios''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY550.pdf |title=Tropical Cyclone Disasters in the Philippines A Listing of Major Typhoons by Month Through 1979 |last=Henderson |first=Faye |publisher=Agency for International Development |page=11 |access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped {{convert|2210|mm|sp=us}} in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.<ref>{{cite book |date=2009 |title=Manual on Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) |url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf |location=Geneva |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |page=223 |isbn=978-92-63-11045-9}}</ref> The Philippines is highly [[Climate change in the Philippines|exposed to climate change]] and is among the world's ten countries that are most [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable to climate change]] risks.<ref>Overland, Indra et al. (2017) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320622312 Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier]'', Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS). p. V.</ref>', 325 => '', 326 => '== Government and politics ==', 327 => '{{Main|Politics of the Philippines|Government of the Philippines}}', 328 => '{{See also|Political history of the Philippines}}', 329 => '{{multiple image |total_width=260 |caption_align=center', 330 => ' | image1 = Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr (cropped).jpg', 331 => ' | caption1 = [[President of the Philippines|President]]<br />[[Bongbong Marcos]]', 332 => '', 333 => ' | image2 = VPSDPortrait.jpg', 334 => ' | caption2 = [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]]<br />[[Sara Duterte]]', 335 => '}}', 336 => '[[File:Malacañang Palace (local img).jpg|thumb|[[Malacañang Palace]] is the official residence of the [[president of the Philippines]].]]', 337 => '', 338 => 'The Philippines has a [[democracy|democratic]] government in the form of a constitutional [[republic]] with a [[presidential system]].<ref name="Rose-Ackerman">{{cite journal |last1=Rose-Ackerman |first1=Susan |last2=Desierto |first2=Diane A. |last3=Volosin |first3=Natalia |title=Hyper-Presidentialism: Separation of Powers without Checks and Balances in Argentina and Philippines |journal=Berkeley Journal of International Law |date=2011 |volume=29 |pages=246–333 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5170&context=fss_papers}}</ref> The [[President of the Philippines|president]] functions as both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]]<ref name="Banlaoi"/> and is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|armed forces]].<ref name="Rose-Ackerman"/> The president [[Presidential elections in the Philippines|is elected]] by [[direct election]] for a single six-year term.<ref name="TeehankeeThompson">{{cite journal |last1=Teehankee |first1=Julio C. |last2=Thompson |first2=Mark R. |title=The Vote in the Philippines: Electing A Strongman |journal=Journal of Democracy |date=October 2016 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=124–134 |doi=10.1353/jod.2016.0068 |s2cid=157197614 |url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/the-vote-in-the-philippines-electing-a-strongman/}}</ref> The president appoints and presides over the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]].<ref name="Lazo">{{cite book |last1=Lazo |first1=Ricardo S. |title=Philippine Governance and the 1987 Constitution |date=2009 |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=9789712345463 |edition=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC}}</ref>{{rp|213–214}} The [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] is composed of the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]], serving as the [[upper house]], with members elected to a six-year term, and the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]], serving as the [[lower house]], with members elected to a three-year term.<ref name="Carter2010">{{cite web |url=https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/philippines-may%202010-elections-finalrpt.pdf |title=Carter Center Limited Mission to the May 2010 Elections in the Philippines Final Report |publisher=The Carter Center}}</ref> Philippine politics tends to be dominated by those with well-known names, such as members of [[List of political families in the Philippines|political dynasties]] or celebrities.<ref name=Celebrity>[http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9084791 "The Philippines' celebrity-obsessed elections"]. (April 26, 2007). ''[[The Economist]]''. Retrieved July 25, 2020.</ref><ref name="David">{{cite journal |last1=David |first1=Clarissa C. |last2=San Pascual |first2=Ma. Rosel S. |title=Predicting vote choice for celebrity and political dynasty candidates in Philippine national elections |journal=Philippine Political Science Journal |date=December 21, 2016 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=82–93 |doi=10.1080/01154451.2016.1198076 |s2cid=156251503 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ppsj/37/2/article-p82_1.xml}}</ref>', 339 => '', 340 => 'Senators are elected [[at-large]]<ref name="Carter2010"/> while the representatives are elected from both [[Legislative districts of the Philippines|legislative districts]] and through [[Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines|sectoral representation]].<ref name="Lazo"/>{{rp|162–163}} The judicial power is vested in the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], composed of a [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|chief justice]] as its presiding officer and fourteen [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|associate justices]],<ref name="Pangalangan">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Pangalangan |editor1-first=Raul C. |title=The Philippine Judicial System |date=March 2001 |url=https://aboutphilippines.org/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/05_Philippine-Judicial-System.pdf |journal=Asian Law Series |publisher=Institute of Developing Economies |pages=6, 39}}</ref> all of whom are appointed by the president from nominations submitted by the [[Judicial and Bar Council]].<ref name="Rose-Ackerman"/>', 341 => '', 342 => 'There have been [[Constitutional reform in the Philippines|attempts to change]] the government to a [[Federation|federal]], [[Unicameralism|unicameral]], or [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary government]] since the Ramos administration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=He |first1=Baogang |last2=Galligan |first2=Brian |last3=Inoguchi |first3=Takashi |title=Federalism in Asia |date=January 2009 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-84720-702-9 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXf9C2xbKsYC&pg=PA176 |access-date=September 4, 2020 }}</ref> There is a significant amount of [[corruption in the Philippines]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/077943/index.en.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202113453/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/077943/index.en.shtml |archive-date=December 2, 2008 |title=Civil service reform: Whose service?|author=Robles, Alan C.|journal=[[D+C Development and Cooperation]]|date=July–August 2008|volume=49|pages=285–289|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/the-philippines/|website=ganintegrity.com|access-date=August 7, 2020|title=The Philippines Corruption Report|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Grand corruption scandals in the Philippines|author=Eric V.C. Batalla |journal=Public Administration and Policy|issn=2517-679X|date=June 10, 2020|volume=23|issue=1|pages=73–86|doi=10.1108/PAP-11-2019-0036|doi-access=free}}</ref> which some historians attribute to the system of governance put in place during the Spanish colonial period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quah |first1=Jon S. T. |title=Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? |date=July 21, 2011 |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |isbn=978-0-85724-820-6 |pages=115–117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qV6un8vKNUC&pg=115 |access-date=September 4, 2020 }}</ref>', 343 => '', 344 => '=== Foreign relations ===', 345 => '{{Main|Foreign relations of the Philippines}}', 346 => ' ', 347 => 'As a [[Philippines and the United Nations|founding and active member]] of the United Nations,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bühler |first1=Konrad G. |title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism |date=2001 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-411-1553-9 |pages=37–38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA13 |access-date=July 26, 2020 }}</ref> the country has been elected to the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]].<ref>Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations. [c. 2008]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080123105426/http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/ The Philippines and the UN Security Council]. Retrieved July 6, 2020. (archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20141212074015/http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/ the original] on January 23, 2008)</ref> [[Carlos P. Romulo]] was a former president of the [[United Nations General Assembly]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=United States Congress |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress |date=1950 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=A-841 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vErVi0-mx2EC&pg=SL1-PA841 |access-date=July 26, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/fast-facts-philippines-role-united-nations |title=FAST FACTS: The Philippines' role in the United Nations |last=Lim |first=Gerard |work=Rappler |date=October 24, 2015 |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> The country is an active participant in [[peacekeeping]] missions, particularly in [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|East Timor]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guillermo |first1=Artemio R. |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |date=2012 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810872462 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA167}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/110218/in-the-know-filipino-peacekeepers |title=In the know: Filipino peacekeepers |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=August 30, 2014 |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> Over 10&nbsp;million Filipinos live and work overseas.<ref name="poea">{{cite web|url=http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/Stock%20Estmate%202009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626192943/http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/Stock%20Estmate%202009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 26, 2011 |title=Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos As of December 2009 |publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration |access-date=May 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="CFO2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf |title=Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2013 |publisher=Philippine Overseas Employment Administration |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207092932/http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf |archive-date=February 7, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>', 348 => '', 349 => 'The Philippines is a founding and active member of [[ASEAN]] (Association of Southeast Asian Nations).<ref name=summit>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217132852/http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm |date=December 17, 2007 |title="ASEAN Primer" }}. (1999). ''3{{Smallsup|rd}} ASEAN Informal Summit''. Archived from [http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm the original] on December 17, 2007. Retrieved December 13, 2009.</ref> It has hosted several [[ASEAN Summit|summits]] and is an active contributor to the direction and policies of the bloc.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASEAN Summit |url=https://asean.org/asean/asean-structure/asean-summit/ |website=Association of Southeast Asian Nations |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726163612/https://asean.org/asean/asean-structure/asean-summit/ |archive-date=July 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Significance of the Philippines' Hosting of the 31st ASEAN Summit and Related Summits |url=https://www.dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/dfa-releasesupdate/14628-significance-of-the-philippines-hosting-of-the-31st-asean-summit-and-related-summits |access-date=July 26, 2020 |work=Department of Foreign Affairs |date=November 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726164404/https://www.dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/dfa-releasesupdate/14628-significance-of-the-philippines-hosting-of-the-31st-asean-summit-and-related-summits |archive-date=July 26, 2020}}</ref> It is also a member of the [[East Asia Summit]],<ref>{{cite web |title=East Asia Summit (EAS) |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regional-architecture/eas/Pages/east-asia-summit-eas |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726165059/https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regional-architecture/eas/Pages/east-asia-summit-eas |archive-date=July 26, 2020}}</ref> the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]], the [[Group of 24]], and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref name="APEC2022">{{cite web |title=Philippines |url=https://www.apec.org/groups/committee-on-trade-and-investment/market-access-group/ntm/philippines |website=Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation |publisher=APEC |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="BSPG24">{{cite web |title=International Economic Cooperation: Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four (on International Monetary Affairs and Development (G-24) |url=https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/AboutTheBank/WhoWeAre/MandateFunctionsAndResponsibilities/InternationalEconomicCooperation/InternationalEconomicCooperationIGTF.aspx#:~:text=The%20Philippines%20participates%20in%20the,the%20G%2D24%20Ministerial%20process. |website=Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas |publisher=BSP |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="NonAlignedPH">{{cite web |title=Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) |url=https://www.un.int/philippines/statements_speeches/ministerial-meeting-non-aligned-movement-nam |website=United Nations |publisher=UN |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref> The country is also seeking to obtain observer status in the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].<ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/162925/DFA-Technicalities-blocking-RP-bid-for-OIC-observer-status "DFA: 'Technicalities' blocking RP bid for OIC observer status"].', 350 => '(May 26, 2009). ''GMA News''. Retrieved July 10, 2009.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view/20090526-207265/RP-nears-observer-status-in-OIC----DFA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404022243/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/news/view/20090526-207265/RP-nears-observer-status-in-OIC----DFA|archive-date=April 4, 2015|title=RP nears observer status in OIC – DFA|author=Balana, Cynthia|newspaper=[[The Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=May 26, 2009|access-date=July 10, 2009}}</ref>', 351 => '', 352 => 'The Philippines has a long [[Philippines–United States relations|relationship with the United States]], covering economics, security, and people-to-people relations.<ref name="PhilState">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm |publisher=U.S. Department of State. Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs|title=Background Note: Philippines|date=October 2009|access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> A [[Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)|Mutual Defense Treaty]] between the two countries was signed in 1951 and supplemented with the [[Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement|1999 Visiting Forces Agreement]] and the 2016 [[Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PH defends purchase of arms from China, Russia |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/ph-defends-purchase-arms-china-russia/365306/ |work=The Manila Times |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805105137/https://www.manilatimes.net/ph-defends-purchase-arms-china-russia/365306/ |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Philippines supported American policies during the [[Cold War]] and participated in the [[Korean War|Korean]] and [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] wars.<ref>{{cite book |title=United States of America Congressional Record, Proceedings and Debates of the 113th Congress Second Session Volume 160 – Part 4 |publisher=Government Printing Office |page=4711 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbaXDiNzhJEC&pg=PA4711 |access-date=July 26, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanders |first1=Vivienne |title=Access to History: The Cold War in Asia 1945–93 for OCR Second Edition |date=2015 |publisher=Hodder Education |isbn=978-1-4718-3880-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOQqCgAAQBAJ&q=%22philippines%22+united+states+korean+war+7,500&pg=PT44 |access-date=July 26, 2020 }}</ref> In 2003 the Philippines was designated a [[major non-NATO ally]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28968 |title=Philippines to Become Major non-NATO Ally, Bush Says |last=Garamone |first=Jim |work=American Forces Press Service |date=May 19, 2003 |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809092207/https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28968 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Under President Duterte, ties with the United States have weakened<ref>{{cite news |title=Philippine President Duterte announces separation from U.S. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/10/20/official-philippines-and-china-resume-south-china-sea-talks/92450824/ |work=USA TODAY |date=October 20, 2016 |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> with military purchases instead coming from China and Russia,<ref>{{cite news |title=Philippines free to enter into arms purchase with Russia, Roque says |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/07/19/1834974/philippines-free-enter-arms-purchase-russia-roque-says |date=July 19, 2018 |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gita |first1=Ruth Abbey |title=Duterte eyeing to buy helicopters from China, Russia |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/418753/ |work=SunStar |date=February 13, 2018 |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> while Duterte states that the Philippines will no longer participate in any U.S.-led wars.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duterte says Philippines no longer to participate in any U.S.-led wars |work=Xinhua |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/22/c_137056998.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322064455/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/22/c_137056998.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |date=March 22, 2018 |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> In 2021, it was revealed the United States would defend the Philippines including the [[South China Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/South-China-Sea/US-vows-to-defend-Philippines-including-in-South-China-Sea|title=US vows to defend Philippines, including in South China Sea|website=Nikkei Asia|date=January 29, 2021|last=Moriyasu|first=Ken|access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref>', 353 => '', 354 => 'The Philippines attaches great importance to its [[China–Philippines relations|relations with China]] and has established significant cooperation with the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior Chinese legislator visits Philippines to boost ties |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/11/c_137460450.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911092206/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/11/c_137460450.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 11, 2018 |work=Xinhua}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Warship incident shows Sino-Philippine relations have come a long way: China Daily |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/warship-incident-shows-sino-philippine-relations-have-come-a-long-way-china-daily |work=The Straits Times |date=September 5, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China, ASEAN agree on framework for South China Sea code of conduct|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-china-philippines-idUSKCN18E1FS|work=Reuters|date=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=China, Philippines confirm twice-yearly bilateral consultation mechanism on South China Sea |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/19/c_136299206.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519180133/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/19/c_136299206.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 19, 2017|work=Xinhua}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Progress made on draft of South China Sea code of conduct|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/05/19/1701550/progress-made-draft-south-china-sea-code-conduct|work=The Philippine Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Xi, Duterte promise closer ties|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/xi-duterte-vow-closer-philippineschina-relations-faster-spending/news-story/a1c32f162010e5b2f8bed5acc85fbde2|work=The Australian}}</ref> Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of [[official development assistance]] to the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.devex.com/news/top-10-foreign-aid-donors-to-the-philippines-76515 |title=Top 10 foreign aid donors to the Philippines |last=Troilo |first=Peter |work=Devex |date=November 6, 2011 |access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.devex.com/news/top-development-aid-donors-to-the-philippines-2015-89091 |title=Top development aid donors to the Philippines 2015 |author=Ma Karen Brutas |work=Devex |date=November 18, 2016 |access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/pdfs/philippines.pdf <!--http://www.mofa.go.jp/POLICY/oda/data/01ap_ea02.html-->|title = Japan's ODA Data by Country – Philippines|author = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan|date = c. 2009|access-date = June 2, 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110205012151/http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/data/pdfs/philippines.pdf|archive-date = February 5, 2011|url-status = dead}}</ref> Although historical tensions exist because of the events of [[World War II]], much of the animosity has faded.<ref name="neighbors">Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/93.htm "Relations with Asian Neighbors"]. [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/ ''Philippines: A Country Study'']. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved January 5, 2010 from [http://countrystudies.us/ Country Studies US Website].</ref> Historical and cultural ties continue to affect [[Philippines–Spain relations|relations with Spain]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/111122/ph-spain-bilateral-relations-in-a-nutshell-2 |title=PH-Spain bilateral relations in a nutshell |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |last=Santos |first=Matikas |date=September 15, 2014 |access-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/pinoy-migration/07/02/09/filipino-among-elite-force-securing-spains-royal-couple |title=Filipino Among Royal Guards of King of Spain |work=ABS CBN News |access-date=July 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808083455/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/pinoy-migration/07/02/09/filipino-among-elite-force-securing-spains-royal-couple|archive-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped by the high number of Filipinos working in these countries,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/07/asia/philippines-middle-east-tensions-intl-hnk/index.html |title=The Philippines is particularly vulnerable to any Middle Eastern conflict. Here's why |last1=Berlinger |first1=Joshua |last2=Sharma |first2=Akanksha |work=CNN |date=January 7, 2020 |access-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref> and by issues related to the Muslim minority in the Philippines;<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Sevilla | first1=Henelito A. Jr. |title=Middle East Security Issues and Implications for the Philippines |journal=Indian Journal of Asian Affairs |date=June 2011 |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=49–61 |jstor=41950511 }}</ref> concerns have been raised regarding issues such as domestic abuse and war affecting<ref>{{cite news|url=http://qa.filipinoexpats.com/node/940|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107061353/http://qa.filipinoexpats.com/node/940|archive-date=January 7, 2009|title=OFW rights violation worsens under the Arroyo administration |last=Leonard|first=John|date=July 3, 2008|publisher=Filipino OFWs Qatar|access-date=January 25, 2009}}</ref><ref name="bulatlat">{{cite news|url=http://bulatlat.com/main/2008/10/25/middle-east-is-%E2%80%98most-distressing-ofw-destination%E2%80%99-migrant-group/|title=Middle East is 'Most Distressing OFW Destination' – Migrant Group|last=Olea|first=Ronalyn|date=October 25, 2008|work=Bulatlat|access-date=January 25, 2009}}</ref> the approximately 2.5&nbsp;million overseas Filipino workers in the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/10/17/For-skilled-Filipinos-Middle-East-continues-to-remain-a-career-destination |title=For skilled Filipinos, Middle East remains a career destination |last=Tarrazona |first=Noel T. |work=Al Arabiya |date=October 17, 2018 |access-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref>', 355 => '', 356 => 'The Philippines [[Spratly Islands dispute|has claims]] in the [[Spratly Islands]] which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The largest of its controlled islands in [[Thitu Island]], which contains the Philippines's smallest village.<ref name="Pitlo">{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3086253/philippines-bolsters-posture-south-china-sea-after-navy-ship |title=Philippines bolsters posture in South China Sea after navy ship docks at new Spratly Islands port |author=Lucio Blanco Pitlo III |work=South China Morning Post |date=May 27, 2020 |access-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3636328 |title=Taiwan criticizes Philippines in dispute over South China Sea feature |author=Duncan DeAeth |work=Taiwan News |date=February 12, 2019 |access-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref> The [[Scarborough Shoal]] [[Scarborough Shoal standoff|standoff in 2012]], where China took control of the shoal from the Philippines, led to an [[Philippines v. China|international arbitration case]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/6/9/China-build-air-naval-bases-Scarborough-Shoal.html |title=China to soon build air, naval bases in Scarborough Shoal, Carpio warns |work=CNN Philippines |date=June 9, 2020 |access-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref> which the Philippines eventually won<ref>{{cite news |title=PH wins maritime arbitration case vs. China |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/12/PH-wins-maritime-arbitration-case-vs-China.html |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=CNN Philippines |date=July 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713171115/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/12/PH-wins-maritime-arbitration-case-vs-China.html |archive-date=July 13, 2016}}</ref> but China had rejected,<ref>{{cite news |title=Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712120247/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |archive-date=12 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and has made the shoal a prominent symbol in the wider dispute.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/132035/scarborough-shoal-a-redline |title=Scarborough Shoal – a redline |last=Carpio |first=Antonio T. |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=July 23, 2020 |access-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref>', 357 => '', 358 => '=== Military ===', 359 => '{{Main|Armed Forces of the Philippines}}', 360 => '[[File:BRP Jose Rizal at RIMPAC 2020 005.jpg|thumb|[[BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150)]] is the [[lead ship]] of [[Jose Rizal-class frigate|her class]] of [[guided missile frigate]]s of the [[Philippine Navy]]]]', 361 => 'The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the [[Philippine Air Force]], the [[Philippine Army]], and the [[Philippine Navy]].<ref name="afporg">{{cite web |url=http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419074817/http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archive-date=April 19, 2008 |title=AFP Organization |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> The AFP is a [[Volunteer military|volunteer force]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Casey-Maslen |first1=Stuart |title=The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2013 |date=2014 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-103764-1 |page=180 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjvKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |access-date=July 27, 2020 }}</ref> Civilian security is handled by the [[Philippine National Police]] under the [[Department of the Interior and Local Government]].<ref>[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1990/ra_6975_1990.html "Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990"]. Lawphil.net. Retrieved January 30, 2014.</ref><ref name="RA6975">{{cite web|title=Republic Act No. 6975|url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1990/ra_6975_1990.html|website=The LAWPHiL Project|access-date=July 5, 2020}}</ref> {{as of|2018}}, $2.843 billion,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sipri.org/research/armaments/milex/milex_database|title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database|access-date=July 7, 2020|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2016, Signalistgatan 9, SE-16972 Solna, Sweden}}</ref> or 1.1 percent of GDP is spent on military forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS|title=Military expenditure (% of GDP)|access-date=July 7, 2020|publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> As of 2021, this number has increased to $4.40 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacDonald |first=Jon Grevatt & Andrew |date=2020-09-01 |title=Philippines outlines defence budget increase for 2021 |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/philippines-outlines-defence-budget-increase-for-2021 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=www.janes.com |language=en}}</ref>', 362 => '', 363 => 'In Bangsamoro, the largest separatist organizations, the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] and the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]], were engaging the government politically in the 2000s.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1695576.stm "Guide to the Philippines conflict"]. (August 10, 2007). ''[[BBC News]]''. Retrieved July 6, 2020.</ref> Other more militant groups like the [[Abu Sayyaf]] have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago.{{refn|Hayden Cooper, 2012, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, [http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2012/s3402880.htm Government urged to help kidnapped Australian], Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...Warren Richard Rodwell from Australia being held captive by this group since December 5, 2011...please do whatever to raise the 2 million US dollars they are asking for my release ..."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2012/s3402880.htm|title=Government urged to help kidnapped Australian|date= January 5, 2012|newspaper=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref>}}<ref>Florante S. Solmerin, December 7, 2013, Manila Standard, [http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/12/07/abu-sayyaf-keeping-17-foreigners-hostage/ Abu Sayyaf keeping 17 foreigners hostage], Retrieved July 6, 2020. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085118/http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/12/07/abu-sayyaf-keeping-17-foreigners-hostage/ |date=October 6, 2014 }}, Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...17 foreigners, mostly birdwatchers, were being held hostage by the Abu Sayyaf Group..."</ref><ref>Roel Pareño, The Philippine Star, March 24, 2013, [http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/03/24/923345/sayyaf-releases-aussie-hostage Sayyaf releases Aussie hostage], Retrieved July 6, 2020, "...Australian Warren Rodwell emerged early yesterday withered after being held for 15 months by Abu Sayyaf bandits in southern Mindanao..."</ref><ref>Sun Star, April 25, 2014, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140427122931/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/breaking-news/2014/04/25/abducted-tourist-hotel-staff-now-sulu-339790 Abducted tourist, hotel staff now in Sulu], Retrieved September 3, 2014, "...Abu Sayyaf bandits have brought a Chinese tourist and a Filipino hotel receptionist to their jungle stronghold in southern Philippines after kidnapping the women from a dive resort in eastern Malaysia ..."</ref> Their presence decreased through successful security provided by the Philippine government.<ref>World Bank. Conflict Prevention & Reconstruction Unit. (February 2005). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20091007105619/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend]'' by Salvatore Schiavo-Campo and Mary Judd. Washington, DC: World Bank. (Social Development Paper No. 24). Retrieved December 16, 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nepomuceno |first1=Priam |title=PH Army keen to end terror threat with arrest of 3 terrorists |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118108 |access-date=December 4, 2020 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=October 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030144543/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118108 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 }}</ref> The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] and its military wing, the [[New People's Army]], have been waging [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines|guerrilla warfare]] against the government since the 1970s, reaching its apex in 1986, when communist guerrillas gained control of a fifth of the country's territory before significantly dwindling militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Croissant |first1=Aurel |last2=Lorenz |first2=Philip |title=Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-68182-5 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 |access-date=July 27, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Jonathan R. |title=Terrorism and Homeland Security |date=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-91336-8 |page=363 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LWF-twYVE7sC&q=philippines+new+people%27s+army+dwindling&pg=PA363 |access-date=July 27, 2020 }}</ref>', 364 => '', 365 => '=== Administrative divisions ===', 366 => '{{Main|Administrative divisions of the Philippines}}', 367 => 'The Philippines is governed as a [[unitary state]], with the exception of the [[Bangsamoro]] Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Villiers |first1=Bertus |title=Special regional autonomy in a unitary system – preliminary observations on the case of the Bangsomoro homeland in the Philippines |journal=Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America |date=2015 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=205–226 |jstor=26160114 }}</ref> although there have been several steps towards decentralization within the unitary framework.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buendia |first1=Rizal G. |title=The Prospects of Federalism in the Philippines: A Challenge to Political Decentralization of the Unitary State |journal=Philippine Journal of Public Administration |date=April 1989 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=121–141 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315801332 |access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tigno |first1=Jorge V. |title=Beg Your Pardon? The Philippines is Already Federalized in All but Name |journal=Philippine Journal of Public Policy: Interdisciplinary Development Perspectives |date=2017 |volume=16 and 17 |pages=1–14 |url=https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/ppj-16-17-tigno-2017.pdf |access-date=August 8, 2020 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116032627/https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/ppj-16-17-tigno-2017.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 1991 law devolved some powers to [[Local government in the Philippines|local governments]].<ref name="Atienza">{{cite book |last1=Atienza |first1=Maria Ela L. |last2=Arugay |first2=Aries A. |last3=Dee |first3=Francis Joseph A. |last4=Encinas-Franco |first4=Jean |last5=Go |first5=Jan Robert R. |last6=Panao |first6=Rogelio Alicor L. |last7=Jimenez |first7=Alinia Jesam D. |editor1-last=Atienza |editor1-first=Maria Ela L. |editor2-last=Cats-Baril |editor2-first=Amanda |title=Constitutional Performance Assessment of the 1987 Philippine Constitution |date=2020 |isbn=978-91-7671-299-3 |page=37 |url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/constitutional-performance-assessment-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf |access-date=December 1, 2020}}</ref> The country is divided into 17 [[Regions of the Philippines|regions]], 82 [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]], 146 [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]], 1,488 [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipalities]], and 42,036 [[barangay]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nap.psa.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/SUMWEBPROV-SEPT2016-CODED-HUC-FINAL.pdf |title=Provincial Summary: Number of Provinces, Cities, Municipalities and Barangays, by Region as of September 30, 2016 |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |access-date=January 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110151057/http://nap.psa.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/SUMWEBPROV-SEPT2016-CODED-HUC-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Regions other than Bangsamoro serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience.<ref name="Tusalem">{{cite journal |last1=Tusalem |first1=Rollin F |title=Imperial Manila: How institutions and political geography disadvantage Philippine provinces |journal=Asian Journal of Comparative Politics |date=April 9, 2019 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=8–9, 11–12 |doi=10.1177/2057891119841441 |s2cid=159099808 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2057891119841441 |access-date=December 4, 2020}}</ref> {{as of|2015}}, [[Calabarzon]] was the most populated region while the [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] (NCR) was the most densely populated.<ref name="psa.gov.ph">{{cite web |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/philippine-population-density-based-2015-census-population |title=Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population) |date=September 1, 2016}}</ref>', 368 => '', 369 => '[[File:Ph regions and provinces.svg|thumb|center|500px|Administrative map of the Philippines]]', 370 => '{{mw-datatable}}', 371 => '{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable collapsible" style="margin:auto; text-align:right; font-size:95%;"', 372 => '|+ class="nowrap" | Regions of the Philippines', 373 => '! scope="col" | Designation', 374 => '! scope="col" | Name', 375 => '! scope="col" | Regional center', 376 => '! scope="col" | Area<ref name="psa.gov.ph" />', 377 => '! scope="col" | Population<br />({{As of|2015|lc=y}})<ref name="PSA-2015-Highlights">{{cite web|title=2015 Population Counts Summary|url=http://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/2015%20population%20counts%20Summary_0.xlsx|website=Philippine Statistics Authority|access-date=June 10, 2017|format=XLSX|date=May 19, 2016}}</ref>', 378 => '! scope="col" | % of Population', 379 => '! scope="col" | Population density<ref name="psa.gov.ph" />', 380 => '|-', 381 => '! scope="row" | NCR', 382 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]]', 383 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Manila]]', 384 => '| {{convert|619.54|km2|abbr=on}}', 385 => '| {{number and percent|12,877,253|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 386 => '| {{convert|20,785|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 387 => '|-', 388 => '! scope="row" | Region I', 389 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Ilocos Region]]', 390 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[San Fernando, La Union|San Fernando (La Union)]]', 391 => '| {{convert|12,964.62|km2|abbr=on}}', 392 => '| {{number and percent|5,026,128|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 393 => '| {{convert|388|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 394 => '|-', 395 => '! scope="row" | CAR', 396 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Cordillera Administrative Region]]', 397 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Baguio]]', 398 => '| {{convert|19,818.12|km2|abbr=on}}', 399 => '| {{number and percent|1,722,006|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 400 => '| {{convert|87|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 401 => '|-', 402 => '! scope="row" | Region II', 403 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Cagayan Valley]]', 404 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tuguegarao]]', 405 => '| {{convert|29,836.88|km2|abbr=on}}', 406 => '| {{number and percent|3,451,410|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 407 => '| {{convert|116|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 408 => '|-', 409 => '! scope="row" | Region III', 410 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Central Luzon]]', 411 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[San Fernando, Pampanga|San Fernando (Pampanga)]]', 412 => '| {{convert|22,014.63|km2|abbr=on}}', 413 => '| {{number and percent|11,218,177|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 414 => '| {{convert|512|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 415 => '|-', 416 => '! scope="row" | Region IV-A', 417 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Calabarzon]]', 418 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Calamba, Laguna|Calamba]]', 419 => '| {{convert|16,576.26|km2|abbr=on}}', 420 => '| {{number and percent|14,414,774|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 421 => '| {{convert|870|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 422 => '|-', 423 => '! scope="row" | Region IV-B', 424 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Mimaropa]]', 425 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Calapan]]', 426 => '| {{convert|29,606.25|km2|abbr=on}}', 427 => '| {{number and percent|2,963,360|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 428 => '| {{convert|100|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 429 => '|-', 430 => '! scope="row" | Region V', 431 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bicol Region]]', 432 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi City]]', 433 => '| {{convert|18,114.47|km2|abbr=on}}', 434 => '| {{number and percent|5,796,989|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 435 => '| {{convert|320|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 436 => '|-', 437 => '! scope="row" | Region VI', 438 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Western Visayas]]', 439 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Iloilo City]]', 440 => '| {{convert|20,778.29|km2|abbr=on}}<!--Including Negros Occidental-->', 441 => '| {{number and percent|7,536,383|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}<!--Including Negros Occidental-->', 442 => '| {{convert|363|PD/km2|abbr=on}}<!--Adjusted for Negros Occidental-->', 443 => '|-', 444 => '! scope="row" | Region VII', 445 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Central Visayas]]', 446 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Cebu City]]', 447 => '| {{convert|15,872.58|km2|abbr=on}}<!--Including Negros Oriental-->', 448 => '| {{number and percent|7,396,898|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}<!--Including Negros Oriental-->', 449 => '| {{convert|466|PD/km2|abbr=on}}<!--Adjusted for Negros Oriental-->', 450 => '|-', 451 => '! scope="row" | Region VIII', 452 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Eastern Visayas]]', 453 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tacloban]]', 454 => '| {{convert|23,234.78|km2|abbr=on}}', 455 => '| {{number and percent|4,440,150|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 456 => '| {{convert|191|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 457 => '|-', 458 => '! scope="row" | Region IX', 459 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Zamboanga Peninsula]]', 460 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Pagadian]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2020/06jun/20200625-MC-78-RRD.pdf |title=Memorandum Circular No. 78 |date=6 June 2006 |author=Office of the President of the Philippines |access-date=2021-08-22 |website=www.officialgazette.gov.ph}}</ref>', 461 => '| {{convert|16,904.03|km2|abbr=on}}', 462 => '| {{number and percent|3,629,783|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 463 => '| {{convert|215|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 464 => '|-', 465 => '! scope="row" | Region X', 466 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Northern Mindanao]]', 467 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Cagayan de Oro]]', 468 => '| {{convert|20,458.51|km2|abbr=on}}', 469 => '| {{number and percent|4,689,302|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 470 => '| {{convert|229|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 471 => '|-', 472 => '! scope="row" | Region XI', 473 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Davao Region]]', 474 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Davao City]]', 475 => '| {{convert|20,433.38|km2|abbr=on}}', 476 => '| {{number and percent|4,893,318|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 477 => '| {{convert|239|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 478 => '|-', 479 => '! scope="row" | Region XII', 480 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Soccsksargen]]', 481 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Koronadal]]', 482 => '| {{convert|22,610.08|km2|abbr=on}}<!--Not including Cotabato City, including 63 barangays in North Cotabato that are part of BARMM-->', 483 => '| {{number and percent|4,245,838|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}<!--Not including Cotabato City, including 63 barangays in North Cotabato that are part of BARMM-->', 484 => '| {{convert|188|PD/km2|abbr=on}}<!--Adjusted for Cotabato City-->', 485 => '|-', 486 => '! scope="row" | Region XIII', 487 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Caraga]]', 488 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Butuan]]', 489 => '| {{convert|21,120.56|km2|abbr=on}}', 490 => '| {{number and percent|2,596,709|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}', 491 => '| {{convert|123|PD/km2|abbr=on}}', 492 => '|-', 493 => '! scope="row" | BARMM', 494 => '| style="text-align:left;" | {{nowrap|[[Bangsamoro]]}}', 495 => '| style="text-align:left;" | [[Cotabato City]]', 496 => '| {{nowrap|{{convert|36,826.95|km2|abbr=on}}}}<!--ARMM plus Cotabato City, not including 63 barangays in North Cotabato-->', 497 => '| {{number and percent|4,080,825|100,981,437|2|disp=table|pad=yes}}<!--ARMM plus Cotabato City, not including 63 barangays in North Cotabato-->', 498 => '| {{convert|111|PD/km2|abbr=on}}<!--Adjusted for Cotabato City-->', 499 => '|}', 500 => '{{clear}}', 501 => '', 502 => '== Demographics ==', 503 => '{{Main|Demographics of the Philippines}}', 504 => '{{see also|List of cities in the Philippines}}', 505 => '', 506 => 'The Commission on Population estimated the country's population to be 107,190,081 as of December 31, 2018, based on the latest population census of 2015 conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority.<ref name="Philippines Estimated 2018 Population">{{cite news|last1=N/A|first1=N/A|title=107 MILLION FILIPINOS BY END-2018|url=http://www.popcom.gov.ph/10-press-releases/578-107-million-filipinos-by-end-2018|access-date=January 4, 2018|agency=107 MILLION FILIPINOS BY END-2018|publisher=POPCOM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809001754/http://www.popcom.gov.ph/10-press-releases/578-107-million-filipinos-by-end-2018|archive-date=August 9, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The population increased from 1990 to 2008 by approximately 28&nbsp;million, a 45% growth in that time frame.<ref name=IEApop2011>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091012151137/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion] Population 1971–2008 ([http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106205757/http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf |date=January 6, 2012 }} page 86); page 86 of the pdf, IEA (OECD/ World Bank) (original population ref OECD/ World Bank e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57) (archived from [http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012151137/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS |date=October 12, 2009 }}', 507 => ' on October 12, 2009)</ref> The first [[Census in the Philippines|official census]] in the Philippines was carried out in 1877 and recorded a population of 5,567,685.<ref>Republic of the Philippines. National Statistical Coordination Board. [http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704171010/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp |date=July 4, 2012 }}. Retrieved December 11, 2009.</ref>', 508 => '', 509 => 'A third of the population resides in [[Metro Manila]] and its immediately neighboring regions.<ref name=Officialpop>{{cite web|url = https://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2008/pr0830tx.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120910051344/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2008/pr0830tx.html |archive-date = September 10, 2012 |title = Official population count reveals |author = Philippine Statistics Authority |year = 2008 |access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> The 2.34% average annual population growth rate between 1990 and 2000 decreased to an estimated 1.90% for the 2000–2010 period.<ref>{{cite journal |title=2015 Census of Population |journal=Census Facts and Figures |date=June 2018 |page=11 |url=http://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_2015_Census%20Facts%20and%20Figures_Philippines_MERGE.pdf |access-date=July 25, 2020 |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |location=Quezon City |issn=0117-1453}}</ref> Government attempts to reduce population growth have been a [[Reproductive Health Bill (Philippines)|contentious issue]].<ref name=gma>{{cite web|url = http://www.gmanews.tv/100days/story/202186/bishops-threaten-civil-disobedience-over-rh-bill |date = September 29, 2010 |title = Bishops threaten civil disobedience over RH bill |publisher = GMA News |access-date = October 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110221140718/http://www.gmanews.tv/100days/story/202186/bishops-threaten-civil-disobedience-over-rh-bill |archive-date = February 21, 2011}}</ref> The population's median age is 22.7 years with 60.9% aged from 15 to 64 years old.<ref name="CIAfactbook"/> Life expectancy at birth is 69.4 years, 73.1 years for females and 65.9 years for males.<ref name="worldfactbook1">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |title=Field Listing :: Life expectancy at birth |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Washington, DC |access-date=April 19, 2018 |archive-date=May 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528191952/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Poverty incidence dropped to 18.1% in 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Proportion of Poor Filipinos was Recorded at 18.1 Percent in 2021 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases/nid/167972 |access-date=8 November 2022 |work=Philippine Statistics Authority |date=August 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816035933/https://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases/nid/167972 |archive-date=August 16, 2022}}</ref> from 25.2% in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Report%20on%20the%202012%20Full%20Year%20Poverty%20Statistics_0_0.pdf |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |publisher=National Statistical Coordination Board |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717103929/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Report%20on%20the%202012%20Full%20Year%20Poverty%20Statistics_0_0.pdf |archive-date=July 17, 2017 |at=Table 13b |date=December 2013}}</ref>', 510 => '', 511 => 'The capital city of the Philippines is [[Manila]] and the most populous city is [[Quezon City]], both within the single urban area of [[Metro Manila]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Metro Manila Official Website |url=http://www.mmda.gov.ph/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616191852/http://www.mmda.gov.ph/ |archive-date=June 16, 2019 |access-date=December 17, 2015 |website=Metro Manila Development Authority}}</ref> Metro Manila is the most populous of the [[List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines|3 defined metropolitan areas]] in the Philippines<ref>{{cite journal |title=Chapter 3: Overlay of Economic Growth, Demographic Trends, and Physical Characteristics |journal=Philippine Development Plan 2017–2022 |pages=35, 37–38 |url=http://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Chapter-03.pdf |year=2017 |publisher=[[National Economic and Development Authority]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725173756/http://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Chapter-03.pdf|archive-date=July 25, 2020 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref> and the [[List of largest cities|5th most populous]] in the world.<ref name="demographia">Demographia. (June 2020). [http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf ''Demographia World Urban Areas (World Agglomerations) Population & Projections''] (Edition 16). Retrieved July 15, 2020. p. 23.</ref> Census data from 2015 showed it had a population of 12,877,253 constituting almost 13% of the national population.<ref name="phcensus">{{cite web |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/urban-population-philippines-results-2015-census-population|title=Urban Population in the Philippines (Results of the 2015 Census of Population)|publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |date=March 21, 2019|access-date=March 31, 2019}}</ref> Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces ([[Bulacan]], [[Cavite]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]], and [[Rizal]]) of [[Greater Manila Area|Greater Manila]], the population is around 23,088,000.<ref name="demographia" /> Across the country, the Philippines has a total urbanization rate of 51.2%.<ref name="phcensus" /> Metro Manila's [[gross regional product]] was estimated {{As of|2021|lc=y}} to be [[Philippine peso|₱]]6.158&nbsp;trillion (at constant 2020 prices).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/breaking-news/2022/04/28/445176/metro-manilas-economic-output-rises-by-4-4-in-2021-below-phls-5-7-growth-psa/|title=Metro Manila's economic output rises by 4.4% in 2021, below PHL's 5.7% growth — PSA|first=|last=|date=April 28, 2022|website=bworldonline.com}}</ref>', 512 => '', 513 => '=== Ethnic groups ===', 514 => '{{Main|Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}', 515 => '{{See also|Filipinos}}', 516 => '[[File:Peoples of the Philippines en.svg|thumb|Dominant ethnic groups by province]]', 517 => '', 518 => 'There is substantial ethnic diversity with the Philippines, a product of the seas and mountain ranges dividing the archipelago along with significant foreign influences.<ref name="Banlaoi">{{cite book |last1=Banlaoi |first1=Rommel |title=Philippine Security in the Age of Terror: National, Regional, and Global Challenges in the Post-9/11 World |date=October 13, 2009 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781439815519 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi_NBQAAQBAJ |pages=31–32 |access-date=December 7, 2020}}</ref> According to the 2010 census, 24.4% of [[Filipinos]] are [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], 11.4% [[Visayans]]/[[Bisaya]] (excluding [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]], [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon]] and [[Waray people|Waray]]), 9.9% Cebuano, 8.8% [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]], 8.4% Hiligaynon, 6.8% [[Bicolano people|Bikol]], 4% Waray, and 26.2% are "others",<ref name="CIAfactbook"/><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2018%20PSY_final%28revised%20asof26Mar19%29_0.pdf| title=2018 Philippine Statistical Yearbook | journal=Philippine Statistical Yearbook |year=2018 |publisher=Philippines Statistics Authority |issn=0118-1564 |pages=1–25}}</ref> which can be broken down further to yield more distinct nontribal groups like the [[Moro people|Moro]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]], [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinense]], [[Ibanag people|Ibanag]], and [[Ivatan people|Ivatan]].<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456399/Philippines Philippines]". (2009). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved December 18, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> There are also [[Indigenous peoples of the Philippines|indigenous peoples]]<ref name="Ethnol" /> like the [[Igorot people|Igorot]], the [[Lumad]], the [[Mangyan]], and the [[Peoples of Palawan|tribes of Palawan]].<ref name="Carino-2012">{{cite web |last1=Cariño |first1=Jacqueline K. |title=Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples' Issues; Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippines_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d |website=[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919090325/https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippines_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |pages=3–5, 31–47 |date=November 2012}}</ref>', 519 => '', 520 => '[[Negrito]]s are considered among the earliest inhabitants of the islands.<ref name=Negritos>Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/35.htm "Ethnicity, Regionalism, and Language"]. [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/ ''Philippines: A Country Study'']. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved April 8, 2010 from [http://countrystudies.us/ Country Studies US Website].</ref> These minority aboriginal settlers are an [[Australo-Melanesian|Australoid]] group and are left over from the first human migration out of Africa to Australia and were likely displaced by later waves of migration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flannery |first1=Tim |title=The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People |date=2002 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-3943-6 |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIW5aktgo0IC&pg=PA147 |access-date=July 26, 2020 }}</ref> At least some Negritos in the Philippines have [[Denisovan]] admixture in their genomes.<ref>[https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/272046/extinct-humanoid-species-may-have-lived-in-phl/story/ Extinct humanoid species may have lived in PHL], gmanetwork.com, Published August 31, 2012 3:48pm</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Reich D, Patterson N, Kircher M, Delfin F, Nandineni MR, Pugach I, Ko AM, Ko YC, Jinam TA, Phipps ME, Saitou N, Wollstein A, Kayser M, Pääbo S, Stoneking M |date=2011 |title=Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania |url= |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=516–528 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 |pmid=21944045 |pmc=3188841 }}</ref> Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups classified linguistically as part of the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] or [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] speaking people.<ref name="Ethnol" /> There is some uncertainty over the origin of this Austronesian speaking population. It is likely that ancestors related to [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Taiwanese aborigines]] brought their language and mixed with existing populations in the area.<ref name=AJHG>{{cite journal|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201051/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |author=Capelli |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=432–443 |year=2001|access-date=December 18, 2009 |doi=10.1086/318205 |pmid=11170891 |pmc=1235276|author2=Christian|author3=James F. Wilson|author4=Martin Richards|author5=Michael P.H. Stumpf|author6=Fiona Gratrix|author7=Stephen Oppenheimer|author8=Peter Underhill|last9=Ko|first9=Tsang-Ming}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Soares|first1=PA|last2=Trejaut|first2=JA|last3=Rito|first3=T|last4=Cavadas|first4=B|last5=Hill|first5=C|last6=Eng|first6=KK|last7=Mormina|first7=M|last8=Brandão|first8=A|last9=Fraser|first9=RM|last10=Wang|first10=TY|last11=Loo|first11=JH|year=2016|title=Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations|journal=Hum Genet|volume=135|issue=3|pages=309–26|doi=10.1007/s00439-015-1620-z|pmc=4757630|pmid=26781090|first19=L|last19=Gusmão|first18=JF|last12=Snell|first12=C|last13=Ko|first13=TM|last14=Amorim|first14=A|last15=Pala|first15=M|last20=Pereira|last16=Macaulay|first20=L|last21=Oppenheimer|first21=S|last22=Lin|first22=M|last23=Richards|last18=Wilson|first17=D|last17=Bulbeck|first16=V|first23=MB}} The final component (dark blue in Fig. 3b) has a high frequency in South China (Fig. 2b) and is also seen in Taiwan at ~25–30 %, '''in the Philippines at ~20–30 %''' (except in one location which is almost zero) and across Indonesia/Malaysia at 1–10 %, declining overall from Taiwan within Austronesian-speaking populations.</ref> The Lumad and Sama-Bajau ethnic groups have ancestral affinity with the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] [[Mlabri language|Mlabri]] and [[Lua people|Htin]] peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. There was a westward expansion of Papuan ancestry from [[Papua New Guinea]] to eastern Indonesia and Mindanao detected among the [[Blaan people|Blaan]] and [[Sangirese language|Sangir]].<ref name="Larena" />', 521 => '', 522 => 'Under Spanish rule there was some immigration from elsewhere in the empire, especially [[Latin American Asian|from the Spanish Americas]].<ref name="Mawson">{{cite journal', 523 => ' | last = Mawson', 524 => ' | first = Stephanie J.', 525 => ' | title = Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific', 526 => ' | journal = Past & Present', 527 => ' | volume = 232', 528 => ' | pages = 87–125', 529 => ' | publisher = Oxford Academic', 530 => ' | date = June 15, 2016', 531 => ' | url = https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419', 532 => ' | doi = 10.1093/pastj/gtw008', 533 => ' | access-date = July 28, 2020 | doi-access = free', 534 => ' }}</ref><ref name="UnrulyMexicans" /><ref>[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Jg5cEAAAQBAJ Intercolonial Intimacies: Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines. 1898-1964 By Paula C. Park] (Chapter 3: On the Globality of Mexico and the Manila Galleon)</ref> According to the Kaiser Permanente (KP) Research Program on Genes, Environment, and Health (RPGEH), a substantial proportion of Filipinos sampled have "modest" amounts of European descent consistent with older admixture.<ref name=Kaiser>{{cite journal |author=Yambazi Banda |title=Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort |journal= Oxford Academics |volume=200|issue=4 |year=2015|pages=1285–1295 |doi=10.1534/genetics.115.178616|pmid=26092716 |pmc=4574246 }} Subsection: (Discussion) "For the non-Hispanic white individuals, we see a broad spectrum of genetic ancestry ranging from northern Europe to southern Europe and the Middle East. Within that large group, with the exception of Ashkenazi Jews, we see little evidence of distinct clusters. This is consistent with considerable exogamy within this group. By comparison, we do see structure in the East Asian population, correlated with nationality, reflecting continuing endogamy for these nationalities and also recent immigration. On the other hand, we did observe a substantial number of individuals who are admixed between East Asian and European ancestry, reflecting ∼10% of all those reporting East Asian race/ethnicity. The majority of these reflected individuals with one East Asian and one European parent or one East Asian and three European grandparents. In addition, we noted that for self-reported Filipinos, a substantial proportion have modest levels of European genetic ancestry reflecting older admixture."</ref> In addition to this, the [[National Geographic]] project concluded in 2016 that people living in the Philippine archipelago carried [[genetic marker]]s in the following percentages: 53% [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]], 36% [[East Asia|Eastern Asia]], 5% Southern Europe, 3% [[South Asia|Southern Asia]], and 2% Native American<ref>{{cite web|title=Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704204736/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/|archive-date=July 4, 2016|url-status=dead|website=National Geographic}} (See also {{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/genographic|title=The Genographic Project® Geno 2.0 Next Generation Helix Product Privacy Policy|date=June 25, 2020 |publisher=[[The National Geographic Society]]|access-date=June 24, 2022}})</ref> (From [[Latin America]]).<ref name="UnrulyMexicans" />', 535 => '', 536 => '[[File:Ethnolinguistic map of the Philippines.png|thumb|A map that shows all ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines.]]', 537 => '', 538 => '[[Chinese Filipino]]s are mostly the descendants of immigrants from [[Fujian]] in China after 1898,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wong |first1=Kwok-Chu |title=The Chinese in the Philippine Economy, 1898–1941 |date=1999 |publisher=Ateneo University Press |isbn=978-971-550-323-5 |pages=15–16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZQ0aAAAZ4cC&pg=PA15 |access-date=July 25, 2020 }}</ref> numbering around 2&nbsp;million, although there are an estimated 20% of Filipinos who have partial Chinese ancestry, stemming from precolonial and colonial Chinese migrants.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826194926/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm Chinese lunar new year might become national holiday in Philippines too]". ''Xinhua News'' (August 23, 2009). (archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20090826194926/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm the original] on August 26, 2009)</ref> While a distinct minority, Chinese Filipinos are well integrated into Filipino society.<ref name="Banlaoi"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf |title=The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia |access-date=July 16, 2020 |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101131721/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2015, there are 220,000 to 600,000 [[Americans|American citizens]] living in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Matthew |date=November 15, 2013 |title=Why the Philippines Is America's Forgotten Colony |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/why-the-philippines-is-america-s-forgotten-colony-20131115 |newspaper=National Journal |access-date=January 28, 2015 |quote=c. At the same time, person-to-person contacts are widespread: Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino-Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon relief.}}</ref> There are also up to 250,000 [[Amerasian]]s scattered across the cities of [[Angeles City|Angeles]], Manila, and [[Olongapo]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://amerasianresearch.org/releases/amerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf|title=200,000–250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding|work=Amerasian Research Network, Ltd.|date=November 5, 2012|access-date=July 11, 2016}}<br />{{cite web|last1=Kutschera|first1=P.C.|last2=Caputi|first2=Marie A.|url=http://amerasianresearch.org/pdf/ICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf|title=The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora|publisher=9th International Conference On the Philippines, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI|date=October 2012|access-date=July 11, 2016}}</ref> Other important non-indigenous minorities include [[Indian Filipino|Indians]]<ref>{{cite journal', 539 => '| last = Delfin', 540 => '| first = Fredercik', 541 => '| date = June 12, 2013', 542 => '| title = Complete mtDNA genomes of Filipino ethnolinguistic groups: a melting pot of recent and ancient lineages in the Asia-Pacific regio', 543 => '| journal = European Journal of Human Genetics', 544 => '| volume = 22', 545 => '| issue = 2', 546 => '| pages = 228–237', 547 => '| doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2013.122', 548 => '| pmid = 23756438', 549 => '| pmc = 3895641', 550 => '| quote = Indian influence and possibly haplogroups M52'58 and M52a were brought to the Philippines as early as the fifth century AD. However, Indian influence through these trade empires were indirect and mainly commercial; moreover, other Southeast Asian groups served as filters that diluted or enriched any Indian influence that reached the Philippines', 551 => '}}</ref><ref>[https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/333213/azu_etd_13473_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&title=repository.arizona.edu Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571-1720 By Furlong, Matthew J.] "Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 (Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi-xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35-36."</ref> and [[Arabs in the Philippines|Arabs]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Rawashdeh |first=Saeb |date=October 11, 2016|title=Arab world's ancient links to Philippines forged through trade, migration and Islam — ambassador|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/arab-world%E2%80%99s-ancient-links-philippines-forged-through-trade-migration-and-islam-%E2%80%94|work=The Jordan Times |access-date=September 11, 2020|quote= In the case of the Philippines, the ancient Hadrami migration found its way from Islamised areas in the south towards Sulu, the southwestern archipelagic region of the Philippines," she said, adding that the Hadramis settled in Cotabato, Maguindao, Zamboanga, Davao and Bukidnon. An estimated 2 per cent of Filipinos can claim Arab ancestry, the ambassador noted.}}</ref> There are also [[Japanese people]], which include escaped Christians ([[Kirishitan]]) who [[Martyrs of Japan|fled the persecutions of Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Terpstra |first1=Nicholas |title=Global Reformations: Transforming Early Modern Religions, Societies, and Cultures |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-67825-7 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uuYDwAAQBAJ&q=philippines+kirishitan+japan&pg=PT64 |access-date=July 25, 2020 }}</ref> The descendants of mixed-race couples are known as ''[[Filipino mestizo|Tisoy]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McFerson |first1=Hazel M. |title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30791-1 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&pg=PA23 |access-date=July 25, 2020 }}</ref>', 552 => '', 553 => '=== Languages ===', 554 => '{{Main|Languages of the Philippines}}', 555 => '<!--List of top five languages ONLY is suitable for this article. The complete list is what the link to Main topic just above is for.-->', 556 => '', 557 => '{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right; font-size:90%; background:white;"', 558 => '|+ style="font-size:100%;" |Population by [[mother tongue]] (2010)', 559 => '|-', 560 => '! scope="col" style="text-align:left;" |Language', 561 => '! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3" |Speakers', 562 => '|-', 563 => '! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]', 564 => '|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:22,512,089|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#404070}}', 565 => '|22,512,089', 566 => '|-', 567 => '! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]', 568 => '|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:19,665,453|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#707094}}', 569 => '|19,665,453', 570 => '|-', 571 => '! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|[[Ilokano language|Ilokano]]', 572 => '|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:8,074,536|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#AFAFC3}}', 573 => '|8,074,536', 574 => '|-', 575 => '! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]', 576 => '|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:7,773,655|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#C3C3D2}}', 577 => '|7,773,655', 578 => '|-', 579 => '! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|[[Waray language|Waray]]', 580 => '|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:3,660,645|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#D2D2DE}}', 581 => '|3,660,645', 582 => '|-', 583 => '! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|{{nowrap|''Other local languages/dialects''}}', 584 => '|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:24,027,005|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#000040}}', 585 => '|24,027,005', 586 => '|-', 587 => '! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|{{nowrap|''Other foreign languages/dialects''}}', 588 => '|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:78,862|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#DEDEE6}}', 589 => '|78,862', 590 => '|-', 591 => '! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:initial;"|{{nowrap|''Not reported/not stated''}}', 592 => '|style="font-weight:bold;" |{{bartable|{{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:6,450|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}|{{thinsp}}%|||background-color:#E6E6EC}}', 593 => '|6,450', 594 => '|- class="sortbottom" style="border-top:double gray;"', 595 => '! scope="col" style="text-align:left;letter-spacing:0.02em;" colspan="3" |TOTAL', 596 => '! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" |92,097,978', 597 => '|- class="sortbottom"', 598 => '|style="font-style:italic;" colspan="4" |Source: [[Philippine Statistics Authority]]{{Sfn|Philippine Statistics Authority|2014|pp=29–34}}', 599 => '|}', 600 => '', 601 => '''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists 186 individual languages in the Philippines, 182 of which are living languages, while 4 no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the Philippine branch of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]], which is a branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref name="Ethnol">Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). (2015)''[http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH Ethnologue: Languages of the World]'' (18th ed.). Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Retrieved April 13, 2015.</ref><ref name="Dyen1965">{{cite journal |last=Dyen |first=Isidore |author-link=Isidore Dyen |title=A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian Languages |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics, Memoir |year=1965 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=38–46|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)42:3<167::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-V |pmid=9209583 |s2cid=5908612 }}</ref> In addition, various Spanish-based creole varieties collectively called [[Chavacano]] exist.<ref>Spanish creole: {{Citation |first = Antonio |last = Quilis |title = La lengua española en Filipinas |year = 1996 |pages = 54, 55 |url = http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf |publisher = Cervantes virtual }}</ref> There are also many [[Philippine Negrito languages#Unique vocabulary|Philippine Negrito languages]] that have unique vocabularies that survived Austronesian acculturation.<ref>Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. "[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/32986/1/A37.1994.pdf Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages]". In Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Jun. 1994), pp. 37–72.</ref>', 602 => '', 603 => '[[Filipino language|Filipino]] and [[Philippine English|English]] are the official languages of the country.<ref name=OfficialLang /> Filipino is a standardized version of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], spoken mainly in Metro Manila.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Takacs |first1=Sarolta |title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45572-1 |page=659 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1TrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA659 }}</ref> Both Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, with third local languages often being used at the same time.<ref name="BrownGanguly2003">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michael Edward |last2=Ganguly |first2=Sumit |title=Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia |date=2003 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-52333-2 |pages=323–325 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC&pg=PA324 |access-date=August 4, 2020 }}</ref> The Philippine constitution provides for the promotion of [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]] and Arabic on a voluntary and optional basis.<ref name=OfficialLang>{{cite web|author1=Joselito Guianan Chan |author2=Managing Partner |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/article14language.htm |title=1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, Article XIV, Section 7|publisher=Chan Robles & Associates Law Firm |access-date=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Spanish, which was widely used as a lingua franca in the late nineteenth century, has since declined greatly in use,<ref name="Stewart2012">{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Miranda |title=The Spanish Language Today |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-76548-5 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfaUqzf1ht8C&pg=PA9 |access-date=July 26, 2020 }}</ref> although Spanish [[loanword]]s are still present today in Philippine languages,<ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish language in Philippines |url=http://www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128195005/http://www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 28, 2008 |access-date=July 16, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rodríguez-Ponga|first1=Rafael|title=New Prospects for the Spanish Language in the Philippines|url=http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/spanish+language+culture/ari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8|access-date=March 1, 2015|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171759/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Felcano%2Felcano_in%2Fzonas_in%2Fspanish+language+culture%2Fari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8|url-status=dead}}</ref> while Arabic is mainly taught in Islamic schools in Mindanao.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandez |first1=Edwin |title=BME eyes to boost Islamic studies in BARMM |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1076859 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=August 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726153930/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1076859 |archive-date=July 26, 2020 }}</ref>', 604 => '', 605 => 'Nineteen regional languages act as auxiliary official languages used as media of instruction: [[Aklan language|Aklanon]], [[Bikol languages|Bikol]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Chavacano]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]], [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], [[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]], [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]], [[Maranao language|Maranao]], [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]], [[Sambal language|Sambal]], [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]], Tagalog, [[Tausug language|Tausug]], [[Waray language|Waray]], and [[Yakan language|Yakan]].<ref name="7 mother languages">[http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3 DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3]. [[GMA News and Public Affairs|GMA News]]. July 13, 2013.</ref> Other indigenous languages such as, [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]], [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]], [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]], [[Kalinga language|Kalinga]], [[Kamayo language|Kamayo]], [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]], [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]], [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]], [[Manobo languages|Manobo]], and several [[Visayan languages]] are prevalent in their respective provinces.<ref name="ethn">{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH|title=Philippines|publisher=Ethnologue.com |access-date=May 4, 2013}}</ref> Article 3 of Republic Act No. 11106 declared the [[Filipino Sign Language]] as the national sign language of the Philippines, specifying that it shall be recognized, supported and promoted as the medium of official communication in all transactions involving the deaf, and as the language of instruction of deaf education.<ref>{{cite act |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/10oct/20181030-RA-11106-RRD.pdf|title=The Filipino Sign Language Act|type=Republic act|number=11106|article=3|work=Official Gazette |publisher=Government of the Philippines|date=October 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kabiling |first=Genalyn |work=Manila Bulletin |title=Filipino Sign Language declared as nat'l sign language of Filipino deaf |date=November 12, 2018 |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/ |access-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref>', 606 => '', 607 => '=== Religion ===', 608 => '{{Main|Religion in the Philippines}}', 609 => '[[File:St. Agustine Paoay Church 02.jpg|thumb|left|The historical [[Paoay Church]] in Ilocos Norte. Declared as a National Cultural Treasure by the Philippine government in 1973 and a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] under the collective group of [[Baroque Churches of the Philippines]] in 1993.]]', 610 => '', 611 => 'The Philippines is a [[secular state]] which protects [[Freedom of religion in the Philippines|freedom of religion]]. [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]] is the dominant faith,<ref name="2013ReportonInternationalReligiousFreedom">{{cite web | url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm |title=2013 International Religious Freedom Report |publisher=United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |date=July 28, 2014 |access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ReligiousFreedomon2014">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2014&dlid=238326|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2014|publisher=United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |date=2014 |access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref> shared by about 89% of the population.<ref name=PSA2019>[https://psa.gov.ph/content/philippines-figures-0 "Philippines In Figures"], [[Philippine Statistics Authority]].</ref> {{as of|2013}}, the country had the [[Catholic Church by country|world's third largest Roman Catholic population]], and was the [[Christianity in Asia|largest Christian nation in Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Global Catholic Population|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|date=February 13, 2013}}</ref> Census data from 2015 found that about {{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:80,304,061|R}} / {{formatnum:100,979,303|R}}}}|2}}% of the population professed [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholicism]].<ref name="2015census">{{cite book |author=Philippine Statistics Authority |title=2015 Census of Population, Report No. 2 – Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics Philippines |chapter=TABLE 8 Total Population by Religious Affiliation and Sex: 2015 |journal=Census Facts and Figures |date=June 2017 |page=63 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20CPH_REPORT%20NO.%202_PHILIPPINES.pdf |access-date=August 6, 2020 |issn=0117-1453 |archive-date=September 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009143047/http://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20CPH_REPORT%20NO.%202_PHILIPPINES.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 37% of the population regularly attend [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]]. 29% of self-identified Catholics consider themselves very religious.<ref name="newsinfo.inquirer.net">{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/463377/filipino-catholic-population-expanding-say-church-officials |title=Filipino Catholic population expanding, say Church officials |last=Uy |first=Jocelyn R. |work=Inquirer.net |date=August 11, 2013 |access-date=July 14, 2020}}</ref> An [[Independent Catholicism|independent Catholic]] church, the [[Philippine Independent Church]], has around 756,225 adherents.<ref name="2015census"/> [[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestants]] were 9.13% of the population in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/|title=Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country|date=December 19, 2011|publisher=Pew Research}}</ref> {{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:2,664,498|R}} / {{formatnum:100,979,303|R}}}}|2}}% of the population are members of [[Iglesia ni Cristo]].<ref name="2015census"/> The combined following of the [[Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches]] comes to {{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:2,445,113|R}} / {{formatnum:100,979,303|R}}}}|2}}% of the total population.<ref name="2015census"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://philchal.org/dawn/nationalsum.asp|title=Philippine Church National Summary|website=philchal.org|access-date=October 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010144551/http://philchal.org/dawn/nationalsum.asp|archive-date=October 10, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>', 612 => '', 613 => '[[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]] is the second largest religion. The Muslim population of the Philippines was reported as {{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:6,064,744|R}} / {{formatnum:100,979,303|R}}}}|2}}% of the total population according to census returns in 2015.<ref name="2015census"/> Conversely, a 2012 report by the National Commission of Muslim Filipinos stated that about 10,700,000 or 11% of Filipinos are Muslims.<ref name="2013ReportonInternationalReligiousFreedom" /> The majority of Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands.<ref name="ReligiousFreedomon2014" /><ref>[http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=472375&publicationSubCategoryId=205 RP closer to becoming observer-state in Organization of Islamic Conference] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603143753/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=472375&publicationSubCategoryId=205 |date=June 3, 2016 }}. (May 29, 2009).''[[The Philippine Star]]''. Retrieved 2009-07-10, "Eight million Muslim Filipinos, representing 10 percent of the total Philippine population, ...".</ref> Most practice [[Sunni Islam]] under the [[Shafi'i school]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Na'im |first1='Abd Allah Ahmad |last2=An-Na'im |first2=Abdullahi A. |last3=Naʾīm |first3=ʿAbdallāh Aḥmad an- |title=Islamic Family Law in A Changing World: A Global Resource Book |date=October 11, 2002 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1-84277-093-1 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0zCFM0fwkC&pg=PA5 |access-date=September 4, 2020 }}</ref>', 614 => '', 615 => 'The percentage of combined [[Negative and positive atheism|positive atheist]] and [[Agnosticism|agnostic]] people in the Philippines was about 3% of the population as of 2008.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bullivant |first1=Stephen |last2=Ruse |first2=Michael |title=The Oxford Handbook of Atheism |date=November 21, 2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-166739-8 |page=563 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93VoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA567 |access-date=September 2, 2020 }}</ref> The 2015 Philippine Census reported the religion of about {{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:19,953|R}} / {{formatnum:100,979,303|R}}}}|2}}% of the population as "none".<ref name="2015census"/> A 2014 survey by [[Gallup International Association]] reported that 21% of its respondents identify as "not a religious person".<ref>{{cite web|title=End of Year Survey 2014: Regional & Country Results: Philippines|url=http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Philippines_Tables_V3_a.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309123814/http://www.wingia.com/web/files/richeditor/filemanager/Philippines_Tables_V3_a.pdf|archive-date=March 9, 2017|at=Table 10|access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> Around {{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:243,704|R}} / {{formatnum:100,979,303|R}}}}|2}}% of the population practice [[indigenous Philippine folk religions]],<ref name="2015census"/> whose practices and folk beliefs are often syncretized with Christianity and Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rodell |first1=Paul A. |title=Culture and Customs of the Philippines |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30415-6 |pages=29–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA29|access-date=July 25, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Min |first1=Pyong Gap |last2=Kim |first2=Jung Ha |title=Religions in Asian America: Building Faith Communities |date=2001 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-1-4616-4762-1 |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUx7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144|access-date=July 25, 2020 }}</ref> [[Buddhism in the Philippines|Buddhism]] is practiced by around {{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:26,346|R}} / {{formatnum:100,979,303|R}}}}|2}}% of the population,<ref name="2015census"/> concentrated among Filipinos of Chinese descent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yu |first1=Jose Vidamor B. |title=Inculturation of Filipino-Chinese Culture Mentality |date=2000 |publisher=Gregorian Biblical BookShop |isbn=978-88-7652-848-4 |pages=87–88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4WqAOKb5c8C&pg=PA88 |access-date=July 25, 2020 }}</ref>', 616 => '', 617 => '=== Health ===', 618 => '{{Main|Health in the Philippines}}', 619 => '[[File:St. Luke's Medical Center BGC 2021.jpg|thumb|[[St. Luke's Medical Center – Global City|St. Luke's Medical Center]] in Taguig.]]', 620 => 'In 2016, {{#expr:54.2+8.9}}% of healthcare came from private expenditures while {{#expr:12.4+7.1+17.4}}% was from the government (12.4% from the national government, 7.1% from the local government, and 17.4% from social health insurance).{{sfn|Department of Health|2018|loc=Chapter 2 (pages 25-27)}} Total health expenditure share in GDP for the year 2021 was 6%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Desiderio |first1=Louella |title=Health spending surpasses P1 trillion level in 2021 |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/10/15/2216714/health-spending-surpasses-p1-trillion-level-2021 |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=The Philippine Star |date=October 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014192407/https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/10/15/2216714/health-spending-surpasses-p1-trillion-level-2021 |archive-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref> Per capita health expenditure in 2021 was {{Philippine peso|9,839.23|link=yes}}, higher than the {{Philippine peso}}8,511.52 in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gadon |first1=Bernadette Therese M. |title=Healthcare spending up by 18.5% on pandemic-related expenses |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2022/10/14/480742/healthcare-spending-up-by-18-5-on-pandemic-related-expenses/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=BusinessWorld |date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014095523/https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2022/10/14/480742/healthcare-spending-up-by-18-5-on-pandemic-related-expenses/ |archive-date=14 October 2022}}</ref> The budget allocation for Healthcare in 2019 was ₱98.6&nbsp;billion<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gascon |first1=Melvin |title=Funds for health cut by P10 billion |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1168031/funds-for-health-cut-by-p10-billion |access-date=September 13, 2020 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=September 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923031436/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1168031/funds-for-health-cut-by-p10-billion |archive-date=September 23, 2019 }}</ref> and had an increase in budget in 2014 with a record high in the collection of taxes from the House Bill 5727 (commonly known as [[Sin tax]] Bill).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aer.ph/doh-budget-increase-for-2014-biggest-ever-due-to-sin-tax-law/|title=DOH budget increase for 2014 'biggest ever' due to sin tax law|publisher=Action for Economic Reforms|date=January 15, 2014|access-date=September 21, 2014}}</ref>', 621 => '', 622 => 'There were 101,688 hospital beds in the country in 2016, with government hospital beds accounting for 47% and private hospital beds for 53%.{{sfn|Department of Health|2018|loc=Chapter 3 (page 60)}}', 623 => 'In 2009, there were an estimated 90,370 physicians or 1 per every 833 people, 480,910 nurses and 43,220 dentists.<ref name=WHOStats2009>{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2009 |title=World Health Statistics 2009 |pages=100–101, 112–113 |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156381-9 |access-date=July 13, 2020}}</ref> Retention of skilled practitioners is a problem; seventy percent of nursing graduates go overseas to work.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective: Philippine Country Case Study|journal=Health Services Research|volume=42|issue=3 (pt 2)|year=2007|pages=1406–1418|doi=10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00716.x|pmc=1955369|pmid=17489922|last1=Fely Marilyn E|last2=Lorenzo|first2=Jaime|last3=Galvez-Tan|first3=Kriselle Icamina|first4=Lara|last4=Javie}}</ref> Since 1967, the Philippines had become the largest global supplier of nurses for export.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Cachero |first1=Paulina |title=How Filipino Nurses Have Propped Up America's Medical System |url=https://time.com/6051754/history-filipino-nurses-us/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=May 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530110820/https://time.com/6051754/history-filipino-nurses-us/ |archive-date=May 30, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The Philippines suffers a triple burden of high levels of communicable diseases, high levels of non-communicable diseases, and high exposure to natural disasters.<ref>World Health Organization. (April 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071213225650/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_phl_en.pdf Philippines]. ''Country Cooperation Strategy at a Glance''. Retrieved December 23, 2009.</ref>', 624 => '', 625 => 'In 2018, there were 1,258 hospitals licensed by the [[Department of Health (Philippines)|Department of Health]], of which {{number and percent|433|1258}} were government-run and {{number and percent|825|1258}} private.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Licensed Government and Private Hospitals |url=https://hfsrb.doh.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/hosp2018list-_22820-posted-1.pdf |website=[[Department of Health (Philippines)|Department of Health]] |publisher=Health Facilities and Services Regulatory Bureau |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801091219/https://hfsrb.doh.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/hosp2018list-_22820-posted-1.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |location=Manila |pages=80–83 |date=December 31, 2018}}</ref> A total of 20,065 barangay health stations and 2,590 rural health units provide primary care services throughout the country as of 2016.{{sfn|Department of Health|2018|loc=Chapter 3 (page 58)}} [[Cardiovascular diseases]] account for more than 35% of all deaths.<ref>{{cite web |title=Philippines |url=https://www.who.int/nmh/countries/phl_en.pdf?ua=1 |website=World Health Organization – Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726142745/https://www.who.int/nmh/countries/phl_en.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |date=2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Registered Deaths in the Philippines, 2017 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/vital-statistics/id/138794 |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722002112/https://psa.gov.ph/vital-statistics/id/138794 |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |date=June 10, 2019}}</ref> 9,264 cases of [[HIV]] were reported for the year 2016, with 8,151 being asymptomatic cases.{{sfn|Department of Health|2018|loc=Table 3.2 (page 47)}} At the time the country was considered a low-HIV-prevalence country, with less than 0.1% of the adult population estimated to be HIV-positive.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mydans|first=Seth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/20/world/low-rate-of-aids-virus-in-philippines-is-a-puzzle.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508074702/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/20/world/low-rate-of-aids-virus-in-philippines-is-a-puzzle.html |archive-date=2009-05-08 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Low Rate Of AIDS Virus In Philippines Is a Puzzle|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 20, 2003|access-date=September 21, 2014}}</ref> [[HIV/AIDS]] cases increased from 12,000 in 2005<ref name=usaidhealth>[[United States Agency for International Development]]. (May 2008). [http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM408.pdf ''USAID Country Health Statistical Report – Philippines''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010144551/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM408.pdf |date=October 10, 2017 }}. Retrieved July 13, 2020.</ref> to 39,622 as of 2016, with 35,957 being asymptomatic cases.{{sfn|Department of Health|2018|loc=Table 3.2 (page 47)}}', 626 => '', 627 => 'There is improvement in patients access to medicines due to Filipinos' growing acceptance of [[generic drug]]s, with 6 out of 10 Filipinos already using generics.{{sfn|Department of Health|2018|loc=Table 3 (page 58)}} While the country's [[universal health care]] implementation is underway as spearheaded by the state-owned [[Philippine Health Insurance Corporation]],<ref>{{cite news |title=UHC Act in the Philippines: a new dawn for health care |url=https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/uhc-act-in-the-philippines-a-new-dawn-for-health-care |access-date=July 25, 2020 |work=World Health Organization |date=March 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329031526/https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/uhc-act-in-the-philippines-a-new-dawn-for-health-care |archive-date=March 29, 2019 }}</ref> most healthcare-related expenses are either borne out of pocket<ref>{{cite web|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/10/26/out-of-pocket-health-expense-of-pinoys-rose-in-2017-psa/|title=Out-of-pocket health expense of Pinoys rose in 2017–PSA|publisher=Business Mirror|date=October 26, 2018|author=Cai Ordinario|access-date=April 4, 2020}}</ref> or through health maintenance organization (HMO)-provided health plans. The enactment of the Universal Health Care Act in 2019 by President Rodrigo Duterte facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the national health insurance program; as of March 2022, 94.79&nbsp;million individuals were covered by these plans.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vera |first1=Ben O. de |title=Gov't subsidy to PhilHealth hits record-high in 2022 |url=https://business.inquirer.net/343893/govt-subsidy-to-philhealth-hits-record-high-in-2022 |access-date=11 November 2022 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=March 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321033643/https://business.inquirer.net/343893/govt-subsidy-to-philhealth-hits-record-high-in-2022 |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>', 628 => '', 629 => '=== Education ===', 630 => '{{Main|Education in the Philippines}}', 631 => '[[File:Main Bulding of the University of Santo Tomas.jpg|thumb|Founded in 1611, the [[University of Santo Tomas]] is the oldest extant university in Asia.]]', 632 => '', 633 => 'As of 2019, the Philippines had a basic [[literacy]] rate of 93.8% among five years old or older,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hernandez |first1=Jobo E. |title=Literacy rate estimated at 93.8% among 5 year olds or older — PSA |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2020/10/29/325932/literacy-rate-estimated-at-93-8-among-5-year-olds-or-older-psa/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=BusinessWorld |date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111071307/https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2020/10/29/325932/literacy-rate-estimated-at-93-8-among-5-year-olds-or-older-psa/ |archive-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> and a [[functional illiteracy|functional literacy]] rate of 91.6% among ages 10 to 64.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Talavera |first1=Catherine |title=Functional literacy rate improves in 2019 – PSA |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/12/14/2063627/functional-literacy-rate-improves-2019-psa |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=The Philippine Star |date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214020049/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/12/14/2063627/functional-literacy-rate-improves-2019-psa |archive-date=December 14, 2020}}</ref> Education takes up a significant proportion of the national budget. In the 2020 budget, education was allocated PHP17.1&nbsp;billion from the PHP4.1&nbsp;trillion budget.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/12/26/news/latest-stories/education-has-biggest-slice-of-2020-budget-pie/667885/ |title=Education has biggest slice of 2020 budget pie |last=Ismael |first=Javier Joe |work=The Manila Times |date=December 26, 2019 |access-date=July 11, 2020}}</ref>', 634 => '', 635 => 'The [[Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)|Commission on Higher Education]] lists 2,180 higher education institutions, among which 607 are public and 1,573 are private.<ref name=CHED>Republic of the Philippines. Commission on Higher Education. (August 2010). {{cite web|url=http://202.57.63.198/chedwww/index.php/eng/Information |title=Information on Higher Education System |access-date=October 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704102629/http://202.57.63.198/chedwww/index.php/eng/Information |archive-date=July 4, 2011 |url-status=dead}}. ''Official Website of the Commission on Higher Education''. Retrieved April 17, 2011.</ref> Primary and secondary schooling is divided between a 6-year elementary period, a 4-year junior high school period, and a 2-year senior high school period.<ref>Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: August 11, 2001). [http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9155.html ''Republic Act No. 9155 – Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001'']. Retrieved December 11, 2009 from the [http://www.chanrobles.com/ Chan Robles Virtual Law Library].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/61826/aquino-signs-k-12-enhanced-basic-education-law|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614003442/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/61826/aquino-signs-k-12-enhanced-basic-education-law|archive-date=June 14, 2013 |title=Aquino signs K–12 enhanced basic education law|publisher=InterAksyon.com|last=San Pedro |first=Dexter |date=May 15, 2013|access-date=September 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deped.gov.ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/Kto12%20FAQs%20as%20of%20December%202011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611201934/http://www.deped.gov.ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/Kto12%20FAQs%20as%20of%20December%202011.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2012 |title=K to 12 Basic Education Program Frequently Asked Questions |date=November 25, 2011 |publisher=[[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]] |access-date=April 28, 2012}}</ref> The [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]] covers elementary, secondary, and non-formal education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Education |url=https://sp.misocc.gov.ph/almonte/vggallery/binalbal-festival-tudela/ |website=Department of Budget and Management |access-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726144654/https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/OPCCB/OPIF_2007/deped.pdf |archive-date=July 26, 2020}}</ref> The [[Technical Education and Skills Development Authority]] administers middle-level education training and development.<ref>{{cite web |title=Technical Education and Skills Development Act of 1994 |url=https://www.chanrobles.com/legal4tesda.htm |website=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library |access-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105145742/https://www.chanrobles.com/legal4tesda.htm#.XhH5dNKmPMw |archive-date=January 5, 2020 |date=August 23, 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Develop your skills with TESDA |url=https://www.manilastandard.net/spotlight/corporate-philanthropy-csr-champions-of-today/287371/develop-your-skills-with-tesda.html |access-date=July 25, 2020 |work=Manila Standard |quote=TESDA is not only limited to offering trainings that will develop vocational and technical skills of the enrollees. It is also mandated to promote middle-level manpower. |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123192611/https://www.manilastandard.net/spotlight/corporate-philanthropy-csr-champions-of-today/287371/develop-your-skills-with-tesda.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Commission on Higher Education was created in 1994 to, among other functions, formulate and recommend development plans, policies, priorities, and programs on [[Higher education in the Philippines|higher education]] and research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1994/05may/19940518-RA-07722-FVR.pdf|title=Republic Act No. 7722: Higher Education Act of 1994|year=1994|website=officialgazette.gov.ph|access-date=July 13, 2020}}</ref> In 2004, [[madrasa|madaris]] were mainstreamed in 16 regions nationwide, mainly in Muslim areas in Mindanao under the auspices and program of the Department of Education.<ref name="madrasa">{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/learning/view/20090720-216304/Mainstreaming-Madrasa |title=Mainstreaming Madrasa |newspaper=The Philippine Daily Inquirer |author=Jerry E. Esplanada |date=July 20, 2009 |access-date=September 23, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724102132/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/learning/view/20090720-216304/Mainstreaming-Madrasa |archive-date=July 24, 2014}}</ref>', 636 => '', 637 => 'Public universities are all non-sectarian entities and are classified as State Universities and Colleges or Local Colleges and Universities.<ref name="CHED" /> The [[University of the Philippines]], a system of eight constituent universities, is the [[national university]] system of the Philippines.<ref name="Charter">Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: April 29, 2008). [http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno9500.html ''Republic Act 9500 – An Act to Strengthen the University of the Philippines as the National University'']. Chan Robles Law Library.</ref> The country's top ranked universities are as follows: University of the Philippines, [[Ateneo de Manila University]], [[De La Salle University]], and [[University of Santo Tomas]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishna |first1=V. V. |title=Universities in the National Innovation Systems: Experiences from the Asia-Pacific |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-61900-4 |page=328 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNguDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT328 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=QS Asia University Rankings 2020|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2020|date=2020|website=QS World University Rankings}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World University Rankings 2020|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/locations/PH/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats|date=2020|website=Times Higher Education World University Rankings}}</ref> The University of Santo Tomas, established in 1611, has the oldest [[Ancient literature|extant]] university charter in the Philippines and Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lim-Pe|first=Josefina|title=The University of Santo Tomas in the Twentieth Century|publisher=University of Santo Tomas Press|year=1973|location=Manila|pages=1–19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History of UST|url=http://www.ust.edu.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=102&Itemid=58|website=UST.edu.ph|access-date=December 21, 2008}}</ref>', 638 => '', 639 => '== Economy ==', 640 => '{{Main|Economy of the Philippines}}', 641 => '[[File:GPD per capita development of the Philippines.jpg|thumb|305px|right|Real GDP per capita development of the Philippines]]', 642 => '[[File:Philippines Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Philippines exports, 2019]]', 643 => '{{as of|2020|alt=In 2020}}, the Philippine economy produced an estimated [[gross domestic product]] (nominal) of $367.4&nbsp;billion.<ref name="dfat">{{cite web |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/phil-cef.pdf |title=Philippines country factsheet |website=www.dfat.gov.au}}</ref> Primary exports in 2019 included integrated circuits, office machinery/parts, insulated wiring, semiconductors, transformers; major trading partners included China (16%), United States (15%), Japan (13%), Hong Kong (12%), Singapore (7%), Germany (5%).<ref name="CIAfactbook"/> Its unit of [[currency]] is the [[Philippine peso]] (₱<ref>{{cite web |title=Executive orders and proclamations issued by the governor-general. [1903] |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ACD6603.1903.001/91 |website=UM Library Digital Collections |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817095343/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ACD6603.1903.001/91 |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |page=89 |date=1903}}</ref> or PHP<ref>{{cite web |title=List one: Currency, fund and precious metal codes |url=https://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/lists/list_one.xls |website=ISO 4217 Maintenance Agency |access-date=August 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511031332/https://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/lists/list_one.xls |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |format=XLS |date=August 29, 2018}}</ref>).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Department |first1=International Monetary Fund Monetary and Capital Markets |title=Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 1999 |date=September 17, 1999 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |isbn=978-1-4552-7783-4 |page=683 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjbVb0GqwFQC&pg=PA683 |access-date=September 1, 2020 }}</ref>', 644 => '', 645 => 'A [[newly industrialized country]],<ref name="FederalRegisterVol78" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Yu Chang |first1=Albert Vincent Y. |last2=Thorson |first2=Andrew |title=A Legal Guide to Doing Business in the Asia-Pacific |date=2010 |publisher=American Bar Association |page=288 |isbn=9781604428438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Ii3nTZ37AC&pg=PA288 |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> the Philippine economy has been transitioning from one based upon agriculture to an economy with more emphasis upon services and manufacturing.<ref name="FederalRegisterVol78">{{cite book |title=Federal Register |date=March 2013 |volume=78 |issue=51 |page=16468 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIG4iINKSOgC&pg=PA16468 |publisher=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration }}</ref> Of the country's 2018 labor force of around 43.46&nbsp;million, the [[Agriculture in the Philippines|agricultural sector]] employed 24.3%,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Population and Labor Force |journal=Agricultural Indicators System (AIS) |date=November 2019 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/ais_population%26laborforce_2019.pdf |access-date=July 27, 2020 |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |issn=2012-0435 |pages=7, 9–10}}</ref> and accounted for 8.1% of 2018 GDP.<ref name="PSAGovPH-GDP2018">{{cite web |title=Gross Domestic Product of the Philippines Highlights for 2018 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/regional-accounts/grdp/highlights |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |access-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622131425/https://psa.gov.ph/regional-accounts/grdp/highlights |archive-date=June 22, 2020 |date=April 25, 2019}}</ref> The industrial sector employed around 19% of the workforce and accounted for 34.1% of GDP, while 57% of the workers involved in the services sector were responsible for 57.8% of GDP.<ref name="PSAGovPH-GDP2018" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Employment by Sector |url=http://industry.gov.ph/employment-by-sector/ |website=Industry.gov.ph |publisher=Department of Trade and Industry and Board of Investments |access-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727190610/http://industry.gov.ph/employment-by-sector/ |archive-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref>', 646 => '', 647 => 'The [[unemployment rate]] {{as of|2019|October|lc=y}}, stands at 4.5%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment Rate in October 2019 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/employment-rate-october-2019-estimated-955-percent |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |access-date=September 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205204127/https://psa.gov.ph/content/employment-rate-october-2019-estimated-955-percent |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |date=December 5, 2019}}</ref> The inflation rate eased to 1.7% in August 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Summary Inflation Report Consumer Price Index (2012=100): August 2019 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/survey/price/summary-inflation-report-consumer-price-index-2012100-august-2019 |access-date=September 4, 2020 |work=Philippine Statistics Authority |date=September 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910185449/https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/survey/price/summary-inflation-report-consumer-price-index-2012100-august-2019 |archive-date=September 10, 2019}}</ref> Gross international reserves as of October 2022 are $94.074&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=GROSS INTERNATIONAL RESERVES |url=https://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/sdds/table12.aspx |website=Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108093655/https://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/sdds/table12.aspx |archive-date=8 November 2022}}</ref> The [[debt-to-GDP ratio]] continues to decline to 37.6% as of the second quarter of 2019<ref>{{cite news |last1=Padin |first1=Mary Grace |title=Debt-to-GDP ratio declines to 37.6% |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2019/12/28/1980178/debt-gdp-ratio-declines-376 |access-date=September 4, 2020 |work=The Philippine Star |date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105230132/https://www.philstar.com/business/2019/12/28/1980178/debt-gdp-ratio-declines-376 |archive-date=January 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=General Government Debt decreased to 37.6 percent of GDP as of June 2019 |url=https://www.dof.gov.ph/general-government-debt-decreased-to-37-6-percent-of-gdp-as-of-june-2019/ |access-date=September 4, 2020 |work=Department of Finance |date=December 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904221236/https://www.dof.gov.ph/general-government-debt-decreased-to-37-6-percent-of-gdp-as-of-june-2019/ |archive-date=September 4, 2020}}</ref> from a record high of 78% in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mendoza|first=Ronald U.|url=http://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/7559-debt-free|title=Debt free?|work=[[Rappler]]|date=June 25, 2012|access-date=December 14, 2014}}</ref> The country is a net importer<ref name="quickstat">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/quickstat/qs0909tb.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711125757/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/quickstat/qs0909tb.pdf|archive-date=July 11, 2012|author=Philippine Statistics Authority|title=Quickstat|date=October 2009|access-date=December 11, 2009}}</ref> but is also a creditor nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/152897/from-butt-of-jokes-in-1986-philippines-has-risen-to-creditor-nation-says-ex-finance-chief#ixzz2szxJl2Et |title=From butt of jokes in 1986, Philippines has risen to creditor nation, says ex-finance chief |publisher=Newsinfo.inquirer.net |date=February 28, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2014}}</ref> Manila hosts the headquarters of the [[Asian Development Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Departments and Offices |url=http://www.adb.org/about/departments-offices#tabs-0-1 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |access-date=November 26, 2015}}</ref>', 648 => '', 649 => '[[File:0123jfCalipahan Sicsican Rice Fields San Pascual Talavera Ecijafvf 04.JPG|thumb|left|Filipinos planting rice. Agriculture employs 23% of the Filipino workforce {{As of|2020|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS|title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment)|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=The World Bank Group|access-date=January 2, 2021}}</ref>]]', 650 => 'The [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] affected the economy, resulting in a lingering decline of the value of the peso and falls in the stock market. The effects on the Philippines was not as severe as other Asian nations because of the [[fiscal conservatism]] of the government, partly as a result of decades of monitoring and fiscal supervision from the [[International Monetary Fund]], in comparison to the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth.<ref name="lastlaugh" />', 651 => '', 652 => '[[Remittance]]s from [[overseas Filipinos]] contribute significantly to the Philippine economy;<ref name="InquirerOFW">{{cite news|url=http://business.inquirer.net/160057/ofw-remittances-to-increase-by-8-5-in-2014-standard-chartered|title=OFW remittances to increase by 8.5% in 2014—Standard Chartered |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=January 13, 2014|access-date=July 19, 2020}}</ref> in 2021, it reached a record US$34&nbsp;billion, accounting for 8.9% of the national GDP.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Caraballo |first1=Mayvelin U. |title=OFW remittances hit record-breaking $34B in 2021– BSP |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/02/15/news/ofw-remittances-hit-record-breaking-34b-in-2021-bsp/1833127 |access-date=8 November 2022 |work=The Manila Times |date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215162939/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/02/15/news/ofw-remittances-hit-record-breaking-34b-in-2021-bsp/1833127 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Regional development is uneven, with Luzon – Metro Manila in particular – gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other regions.<ref name="econ-manila">{{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/30229-the-state-of-philippine-economic-competitiveness-2013|title=Why PH improves in competitiveness ranking|work=[[Rappler]]|date=August 22, 2013|access-date=July 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/22630/poverty-and-regional-development-imbalance|title=Poverty and regional development imbalance|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=March 5, 2014|access-date=July 19, 2020}}</ref>', 653 => '', 654 => 'Service industries such as [[Tourism in the Philippines|tourism]]<ref>{{cite book |title=OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2018 |date=2018 |publisher=OECD Publishing |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-64-28739-6 |pages=355–357 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEpqDwAAQBAJ&pg=355 |access-date=September 1, 2020 }}</ref> and [[Business process outsourcing in the Philippines|business process outsourcing]] (BPO) have been identified as areas with some of the best opportunities for growth for the country.<ref name="atimesbpo">{{cite web|author=Llorito, David|title=Help wanted for Philippines outsourcing|publisher=Asia Times|date=May 10, 2006|access-date=December 11, 2009|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HE10Ae02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150632/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HE10Ae02.html|archive-date=December 12, 2009|url-status=unfit}}</ref> The business process outsourcing industry is composed of eight sub-sectors, namely, knowledge process outsourcing and back offices, animation, [[Call center industry in the Philippines|call centers]], software development, game development, engineering design, and [[medical transcription]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/IT-BPO-INDUSTRY-PROFILE%2C-PROSPECTS%2C-CHALLENGES-AND-Cabuay-Serrano/99c7c40a05bd591e9268c6d9af3f0845fc20d1f0 |title=IT-BPO INDUSTRY PROFILE, PROSPECTS, CHALLENGES AND ISSUES FOR GROWTH AND EMPLOYMENT |last1=Cabuay |first1=Chris |last2=Serrano |first2=Denise |year=2012 |s2cid=43261587 |access-date=July 19, 2020}}</ref> {{as of|2008|alt=In 2010}}, the Philippines was reported as having eclipsed India as the main center of BPO services in the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Phl overtakes India as world's BPO leader |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2010/12/02/634901/phl-overtakes-india-worlds-bpo-leader |access-date=September 1, 2020 |work=The Philippine Star |date=December 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901193030/https://www.philstar.com/business/2010/12/02/634901/phl-overtakes-india-worlds-bpo-leader |archive-date=September 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Results of the 2010 Survey of Information Technology-Business Process Outsourcing (IT-BPO) Services |url=http://www.bsp.gov.ph/downloads/Publications/2012/ICT_2010.pdf |website=Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327100210/http://www.bsp.gov.ph/downloads/Publications/2012/ICT_2010.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Andrew J. R. |title=Call Centers and the Global Division of Labor: A Political Economy of Post-Industrial Employment and Union Organizing |date=March 26, 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-11868-6 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZ0sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date=September 1, 2020 }}</ref>', 655 => '', 656 => '=== Science and technology ===', 657 => '{{Main|Science and technology in the Philippines|Philippine space program}}', 658 => '[[File:Head Quarters of the International Rice Research Institute in Los Baños - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of the [[International Rice Research Institute]] in [[Los Baños, Laguna]].]]', 659 => 'The [[Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)|Department of Science and Technology]] is the governing agency responsible for the development of coordination of science and technology-related projects in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|title=About DOST; The DOST in Brief|url=http://www.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=58%3Aabout-dost&id=1124&Itemid=82|website=Department of Science and Technology|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522101423/http://www.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=58%3Aabout-dost&id=1124&Itemid=82|archive-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> Research organizations in the country include the [[International Rice Research Institute]],<ref>{{cite web |title =About IRRI |url = http://irri.org/about-us/our-organization |publisher=IRRI |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> which focuses on the development of new rice varieties and rice crop management techniques.<ref>{{cite news|title=An adventure in applied science: A history of the International Rice Research Institute|isbn = 9789711040635|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3d-6iv9xQT0C&q=rockefeller+ford+irri+1960&pg=PR13|access-date=October 5, 2014|last1 = Chandler|first1 = Robert Flint|year = 1992}}</ref> The Philippines bought its first satellite in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19960725&id=9mUVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6158,3894648|title=Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite;sets new orbit|date=July 25, 1996|work=Manila Standard|access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> In 2016, the Philippines first micro-satellite, [[Diwata-1]], was launched aboard the United States' [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] spacecraft.<ref name="Diwata-1">{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/03/24/1566175/us-aircraft-philippiness-first-microsatellite-launched-space|title=US aircraft with Philippines's first microsatellite launched into space|last1=Ronda|first1=Rainier|date=March 24, 2016|newspaper=Philstar|access-date=March 24, 2016}}</ref>', 660 => '', 661 => 'The Philippines has a high concentration of cellular phone users.<ref name="pldt">[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/37/biz_asiafab08_PLDT-Philippine-Long-Distance-Telephone_YIW4.html "Asia's Fab 50 Companies: PLDT-Philippine Long Distance Telephone"]. ''Forbes''. September 3, 2008. Retrieved 2009-13-14.</ref> [[Text messaging]] is a popular form of communication and, in 2007, the nation sent an average of one billion [[SMS]] messages per day.<ref>Francisco, Rosemarie. (March 4, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080308115828/http://technology.inquirer.net/infotech/infotech/view/20080304-122775/Filipinos-sent-1-billion-text-messages-daily-in-2007 Filipinos sent 1 billion text messages daily in 2007]. ''[[The Philippine Daily Inquirer]]''. Reuters. Retrieved July 6, 2020.</ref> The country has a high level of mobile financial services utilization.<ref name="txt">Teves, Oliver. (October 29, 2007). [https://www.usatoday.com/tech/wireless/phones/2007-09-29-philippines-cell-phones_N.htm Cell phones double as electronic wallets in Philippines]. ''USA Today''. Associated Press. Retrieved July 6, 2020.</ref> The Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, commonly known as [[PLDT]], is a formerly nationalized telecommunications provider.<ref name="pldt" /> It is also the largest company in the country.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/18/biz_2000global08_The-Global-2000_Counrty_10.html Special Report: The Global 2000]. (April 2, 2008). ''Forbes''. p.10. Retrieved July 6, 2020.</ref> The [[National Telecommunications Commission]] is the agency responsible for the supervision, adjudication and control over all [[Telecommunications in the Philippines|telecommunications services throughout the country]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Telecommunications Commission |url=https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/OPCCB/OPIF2012/OEO/NTC.pdf |website=Department of Budget and Management |access-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727192738/https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/OPCCB/OPIF2012/OEO/NTC.pdf |archive-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref>', 662 => '', 663 => '=== Tourism ===', 664 => '{{Main|Tourism in the Philippines}}', 665 => '[[File:Big lagoon entrance, Miniloc island - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Limestone cliffs of [[El Nido, Palawan|El Nido]], Palawan.]]', 666 => '', 667 => 'The tourism sector contributed 5.2% of the country's GDP in 2021, lower than the 12.7% recorded in 2019 prior to the COVID-19 pandemic,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ochave |first1=Revin Mikhael D. |title=Philippine tourism industry seen to reach pre-pandemic levels by 2024 |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/06/22/456578/philippine-tourism-industry-seen-to-reach-pre-pandemic-levels-by-2024/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=BusinessWorld |date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621174641/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/06/22/456578/philippine-tourism-industry-seen-to-reach-pre-pandemic-levels-by-2024/ |archive-date=June 21, 2022}}</ref> and provided 5.7 million jobs in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Inbound int'l tourism may pick up starting late 2021 |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/10/22/324125/inbound-intl-tourism-may-pick-up-starting-late-2021/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=BusinessWorld |date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111072858/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/10/22/324125/inbound-intl-tourism-may-pick-up-starting-late-2021/ |archive-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> 8,260,913 international visitors arrived from January to December 2019, up by 15.24% for the same period in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Visitor Arrivals; January – December 2019 |url=http://tourism.gov.ph/industry_performance/Dec2019/Visitor_Arrivals_Report_FY2019.pdf |website=Department of Tourism |access-date=August 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502122400/http://tourism.gov.ph/industry_performance/Dec2019/Visitor_Arrivals_Report_FY2019.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2020}}</ref> {{percent and number|4,842,774|8,260,913|pad=yes|2}} of these came from East Asia, {{percent and number|1,308,444|8,260,913|pad=yes|2}} came from North America, and {{percent and number|526,832|8,260,913|pad=yes|2}} came from other ASEAN countries.<ref name="NQ-June2020">{{cite web |title=National QuickStat – June 2020 (Phase 2) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/ird/quickstat/NQS%20June%20Phase%202.xlsx |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |access-date=August 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813051907/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/ird/quickstat/NQS%20June%20Phase%202.xlsx |archive-date=August 13, 2020 |format=XLSX}}</ref> The island of [[Boracay]], popular for its beaches, was named as the best island in the world by ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' in 2012.<ref name="mb.com.ph">{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/365540/boracay-2012-world-s-best-island |work=Manila Bulletin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715024241/http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/365540/boracay-2012-world-s-best-island|archive-date=July 15, 2012|title=Boracay 2012 World's Best Island|date=July 11, 2012 |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref> The Philippines is a popular retirement destination for foreigners because of its climate and low cost of living.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/best-places-to-retire-abroad-the-philippines-1432827258 |title=Best Place to Retire |last=Frost |first=Charles |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=May 31, 2015 |access-date=July 6, 2020}}</ref>', 668 => '', 669 => '== Infrastructure ==', 670 => '=== Transportation ===', 671 => '[[File:MRT-2 Train Santolan 1.jpg|thumb|An [[LRT Line 2 (Metro Manila)|LRT Line 2]] train at [[Santolan station (LRT)|Santolan station]].]]', 672 => '', 673 => '[[Transportation in the Philippines]] is facilitated by road, air, rail and waterways. As of December 2018, there are {{convert|210,528|km|mi|sp=us}} of roads in the Philippines, with only {{convert|65,101|km|mi|sp=us}} of roads paved.<ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Public Works and Highways; Strategic Infrastructure Programs and Policies |url=https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20(Osaka,Japan)%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf |page=2 |website=Investor Relations Office |publisher=Department of Public Works and Highways |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827174411/https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20%28Osaka,Japan%29%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf |archive-date=August 27, 2020 |date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> The {{convert|919|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} [[Strong Republic Nautical Highway]], an integrated set of highway segments and ferry routes covering 17 cities, was established in 2003.<ref>[http://www.macapagal.com/gma/initiatives/roro.php Strong Republic Nautical Highway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010145257/http://www.macapagal.com/gma/initiatives/roro.php |date=October 10, 2017 }}. (n.d.). Official Website of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Retrieved January 22, 2009.</ref> The [[Pan-Philippine Highway]] connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao, forming the backbone of land-based transportation in the country.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Report: Philippines 2015 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=978-1-910068-26-7 |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152e |access-date=September 2, 2020 }}</ref> Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98% of people and 58% of cargo. A [[Philippine expressway network|network of expressways]] extends from the capital to other areas of Luzon.<ref>{{cite book |title=Philippines: Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map |date=2012 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-92-9092-855-3 |pages=1–2 |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-assessment.pdf |access-date=August 9, 2020}}</ref> The {{convert|8.25|km|adj=mid|sp=us}} [[Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway]] in [[Cebu]] opened in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=CCLEX is now open to the public |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/438326/cclex-is-now-open-to-the-public |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> Traffic is a significant issue facing the country, especially [[Traffic in Metro Manila|within Manila]] and on arterial roads connecting to the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12001483_01.pdf |title=The Study of Master Plan on High Standard Highway Network Development in the Republic of the Philippines Final Report Executive Summary |publisher=JICA |date=July 2010 |access-date=August 9, 2020 |page=13}}</ref>', 674 => '', 675 => 'Public transport in the country include buses, [[jeepney]]s, [[UV Express]], TNVS, Filcab, taxis, and [[Motorized tricycle (Philippines)|tricycle]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author1=[[Department of Transportation (Philippines)|Department of Transportation]] |author2=[[Department of the Interior and Local Government]] |author3=[[Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board]] |title=Local Public Transport Route Plan Manual; Volume 1 |date=October 2017 |pages=7, 16 |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801043749/https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |quote=Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs) – Vehicles that carry passengers and/or cargo for a fee, offering services to the public, which may include, but are not limited to, UV Express service, PUBs, PUJs, TNVS, Filcab and Taxis.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Arve |last2=Nielsen |first2=Kenneth Bo |title=Cars, Automobility and Development in Asia: Wheels of change |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-39672-7 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 |access-date=August 1, 2020 }}</ref> Jeepneys are a popular and iconic public utility vehicle.<ref name="reu1">{{cite news |first=Karen |last=Lema |title=Manila's jeepney pioneer fears the end of the road |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSMAN1276320071120 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=November 20, 2007 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> Jeepneys and other public utility vehicles which are older than 15 years are [[Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program|being phased out gradually]] in favor of a more efficient and environmentally friendly [[European emission standards|Euro 4]] compliant vehicles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dela Cruz |first1=Raymond Carl |title=Modernization to continue despite changes to PUV phase out |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1086670 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=November 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801013452/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1086670 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mercurio |first1=Richmond |title=No stopping jeepney phaseout — DOTr chief |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/10/01/1956484/no-stopping-jeepney-phaseout-dotr-chief |access-date=August 1, 2020 |work=The Philippine Star |date=October 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001070549/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/10/01/1956484/no-stopping-jeepney-phaseout-dotr-chief |archive-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref>', 676 => '', 677 => 'Despite wider historical use, [[rail transportation in the Philippines]] is limited, being confined to transporting passengers within Metro Manila, and the provinces of [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] and [[Quezon]],<ref>{{Cite web|title= PNR San Pablo-Lucena line reopens |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/26/PNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html |date=June 26, 2022 |access-date=August 19, 2022 }}</ref> with a separate short track in the [[Bicol Region]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boquet |first1=Yves |title=The Philippine Archipelago |date=April 21, 2017 |publisher=Springer, Cham |isbn=978-3-319-51926-5 |page=491 |chapter=Transportation in the Philippines|series=Springer Geography |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-51926-5_15 }}</ref> There are plans to revive [[freight rail]] to reduce road congestion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974414/pnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon |title=PNR to offer freight service soon |last=Yee |first=Jovic |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=March 12, 2018 |access-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html |title=DOTr to revive Manila-Laguna cargo rail project |last=Amojelar |first=Darwin G. |work=Manila Standard |date=October 4, 2018 |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033602/https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{as of|2019}}, the country had a railway footprint of only 79 kilometers, which it had plans to expand up to 244 kilometers.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/jica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines/ |title=JICA still has 900B yen to fund rail expansion in Philippines |author=Galang, Vincent Mariel P. |newspaper=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=June 20, 2019 |access-date=June 21, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://business.inquirer.net/272961/japan-commits-1-3-trillion-yen-to-help-build-railways-in-ph |title=Japan commits 1.3 trillion yen to help build railways in PH |author=De Vera, Ben O. |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=June 21, 2019 |access-date=June 21, 2019 }}</ref> Metro Manila is served by three rapid transit lines: [[LRT Line 1 (Metro Manila)|LRT Line 1]], [[LRT Line 2]] and [[MRT Line 3 (Metro Manila)|MRT Line 3]].<ref name="yellow">{{cite web|title=The Line 1 System – The Green Line|url=http://www.lrta.gov.ph/line_1_system.php|website=Light Rail Transit Authority|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152448/http://www.lrta.gov.ph/line_1_system.php|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name=provision>[[United Nations Centre for Human Settlements]]. (1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=lkH5Twa-OakC&printsec=frontcover ''Provision of Travelway Space for Urban Public Transport in Developing Countries'']. UN–HABITAT. pp. 15,<!--bus lanes ineffective--> 26–70, 160–179. {{ISBN|92-1-131220-5}}.</ref><ref name="times">{{cite web|title=About Us; Line 3 Stations|url=http://dotcmrt3.gov.ph/about.php?route=7|website=Metro Rail Transit|access-date=January 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122003116/http://dotcmrt3.gov.ph/about.php?route=7|archive-date=January 22, 2013}}</ref> The [[PNR Metro Commuter Line|PNR South Commuter Line]] transports passengers between Metro Manila and Laguna.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1166894/pnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos |title=PNR extends train trips to Los Baños |last=Cinco |first=Maricar |work=The Inquirer |date=September 20, 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref> Railway lines that are under construction include the {{convert|22.8|km|adj=mid|sp=us}} [[MRT Line 7]] (2020),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Angeles-Giongco |first1=Maria Laura |title=MRT7 concessionaire ready to start project – The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/02/16/business/mrt7-concessionaire-ready-to-start-project/245284/ |access-date=August 1, 2020 |work=The Manila Times |date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801022652/https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/02/16/business/mrt7-concessionaire-ready-to-start-project/245284/ |archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref> the {{convert|35|km|adj=mid|sp=us}} [[Metro Manila Subway]] (2025),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/239702-new-railways-to-look-out-for |title=6 new railways to look out for |last=Tuquero |first=Loreben |work=Rappler |date=September 10, 2019 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> and the {{convert|109|km|adj=mid|sp=us}} PNR [[North–South Commuter Railway]] which is divided into several phases, with partial operations to begin in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1059627 |title=PH, JICA sign loan deal for metro-grade train system |last=Villanueva |first=Joann |work=Philippine News Agency |date=January 21, 2019 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> The civil airline industry is regulated by the [[Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caap.gov.ph/index.php/downloads/finish/4-regulations-policies/235-manual-of-standards-for-aerodromes |title=Manual of Standards for Aerodromes |access-date=July 18, 2020 |publisher=Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809172842/http://caap.gov.ph/index.php/downloads/finish/4-regulations-policies/235-manual-of-standards-for-aerodromes |archive-date=August 9, 2014}}</ref>', 678 => '', 679 => '[[Philippine Airlines]] is Asia's oldest commercial airline still operating under its original name.<ref name="PAL">{{cite web|url=http://www.philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207160631/http://philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |title=About PAL |publisher=Philippine Airlines |access-date=May 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Inside Flyer: IF |date=2008 |publisher=FlightPlan, Incorporated |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhMtAQAAMAAJ&q=philippine+airlines+oldest+asia |access-date=August 1, 2020 }}</ref> [[Cebu Pacific]] is the countries leading [[low-cost carrier]].<ref name="OxfordBG">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC&pg=PT98|title=The Report: Philippines 2009|publisher=Oxford Business Group|year=2009|page=97|isbn=978-1-902339-12-2}}</ref>', 680 => '', 681 => 'As an archipelago, inter-island travel using watercraft is often necessary.<ref>[http://business.inquirer.net/203660/ph-firm-takes-on-challenge-to-improve-sea-travel PH firm takes on challenge to improve sea travel.] Published by Philippine Daily Inquirer (Written By: Ira P. Pedrasa)</ref> Boats have always been important to societies in the Philippines.<ref name="Isorena">{{cite journal |last1=Isorena |first1=Efren B. |title=The Early Evolution of Boats in Austronesia: Profound Implication on Philippines Prehistory |journal=Malay |date=2013 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=36–53 |url=https://www.academia.edu/21363324}}</ref><ref name="Unescoboats">{{cite book |last1=Roxas-Lim |first1=Aurora |title=Traditional Boatbuilding and Philippine Maritime Culture |publisher=Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region, United Nations Organization |url=http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |access-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212173603/http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most boats are [[outrigger boat|double-outrigger]] vessels, which can reach up to {{convert|30|m|ft|sp=us}} in length, known as ''banca''<ref name="aguilar">{{cite book|first1=Glenn D.|last1=Aguilar|editor1-first=Geronimo|editor1-last=Silvestre|editor2-first=Stuart J.|editor2-last=Green|editor3-first=Alan T.|editor3-last=White|editor4-first=Nygiel|editor4-last=Armada|editor5-first=Cesar|editor5-last=Luna|editor6-first=Annabelle|editor6-last=Cruz-Trinidad|editor7-first=Marciano F., III|editor7-last=Carreon |title =In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries|chapter =Philippine Fishing Boats|publisher =Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Republic of the Philippines|year =2004|pages=118–121|isbn =9719275340|chapter-url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291075189}}</ref>/''bangka'',<ref name="Funtecha">{{cite journal |last1=Funtecha |first1=Henry F. |title=The history and culture of boats and boat-building in the Western Visayas |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |date=2000 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=111–132 |jstor=29792457 }}</ref> ''parao'', prahu, or ''balanghay''. A variety of boat types are used throughout the islands, such as [[dugout canoe|dugouts]] (''baloto'') and house-boats like the ''lepa-lepa''.<ref name="Unescoboats" /> Terms such as ''bangka'' and ''baroto'' are also used as general names for a variety of boat types.<ref name="Funtecha" /> Modern ships use plywood in place of logs and motor engines in place of sails.<ref name="aguilar" /> These ships are used both for fishing and for inter-island travel.<ref name="Funtecha" /> The principal seaports of [[Port of Manila|Manila]], [[Batangas International Port|Batangas]], [[Port of Subic Bay|Subic Bay]], [[Port of Cebu|Cebu]], [[Port of Iloilo|Iloilo]], [[Port of Davao|Davao]], Cagayan de Oro, General Santos, and [[Port of Zamboanga|Zamboanga]] form part of the ASEAN Transport Network.<ref>{{cite book |title=Regional and subregional program links: mapping the links between ASEAN and the GMS, BIMP-EAGA, and IMT-GT |date=September 2013 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-92-9254-203-0 |page=27 |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035953/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=PDP Australia Pty Ltd/Meyrick and Associates |title=Promoting Efficient and Competitive Intra-ASEAN Shipping Services – The Philippines Country Report |url=https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf |website=Association of Southeast Asian Nations |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801041010/https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |page=11 |date=March 1, 2005}}</ref> The [[Pasig River Ferry]] serves the cities of Manila, Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasig and Marikina in Metro Manila.<ref>[http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/30644/pinoyabroad/gov-t-revives-pasig-river-ferry-service Gov't revives Pasig River ferry service]. (February 14, 2007). ''GMA News''. Retrieved December 18, 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.pia.gov.ph/index.php?article=241398338587|title=MMDA to reopen Pasig River ferry system on April 28; offers free ride|work=Philippine Information Agency|date=April 25, 2014|access-date=October 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100946/http://news.pia.gov.ph/index.php?article=241398338587|archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref>', 682 => '', 683 => '=== Water supply and sanitation ===', 684 => '{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines}}', 685 => '[[File:Ambuklao Dam captured by Mitchell Yumul.jpeg|thumb|[[Ambuklao Dam]] in [[Bokod, Benguet|Bokod]], [[Benguet]].]]', 686 => 'In 2015, it was reported by the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] that 74% of the population had access to [[improved sanitation]], and that "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.<ref name="Organization2015">{{cite book|author=World Health Organization|title=Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ|date=October 2, 2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-150914-5|page=68}}</ref> As of 2016, 96% of Filipino households have an improved source of drinking water, and 92% of households had sanitary toilet facilities, although connections of these toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient especially in rural and urban poor communities.{{sfn|Department of Health|2018|loc=Chapter 3 (page 46)}}', 687 => '', 688 => '== Culture ==', 689 => '{{Main|Culture of the Philippines|Arts in the Philippines}}', 690 => '[[File:Ati-Atihan Festival Participant.jpg|thumb|A participant of the [[Ati-Atihan Festival]].]]', 691 => 'There is significant cultural diversity across the islands, reinforced by the fragmented geography of the country.<ref name="Bankoff">{{cite book |last1=Bankoff |first1=Greg |last2=Weekley |first2=Kathleen |title=Post-Colonial National Identity in the Philippines: Celebrating the Centennial of Independence |date=November 22, 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351742092 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Se1HDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> The cultures within Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed in a particularly distinct manner, since they had very limited Spanish influence and greater influence from nearby Islamic regions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wernstedt |first1=Frederick L. |last2=Spencer |first2=Joseph Earle |date= January 1967|title=The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA503 |publisher=University of California Press |page=503 |isbn=9780520035133}}</ref> Despite this, a [[Filipino nationalism|national identity]] [[National revival|emerged]] in the 19th century, the development of which is represented by [[National symbols of the Philippines|shared national symbols]] and other cultural and historical touchstones.<ref name="Bankoff"/>', 692 => '', 693 => 'One of the most visible [[Spanish influence on Filipino culture|Hispanic legacies]] is the prevalence of [[Catálogo alfabético de apellidos|Spanish names and surnames]] among Filipinos; a Spanish name and surname, however, does not necessarily denote Spanish ancestry. This peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial edict by Governor-General [[Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa|Narciso Clavería y Zaldua]], which ordered the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of [[Spanish naming customs|Hispanic nomenclature]] on the population.<ref name=Dumont>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zMFKs8--FDMC&pg=PA160 |title = Visayan Vignettes: Ethnographic Traces of a Philippine Island |author = Dumont, Jean-Paul |publisher = University of Chicago Press |location = Chicago |year = 1992 |pages = 160–162 |isbn = 978-0-226-16954-5}}</ref> The names of many locations are also Spanish or stem from Spanish roots and origins.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/Training/Manila/day%201/05_JUANICO_Role%20of%20Place%20Names.pdf |title=The Role of Place Names in the Preservation of Philippine Cultural Heritage |author=Meliton B. Juanico |publisher=UNGEGN |access-date=July 22, 2020}}</ref>', 694 => '', 695 => 'There is a substantial American influence on modern Filipino culture.<ref name="Banlaoi"/> The common use of the English language is an example of the American impact on Philippine society. It has contributed to the influence of American pop cultural trends.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nadal |first1=Kevin L. |title=Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice |date=March 23, 2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-01977-1 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA12 |access-date=October 21, 2020 }}</ref> This affinity is seen in Filipinos' consumption of [[fast food]] and American film and music.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edelstein |first1=Sari |title=Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals |year=2011 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-0-7637-5965-0 |page=515 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC&pg=PA515 |access-date=October 21, 2020 }}</ref> American global fast-food chain stalwarts have entered the market, but local fast-food chains like [[Goldilocks Bakeshop|Goldilocks]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/153263/the-goldilocks-story-from-childhood-bakery-to-baking-institution/ |title=The Goldilocks story–from childhood bakery to baking institution |last=Aspiras |first=Reggie |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=March 6, 2014 |access-date=July 22, 2020}}</ref> and most notably [[Jollibee]], the leading fast-food chain in the country, have emerged and compete successfully against foreign chains.<ref name=Jollibee2>{{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/30/business/worldbusiness/30iht-burger.html?pagewanted=all |title = Jollibee stings McDonald's in Philippines |author = Conde, Carlos H. |newspaper =The New York Times|date = May 31, 2005 |access-date = January 5, 2010}}</ref>', 696 => '', 697 => '[[List of festivals in the Philippines|Nationwide festivals]] include [[Ati-Atihan festival|Ati-Atihan]], [[Dinagyang]], [[Moriones Festival|Moriones]] and [[Sinulog]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aguirre |first1=Jun |title=Legend of the Ati-atihan Fest in Aklan |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/04/legend-of-the-ati-atihan-fest-in-aklan/ |access-date=September 3, 2020 |work=BusinessMirror |date=March 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903154448/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/04/legend-of-the-ati-atihan-fest-in-aklan/ |archive-date=September 3, 2020 |quote=The Kalibo Santo Niño Ati-atihan Festival was named one of the 300 best festivals in the world for 2017 by two global digital festival discovery communities, the F300 and EverFest.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cinco |first1=Maricar |title=Moriones: solemn tradition, not festive occasion |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978072/moriones-festival-returns-to-religious-roots |access-date=September 3, 2020 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=March 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326035724/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978072/moriones-festival-returns-to-religious-roots |archive-date=March 26, 2018 |quote=The sleepy island province of Marinduque comes to life during Holy Week, with thousands of local visitors and foreign tourists coming down to see one of the Philippines' oldest religious traditions.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sinulog named as Asia's most popular festival |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/421022/Business/Sinulog-named-as-Asias-most-popular-festival |access-date=September 3, 2020 |work=[[SunStar]] |date=February 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903161024/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/421022/Business/Sinulog-named-as-Asias-most-popular-festival |archive-date=September 3, 2020 }}</ref>', 698 => '', 699 => '=== Values ===', 700 => '{{Further|Filipino values}}', 701 => '[[File:Core Value.JPG|thumb|A statue in [[Iriga City]] commemorating the ''[[Mano (gesture)|mano po]]'' gesture]]', 702 => '', 703 => 'As a general description, the distinct [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|value system]] of Filipinos is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems, especially those based in kinship, obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commercial relationships.<ref name=CAPH>[http://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm ''Social Values and Organization''], Philippines, Country Studies US. Online version of print book Ronald E. Dolan, ed. ''Philippines: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.</ref> Filipino values are, for the most part, centered around maintaining social harmony, motivated primarily by the desire to be accepted within a group. The main sanction against diverging from these values are the concepts of "''Hiya''", roughly translated as 'a sense of shame',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gripaldo |first1=Rolando M. |title=Filipino Cultural Traits: Claro R. Ceniza Lectures |year=2005 |publisher=CRVP |isbn=978-1-56518-225-7 |pages=35–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC&pg=PA36 |access-date=September 3, 2020 }}</ref> and "''Amor propio''" or 'self-esteem'.<ref name="Phil">{{cite book|author1=Chris Rowthorn|author2=Greg Bloom|title=Philippines|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-289-4}}</ref> Social approval, acceptance by a group, and belonging to a group are major concerns. Caring about what others will think, say or do, are strong influences on social behavior among Filipinos.<ref name="Didache">Hallig, Jason V. [http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid ''Communicating Holiness to the Filipinos: Challenges and Needs''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015814/http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid |date=July 20, 2011 }}, The Path to a Filipino Theology of Holiness, pp. 2, 10.</ref> Other elements of the Filipino value system are optimism about the future, pessimism about present situations and events, concern and care for other people, the existence of friendship and friendliness, the habit of being hospitable, religious nature, respectfulness to self and others, respect for the female members of society, the fear of God, and abhorrence of acts of cheating and thievery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dy |first1=Manuel B. |title=Values in Philippine Culture and Education |year=1994 |publisher=CRVP |isbn=978-1-56518-041-3 |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoYc2hPg2sC&pg=PA155\ |access-date=September 3, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="CRVP2">{{cite web |last=Talisayon |first=Serafin |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-7/chapter_xiii.htm|title=Filipino Values, Chapter XIII, Teaching Values in the Natural and Physical Sciences in the Philippines |website=crvp.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417164213/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-7/chapter_xiii.htm|archive-date=April 17, 2016|publisher=The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy (RVP), [[The Catholic University of America]]|date=1994}} File dated April 8, 2000. In {{cite book|isbn=978-1-56518-040-6|title=Values in Philippine Culture and Education (Philippine Philosophical Studies, Series III, Volume 7)|editor=Manuel B. Dy Jr. |series=Cultural heritage and contemporary change|date=March 10, 1994|publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy}}</ref>', 704 => '', 705 => '=== Architecture ===', 706 => '{{Main|Architecture of the Philippines|}}', 707 => '[[File:Vigan Calle Crisologo 5.jpg|thumb|Colonial houses in [[Vigan]].]]', 708 => '[[Spanish architecture]] has left an imprint in the Philippines in the way many towns were designed around a [[poblacion|central square]] or ''plaza mayor'', but many of the buildings bearing its influence were demolished during World War II.<ref name=Ring /> Four Philippine [[baroque]] churches are included in the list of UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s: the [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustín Church]] in Manila, [[Paoay Church]] in [[Ilocos Norte]], [[Santa Maria Church (Ilocos Sur)|Nuestra Señora de la Asunción]] (Santa María) Church in [[Ilocos Sur]], and [[Miagao Church|Santo Tomás de Villanueva Church]] in [[Iloilo]].<ref name=Unesco>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |title=Baroque Churches of the Philippines |publisher=UNESCO |year=2010|access-date=July 22, 2020}}</ref> [[Vigan]] in Ilocos Sur is known for the many Hispanic-style houses and buildings preserved there.<ref name="lonelyplanet145">{{Cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894 |url-access = registration |title = Philippines |author1 = Rowthorn, Chris |author2 = Greg Bloom |name-list-style = amp |edition = 9th |publisher =Lonely Planet|year = 2006 |page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894/page/145 145] |isbn = 978-1-74104-289-4}}</ref>', 709 => '', 710 => 'American rule introduced new architectural styles. This led to the construction of government buildings and [[Art Deco]] theaters. During the American period, some semblance of city planning using the architectural designs and master plans by [[Daniel Burnham]] was done on the portions of the city of Manila. Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings that resembled [[Ancient Greek architecture|Greek]] or [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/|title=History of Philippine Architecture|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|access-date=September 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421020700/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/|archive-date=April 21, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Iloilo, structures from both the Spanish and American periods can still be seen, especially in [[Calle Real, Iloilo|Calle Real]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salas |first1=Vic |title=[Ilonggo Notes] A city of cultural heritage tourism zones |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |access-date=8 November 2022 |work=Rappler |date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115745/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |archive-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> Certain areas of the country like [[Batanes]] have slight differences as both Spanish and Filipino ways of architecture assimilated differently because of the climate. Limestone was used as a building material, with houses being built to withstand typhoons.<ref name=nccabatanes>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=4&i=226|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419094805/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=4&i=226|archive-date=April 19, 2015|date=April 19, 2015|title=The Batanes Islands|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|last=Datar|first=Francisco A.|access-date=July 22, 2020}}</ref>', 711 => '', 712 => '===Music and dance===', 713 => '{{Main|Music of the Philippines|Philippine dance}}', 714 => '[[File: Folklore of the popular heritage of the State of the Philippines 05.jpg|thumb|[[Cariñosa]], a Hispanic era dance for traditional Filipino courtship.]]', 715 => '', 716 => 'In general, there are two types of Philippine [[folk dance]], stemming from traditional tribal influences and from Spanish influence. Spanish-influenced music are mostly [[bandurria]]-based bands that us 14th string guitars. One example of such type is the [[Cariñosa]]. A Hispanic Filipino dance, unofficially considered as the "National Dance of the Philippines".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcdsb.org/FORCOMMUNITY/HeritageCelebration/FilipinoHeritageMonth/Documents/PASSOC_DANCE-1.pdf|title=PASSOC: Philippine Arts & Social Studies in the Ontario Curriculum, Page 1.|access-date=June 27, 2020|archive-date=June 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630001926/https://www.tcdsb.org/FORCOMMUNITY/HeritageCelebration/FilipinoHeritageMonth/Documents/PASSOC_DANCE-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another example is the [[Tinikling]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = International Games: Building Skills Through Multicultural Play|last = Horowitz|first = Gayle L.|publisher = Human Kinetics|year = 2009|isbn = 9780736073943|page = 74}}</ref> While native dances had become less popular over time,<ref name="Villaruz">{{cite book |last1=Villaruz |first1=Basilio Esteban S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69 |title=Treading Through: 45 Years of Philippine Dance |date=2006 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=9789715425094}}</ref>{{rp|77}} a revival of folk dances began in the 1920s.<ref name="Villaruz"/>{{rp|82}} In the modern and post-modern time periods, dances may vary from the delicate [[ballet]] up to the more street-oriented styles of [[breakdancing]].<ref name="nccadance">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724234241/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117 |archive-date=July 24, 2014|date=July 24, 2014 |title=Philippine Dance in the American Period|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|first=Basilio Esteban S.|last=Villacruz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_ocHJ0_t44C|title=Humanities and the Digital Art|edition=2006|isbn=978-971-23-4628-6|year=2006|pages=[https://books.google.com/?id=3_ocHJ0_t44C&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=history+philippine+sculptures#v=onepage&q=history%20philippine%20sculptures&f=false 31-32]}}</ref>', 717 => '', 718 => 'During the Spanish era [[Rondalla|Rondalya]] music, where traditional string orchestra [[mandolin]] type instruments were used, was widespread.<ref name="FameNYC">[http://www.famenyc.org/music/rondalla.aspx Filipino Arts & Music Ensemble] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107021232/http://www.famenyc.org/music/rondalla.aspx |date=November 7, 2010 }}, Filipino Heritage, The Making of a Nation, Volume 9, 1978, famenyc.org</ref> [[Kundiman]] developed in the 1920s and 1930s<ref name="Ellingham-Mark">{{cite book |last1=Ellingham |first1=Mark |title=The Rough Guide to World Music |year=1999 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA214 |access-date=January 1, 2021 }}</ref> and had a renaissance in the postwar period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rodell |first1=Paul A. |title=Culture and Customs of the Philippines |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30415-6 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA184 |access-date=January 1, 2021 }}</ref> The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to [[Culture of the United States|U.S. culture]] and [[Music of the United States|popular forms]] of music.<ref name="Ellingham-Mark" /> [[Rock music]] was introduced to Filipinos in the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock, or "[[Pinoy rock]]", a term encompassing diverse styles such as [[pop rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[punk rock|punk]], [[new wave music|new wave]], [[ska]], and [[reggae]]. Martial law in the 1970s produced several [[Philippine folk music|Filipino folk rock]] bands and artists who were at the forefront of political demonstrations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Jeremy A. |last2=Nadeau |first2=Kathleen M. |title=Pop Culture in Asia and Oceania |date=August 15, 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-3991-7 |pages=39–41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 |access-date=December 5, 2020 }}</ref> The 1970s also saw the birth of [[Manila Sound]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dalton |first1=David |title=The Rough Guide to the Philippines |date=September 6, 2007 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=978-1-4053-8046-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvBc4Z60z0MC&pg=PT1097 |access-date=December 4, 2020 }}</ref> and [[Original Pilipino Music]] (OPM).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woods |first1=Damon L. |title=The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-675-6 |page=171 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT196 |access-date=December 4, 2020 }}</ref> [[Filipino hip-hop]] traces its origins back to 1979, entering the mainstream in 1990.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Melissa Ursula Dawn |last2=Fonseca |first2=Anthony J. |title=Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes] |date=December 2018 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35759-6 |pages=552–553 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA552 |access-date=December 5, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=Jeremy A. |last2=Nadeau |first2=Kathleen M. |title=Pop Culture in Asia and Oceania |date=August 15, 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-3991-7 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&q=pinoy+rap&pg=PA38 |access-date=December 5, 2020 }}</ref> [[Karaoke]] is a popular activity in the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-culture/choirs-filipino-classics |title=Choirs around the world take on Filipino classics |work=Rappler |date=September 22, 2013 |access-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref> From 2010 to 2020, Philippine pop music or [[Pinoy pop|P-pop]] went through a metamorphosis in its increased quality, budget, investment, and variety, matching the country's rapid economic growth and an accompanying social and cultural resurgence of its Asian identity. This was heard by heavy influence from [[K-pop]] and [[J-pop]], growth in Asian style ballads, idol groups, and [[electronic dance music]], and less reliance on Western genres, mirroring the [[Korean wave]] and similar Japanese wave popularity among millennial Filipinos and mainstream culture.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}', 719 => '', 720 => 'Locally produced spoken dramas became established in the late 1870s. Around the same time, Spanish influence led to the introduction of ''[[zarzuela]]'' plays which integrated musical pieces,<ref name="Liu">{{cite book |last1=Liu |first1=Siyuan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA372 |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre |date=February 5, 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317278863 |pages=372–373}}</ref> and of ''[[Comedia (Spanish play)|comedia]]'' plays which included more significant dance elements. Such performances became popular throughout the country<ref name="Villaruz" />{{rp|69–70}} and were written in a number of local languages.<ref name="Liu" /> American influence led to the introduction of [[vaudeville]] and ballet.<ref name="Villaruz" />{{rp|69–70}} During the 20th century the [[Realism (theatre)|realism]] genre became more dominant, with performances written to focus on contemporary political and societal issues.<ref name="Liu" />', 721 => '', 722 => '=== Literature ===', 723 => '{{Main|Philippine literature}}', 724 => '[[File:Jose Rizal full.jpg|thumb|upright|[[José Rizal]] is a pioneer of [[Philippine Revolution]] through his literary works.]]', 725 => 'Philippine literature comprises works usually written in Filipino, Spanish, or English. Some of the most known were created from the 17th to 19th&nbsp;century.<ref>Literatura Filipina en Castellano, Madrid, 1974. {{ISBN|84-276-1205-2}}{{Pages needed|date=July 2020}}</ref> ''[[Ibong Adarna]]'', for example, is a famous epic about an eponymous magical bird allegedly written by José de la Cruz or "[[Huseng Sisiw]]".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/06/16/1335290/ibong-adarna-year-2014 |title=Ibong Adarna in the year 2014 |last=Carballo |first=Bibsy M. |work=PhilStar |date=June 16, 2014 |access-date=July 22, 2020}}</ref> [[Francisco Balagtas]], the poet and playwright who wrote ''[[Florante at Laura]]'', is recognized as a preeminent writer in the Tagalog language.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wheninmanila.com/look-google-honored-filipino-poet-francisco-balagtas/ |title=LOOK: Google Honored Filipino Poet Francisco Balagtas |last=Morales |first=Dulce |date=April 5, 2018 |access-date=July 22, 2020}}</ref> [[José Rizal]] wrote the novels ''[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)|Noli Me Tángere]]'' (''Touch Me Not'') and ''[[El filibusterismo]]'' (''The Filibustering'', also known as ''The Reign of Greed'').<ref>{{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio and Sonia|title=Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero|year=1999|publisher=All Nations publishing Co. Inc.|location=Quezon City|isbn=978-971-642-070-8|url=http://www.allnationspublishing.com/articles/6/1/Jose-Rizal-Life-Works-and-Writings-of-a-Genius-Writer-Scientist-and-National-Hero/Page1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923080018/http://www.allnationspublishing.com/articles/6/1/Jose-Rizal-Life-Works-and-Writings-of-a-Genius-Writer-Scientist-and-National-Hero/Page1.html|archive-date=September 23, 2013}}{{Pages needed|date=July 2020}}</ref>', 726 => '', 727 => 'The term "Philippine literature" refers to works of literature that have been connected to the country throughout prehistory through the colonial era and up to the present. Epics that were originally passed down orally are what can be considered pre-Hispanic Philippine literature. However, wealthier families were able to preserve transcriptions of these epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao. The [[Darangen]], a Maranao epic, was one such example.', 728 => '', 729 => '[[Philippine mythology]] has been handed down primarily through the traditional [[Philippine folk literature|oral folk literature]] of the Filipino people. Some popular figures from Philippine mythologies are [[Maria Makiling]], [[Biag ni Lam-Ang|Lam-Ang]], and the [[Sarimanok]].<ref name="Lopez">{{Cite book |author=Lopez, Mellie Leandicho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C |title=A Handbook of Philippine Folklore |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-971-542-514-8}}{{Pages needed|date=July 2020}}</ref>', 730 => '', 731 => '=== Cinema ===', 732 => '{{Main|Cinema of the Philippines}}', 733 => 'Philippine cinema began at the end of the 19th century<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/cinema/history-of-philippine-cinema/ |title=History of Philippine Cinema |last=Bautista |first=Arsenio |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |access-date=November 19, 2020}}</ref> and made up around 20% of the domestic market during the second half of the 20th century. During the 21st century however, the industry has struggled to compete with larger budget foreign films.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/30455/philippine-film-industry-in-decline |title=Philippine film industry in decline |work=The Inquirer |date=February 16, 2012 |access-date=November 19, 2020}}</ref> Critically acclaimed Philippines films include ''[[Himala]]'' (''Miracle'').<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/52959/restoring-himala|title=Restoring Himala|date=August 5, 2012|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|access-date=October 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html |title=May Himala! Restored film proves real global classic |date=August 16, 2012 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=October 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820024727/http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html |archive-date=August 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/indie/10686/restored-version-of-himala-will-premiere-at-the-69th-venice-film-festival|title=Restored version of Himala will premiere at the 69th Venice Film Festival|date=August 13, 2012|publisher=pep.ph|access-date=September 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205214346/http://www.pep.ph/guide/indie/10686/restored-version-of-himala-will-premiere-at-the-69th-venice-film-festival|archive-date=December 5, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moving pictures were first shown in the Philippines on January 1, 1897.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lim |first1=Michael Kho |title=Philippine Cinema and the Cultural Economy of Distribution |date=December 18, 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-030-03608-9 |pages=9–10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHWADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |access-date=January 20, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sdfilipinocinema.org/philippine-cinema-history/ |title=History of Philippine Cinema |publisher=San Diego Filipino Cinema |access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref> Films were all in Spanish since Philippine cinema was first introduced during the final years of the Spanish era of the country. Antonio Ramos was the first known movie producer.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Dynamic Teeners of the 21st Century Iii ' 2005 Ed. |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=978-971-23-4047-5 |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJuY1zcLnKAC&pg=PA92 |access-date=July 29, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Deocampo |first1=Nick |title=Short Film: Emergence of a New Philippine Cinema |date=1985 |publisher=Communication Foundation for Asia |isbn=978-971-15-5095-0 |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdtkAAAAMAAJ&q=philippines+antonio+ramos+movie+produce |access-date=July 29, 2020 }}</ref> [[José Nepomuceno|Jose Nepomuceno]] was dubbed as the "Father of Philippine Movies"<!--Cinema in Armes source-->.<ref>[http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:200615 "The Role of José Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society: What language did his silent film speaks?"]. Stockholm University Publications. Retrieved on July 25, 2020.</ref> His work marked the start of the local production of movies. Production companies remained small during the era of [[silent film]], but 1933 saw the emergence of sound films and the arrival of the first significant production company. The postwar 1940s and the 1950s are regarded as a high point for Philippine cinema.<ref name="books.google.com" />', 734 => '', 735 => 'The growing dominance of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films and the cost of production has severely reduced local filmmaking.<ref name="bleak">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070401080345/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry]. Conde, Carlos H. ''International Herald Tribune''. February 11, 2007. (archived from [http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php the original] on April 1, 2007)</ref><ref name="dying">[http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/hl/hl103539.htm RP Movie Industry Dying] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214000957/http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/hl/hl103539.htm |date=February 14, 2009 }}. Vanzi, Sol Jose. ''Newsflash''. January 15, 2006.</ref> Nonetheless, some local films continue to find success.<ref name="TadhanaABSCBN20150220">{{cite news |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/02/20/15/angelica-calls-out-fans-tadhana-piracy |title=Angelica calls out fans on 'Tadhana' piracy |work=ABS-CBN News |date=February 20, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="TadhanaABSCBN20150303">{{cite news |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/03/15/15/tadhana-top-grossing-local-indie-film-all-time |title='Tadhana' is top grossing local indie film of all time |work=ABS-CBN News |date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref>', 736 => '', 737 => '=== Mass media ===', 738 => '{{Main|Media in the Philippines|Television in the Philippines|Radio in the Philippines|Internet in the Philippines}}', 739 => '', 740 => 'Philippine media uses mainly Filipino and English, though [[broadcasting]] has shifted to Filipino.<ref name="BrownGanguly2003" /> There are large numbers of both [[List of radio stations in the Philippines|radio stations]] and [[List of newspapers in the Philippines|newspapers]].<ref name="BBC Pilipinas"/> The top three newspapers by nationwide readership as well as credibility<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Roger M. |title=Filipino English and Taglish: Language switching from multiple perspectives |date=October 16, 2003 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-9607-8 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA233 |access-date=August 29, 2020 }}</ref> are the ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'', ''[[Manila Bulletin]]'', and ''[[The Philippine Star]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bautista |first1=MA Lourdes S. |last2=Bolton |first2=Kingsley |title=Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary |date=November 2008 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-947-0 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |access-date=August 29, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Inquirer top newspaper, says poll |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/592317/inquirer-top-newspaper-says-poll |access-date=August 29, 2020 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=April 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408203634/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/592317/inquirer-top-newspaper-says-poll |archive-date=April 8, 2014 }}</ref> While [[freedom of the press]] is protected by the constitution, the country is very dangerous for journalists.<ref name="BBC Pilipinas">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1262783.stm Country profile: The Philippines]. (January 9, 2018). ''BBC News''. Retrieved July 25, 2020.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cpj.org/reports/2019/10/getting-away-with-murder-killed-justice/ |title=Getting Away with Murder |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=December 23, 2020}}</ref>', 741 => '', 742 => 'The dominant television networks were [[ABS-CBN]] and [[GMA Network|GMA]], both being [[free-to-air]].<ref name="BBC Pilipinas" /> ABS-CBN, at the time the largest network<ref name="Gutierrez">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/world/asia/philippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710111029/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/world/asia/philippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.html |archive-date=2020-07-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Philippine Congress officially shuts down leading broadcaster|first=Jason|last=Gutierrez|work=The New York Times|date=July 10, 2020|access-date=August 22, 2020}}</ref> was shut down following a cease and desist order issued by the National Telecommunications Commission on May 5, 2020, a day after the [[ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy|expiration of the network's franchise]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/05/world/asia/philippines-abs-cbn-duterte.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505144008/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/05/world/asia/philippines-abs-cbn-duterte.html |archive-date=2020-05-05 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Leading Philippine Broadcaster, Target of Duterte's Ire, Forced Off the Air |last=Gutierrez |first=Jason |work=The New York Times |date=May 5, 2020 |access-date=August 22, 2020}}</ref> Prior to this move, President Rodrigo Duterte accused ABS-CBN of being biased against his administration and vowed to block the renewal of their franchise. Critics of the Duterte administration, human rights groups, and media unions said the shutdown of ABS-CBN was an attack on press freedom.<ref name="Gutierrez" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2020/07/23/2030091/world-broadcasting-unions-appeals-duterte-reconsider-abs-cbn-franchise-renewal |title=World Broadcasting Unions appeals to Duterte to reconsider ABS-CBN franchise renewal |work=The Philippine Star |date=July 23, 2020 |access-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref> On July 10, 2020, the House of Representatives declined a renewal of ABS-CBN's TV and radio franchise, with a vote of 70–11.<ref name="Gutierrez" />', 743 => '', 744 => 'TV, the Internet,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lucas |first1=Daxim L. |title=Filipinos seek info on Web; rich prefer newspapers |url=https://technology.inquirer.net/4101/filipinos-seek-info-on-web-rich-prefer-newspapers |access-date=August 6, 2020 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=September 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116070555/http://technology.inquirer.net/4101/filipinos-seek-info-on-web-rich-prefer-newspapers/ |archive-date=November 16, 2011 }}</ref> and [[Social media use in the Philippines|social media]] remain the top source of news and information for the majority of Filipinos.<ref name="CNNPH-SWSFacebook">{{cite news |author1=CNN Philippines Staff |title=SWS: Facebook next to TV as Filipinos' top source of news |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/6/30/facebook-news-source-filipino-adults.html |access-date=August 6, 2020 |work=CNN Philippines |date=June 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703110139/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/6/30/facebook-news-source-filipino-adults.html |archive-date=July 3, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Xianne |first1=Arcangel |title=TV still preferred by Filipinos, says survey |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/02/TV-filipino-survey-Internet-social-media.html |access-date=August 6, 2020 |work=CNN Philippines |date=March 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224204107/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/03/02/TV-filipino-survey-Internet-social-media.html |archive-date=December 24, 2019 }}</ref> English broadsheets are popular among executives, professionals and students;<ref name="ThompsonRogerM2003">{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Roger M. |title=Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives |date=2003 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-4891-6 |pages=233–251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA233 |access-date=August 4, 2020 }}</ref> cheaper Tagalog tabloids, which feature crime, sex, gossips and gore, saw a rise in the 1990s, tend to be popular among the masses, particularly in Manila,<ref name="ThompsonRogerM2003" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kusaka |first1=Wataru |title=Moral Politics in the Philippines: Inequality, Democracy and the Urban Poor |date=2017 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-981-4722-38-4 |pages=63–65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hb7WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |access-date=August 4, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Whaley |first1=Floyd |title=Manila's Gory, Sexy Tabloids Outsell Traditional Broadsheets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/27/world/asia/manilas-gory-sexy-tabloids-outsell-traditional-newspapers.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629063834/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/27/world/asia/manilas-gory-sexy-tabloids-outsell-traditional-newspapers.html |archive-date=2012-06-29 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=August 4, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=June 26, 2012}}</ref> although newspaper readership continues to decline.<ref name="CNNPH-SWSFacebook" />', 745 => '', 746 => '67% of Filipinos, or 73.91&nbsp;million, had Internet access in early 2021, with an overwhelming majority of users accessing the Internet via smartphones.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magahis |first1=Coleen |last2=Santua |first2=James |title=Filipinos' reliance on internet at an all-time high |url=https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/ph-best-communication-service-providers/357427/filipinos-reliance-on-internet-at-an-all-time-high.html |access-date=November 28, 2022 |work=[[Manila Standard]] |date=June 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618192106/https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/ph-best-communication-service-providers/357427/filipinos-reliance-on-internet-at-an-all-time-high.html |archive-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref> Social networking and watching videos are among the most frequent Internet activities.<ref name="Capital">{{cite web |author=Liao, Jerry |date=May 9, 2008 |title=The Philippines – Social Networking Capital of the World |url=http://asia.cnet.com/blogs/infochat/post.htm?id=63003580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516034328/http://asia.cnet.com/blogs/infochat/post.htm?id=63003580 |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |access-date=November 8, 2009 |publisher=Cnet Asia}}</ref> The Philippine population is the world's top internet user.<ref>Kate Lamb,[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/01/world-internet-usage-index-philippines-10-hours-a-day "Philippines tops world internet usage index with an average 10 hours a day"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', February 1, 2019</ref> The Philippines was ranked 51st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2021, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2014, where it was ranked 100th.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/ |access-date=2022-03-05 |work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2019 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html |access-date=2021-09-02 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RTD - Item |url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898 |access-date=2021-09-02 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-28 |title=Global Innovation Index |url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930 |access-date=2021-09-02 |website=INSEAD Knowledge |language=en |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930 |url-status=dead }}</ref>', 747 => '', 748 => '=== Cuisine ===', 749 => '{{Main|Filipino cuisine}}', 750 => '', 751 => 'Regional variations exist throughout the islands, for example rice is a standard starch in Luzon while [[cassava]] is more common in Mindanao.<ref name="Zibart">{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y6vTun3i4NQC&pg=PA266 |title = The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World |author = Zibart, Eve |publisher = Menasha Ridge Press |year = 2001 |pages = 268,<!--Estimate--> 277 |isbn = 978-0-89732-372-7}}</ref> Filipino taste buds tend to favor robust flavors<ref>{{cite book |last1=DeMeester |first1=Fabien |title=Wild-type Food in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: The Columbus Concept |date=23 January 2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-59745-330-1 |page=530 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPXurhDHsT4C&pg=PA530 |access-date=27 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> centered on sweet, salty, and sour combinations.<ref name="Aquino-2022">{{cite book |last1=Aquino |first1=Richard S. |last2=Porter |first2=Brooke A. |title=Tourism in the Philippines: Applied Management Perspectives |date=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-4497-0 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |access-date=11 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat with [[chopsticks]]; they use Western cutlery. Since rice is the primary [[staple food]] and stews and broths are very common in Filipino cuisine, the main of utensils are spoons and forks, not knife and fork.<ref name="lonelyplanet48">{{Cite book|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894 |url-access = registration |quote = filipino cuisine. |title = Philippines |author1 = Rowthorn, Chris |author2 = Greg Bloom |name-list-style = amp |edition = 9th |publisher =Lonely Planet|year = 2006 |page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894/page/48 48] |isbn = 978-1-74104-289-4}}</ref>', 752 => '', 753 => 'The traditional way of eating with the hands known as ''kamayan'' (using the hand for bringing food to the mouth)<ref>{{cite web | last =Lowry | first =Dave | title =Hand-to-Mouth Combat: Experiencing a Kamayan Dinner at Hiro Asian Kitchen | url=https://www.stlmag.com/dining/hand-to-mouth-combat-experiencing-a-kamayan-dinner-at-hiro-asian-kitchen/ | date=January 6, 2016}}</ref> was previously more often seen in the less urbanized areas.<ref name="Zibart" /> Introduction of Filipino food to people of other nationalities, as well as to Filipino urbanites, has popularized ''kamayan''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barrios |first1=Joi |title=Tagalog for Beginners: An Introduction to Filipino, the National Language of the Philippines (Downloadable MP3 Audio Included) |date=July 15, 2014 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-1039-7 |page=397 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxA9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT397 |access-date=September 3, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Alejandro |first1=Reynaldo G. |title=Authentic Recipes from the Philippines |date=March 13, 2012 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-0533-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35 |access-date=September 3, 2020 }}</ref> This recent trend also sometimes incorporates the "boodle fight" concept (as popularized and coined by the Philippine Army), wherein banana leaves are used as giant plates on top of which rice portions and Filipino viands are placed all together for a filial, friendly or communal ''kamayan'' feasting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dumdum |first1=Simeon Jr. |title=The boodle fight |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/210027/the-boodle-fight |access-date=September 4, 2020 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=June 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125162256/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/210027/the-boodle-fight |archive-date=November 25, 2013 }}</ref>', 754 => '', 755 => '=== Sports ===', 756 => '{{Main|Sports in the Philippines|Traditional games in the Philippines}}', 757 => '', 758 => '[[File:Gilas Cadets 2015 SEA Games.jpg|thumb|[[Philippines men's national basketball team]] celebrating the [[Basketball at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games|2015 Southeast Asian Games]] championship.]]', 759 => '', 760 => '[[Basketball in the Philippines|Basketball]] is played at both amateur and professional levels and is considered to be the most popular sport in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cho|first1=Younghan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYz7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|title=Modern Sports in Asia|last2=Leary|first2=Charles|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-58638-8|page=87|access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> In 2010, [[Manny Pacquiao]] was named "[[Sugar Ray Robinson Award#2000s|Fighter of the Decade]]" for the 2000s by the [[Boxing Writers Association of America]].<ref name="Pacquiao named Fighter of the Decade">{{cite news|last=Himmer|first=Alastair|date=June 5, 2010|title=Pacquiao named fighter of the decade|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6541BX20100605|access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> The national [[Filipino martial arts|martial art]] and sport of the country is [[Arnis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=An Act Declaring Arnis as the National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines|url=https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2009/ra_9850_2009.html|access-date=July 25, 2020|publisher=The Lawphil Project}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Sport: Arnis|url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/philippine-fast-facts/national-sport-arnis/|access-date=July 25, 2020|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}</ref> [[cockfight|Sabong]] or cockfighting is another popular entertainment especially among Filipino men and was documented by Magellan's voyage as a pastime in the kingdom of Taytay.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dundes|first=Alan|title=The Cockfight: A Casebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC|year=1994|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-14054-0|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC&pg=PA136 136–137]}}</ref>', 761 => '', 762 => 'The [[Philippines national football team|men's national football team]] has participated in one [[2019 AFC Asian Cup|Asian Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://multisport.ph/2018/03/why-the-azkals-asian-cup-qualification-matters-to-every-filipino/|title=Why the Azkals' Asian Cup qualification matters to every Filipino|date=June 6, 2019|access-date=April 22, 2021|publisher=MultiSport.ph}}</ref> In January 2022, the [[Philippines women's national football team|women's national football team]] qualified in their first [[FIFA Women's World Cup]]—the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]]—upon defeating [[Chinese Taipei women's national football team|Chinese Taipei]] 4–3 in a penalty shootout after finishing 1–1 in extra time.', 763 => '', 764 => 'Beginning in [[Philippines at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924]], the Philippines has competed in every [[Summer Olympic Games]], except when they sat out during the [[1980 Summer Olympics boycott|American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grasso|first1=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA473|title=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement|last2=Mallon|first2=Bill|last3=Heijmans|first3=Jeroen|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-4860-1|page=473|access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=United States Department of State Bureau of African Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAFJAQAAIAAJ&q=philippines+1980+boycott+summer+olympics&pg=RA21-PA24|title=AF Press Clips|date=1980|page=24|access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> The Philippines is the first [[Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics|tropical nation]] to compete at the [[Winter Olympic Games]] [[Philippines at the 1972 Winter Olympics|debuting in the 1972]] Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chia|first=Nicole|date=February 19, 2018|title=Winter Olympics: Even outsiders can break the ice|work=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/even-outsiders-can-break-the-ice|access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf|title=The Official Report of XIth Winter Olympic Games, Sapporo 1972|publisher=The Organizing Committee for the Sapporo Olympic Winter Games|year=1973|pages=32, 145, 447|access-date=January 31, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202605/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf|archive-date=February 26, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2021, the country tallied its first ever Olympic gold medal via [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] [[Hidilyn Diaz]]'s victory at the [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/anatomy-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal|title=Anatomy of Philippines' first Olympic gold medal|website=Rappler|date=November 4, 2021}}</ref>', 765 => '', 766 => '== See also ==', 767 => '{{Portal|Philippines|Asia|Islands|Geography}}', 768 => '* [[Outline of the Philippines]]', 769 => '', 770 => '== Notes ==', 771 => '{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}', 772 => '', 773 => '== References ==', 774 => '=== Citations ===', 775 => '{{reflist}}', 776 => '', 777 => '=== Bibliography ===', 778 => '{{Refbegin}}', 779 => '* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Dolan|1991}}|reference=Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/53.htm "Education"]. [http://countrystudies.us/philippines/ ''Philippines: A Country Study'']. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from [http://countrystudies.us/ Country Studies US Website].}}', 780 => '* {{cite book', 781 => '|title = Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History', 782 => '|last = Scott', 783 => '|first = William Henry', 784 => '|publisher = New Day Publishers', 785 => '|year = 1984', 786 => '|location = Quezon City', 787 => '|isbn = 978-971-10-0227-5', 788 => '}}', 789 => '* {{cite book', 790 => '|title = Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society', 791 => '|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC', 792 => '|last = Scott', 793 => '|first = William Henry', 794 => '|author-link = William Henry Scott (historian)', 795 => '|location = Quezon City', 796 => '|publisher = Ateneo de Manila University Press', 797 => '|year = 1994', 798 => '|isbn = 978-971-550-135-4', 799 => '}}', 800 => '* {{cite web', 801 => '|url = http://web0.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2014%20PIF.pdf', 802 => '|title = Philippines in Figures 2014', 803 => '|publisher = Philippine Statistics Authority', 804 => '|access-date = November 16, 2014', 805 => '|ref = {{SfnRef|Philippine Statistics Authority|2014}}', 806 => '|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150420185309/http://web0.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2014%20PIF.pdf', 807 => '|archive-date = April 20, 2015', 808 => '|url-status = dead', 809 => '}}', 810 => '* {{cite journal |last1=Department of Health |title=National Objectives for Health Philippines, 2017–2022 |journal=National Objectives for Health |date=2018 |url=https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_magazine/NOH-2017-2022-030619-1(1)_0.pdf |access-date=September 13, 2020 |publisher=Health Policy Development and Planning Bureau |location=Manila, Philippines |issn=1908-6768 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913150355/https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_magazine/NOH-2017-2022-030619-1%281%29_0.pdf |archive-date=September 13, 2020}}', 811 => '{{Refend}}', 812 => '', 813 => '==Further reading==', 814 => '{{Refbegin}}', 815 => '* {{cite book', 816 => '|last = Agoncillo', 817 => '|first = Teodoro A.', 818 => '|title = History of the Filipino People', 819 => '|url = https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod', 820 => '|url-access = registration', 821 => '|edition = 8th', 822 => '|publisher = Garotech Publishing', 823 => '|year = 1990', 824 => '|isbn = 978-971-8711-06-4', 825 => '}}', 826 => '* {{cite book', 827 => '|last = Armes', 828 => '|first = Roy', 829 => '|title = Third World Film Making and the West', 830 => '|publisher = University of California Press', 831 => '|year = 1987', 832 => '|isbn = 978-0-520-90801-7', 833 => '}}', 834 => '* {{cite book', 835 => '|last = Barrows', 836 => '|first = David', 837 => '|title = A History of the Philliphines-Illustrated', 838 => '|year = 2014', 839 => '|isbn = 978-0-34-292-6466', 840 => '}}', 841 => '* {{cite book', 842 => '|title = In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History', 843 => '|last1 = Chandler', 844 => '|first1 = David P.', 845 => '|last2 = Steinberg', 846 => '|first2 = David Joel', 847 => '|edition = revised 2nd', 848 => '|publisher = University of Hawaii Press', 849 => '|year = 1987', 850 => '|isbn = 978-0-8248-1110-5', 851 => '}}', 852 => '* {{cite book', 853 => ' | last = Church', 854 => ' | first = Peter', 855 => ' | year = 2012', 856 => ' | title = A Short History of South-East Asia', 857 => ' | publisher = John Wiley & Sons', 858 => ' | isbn = 978-1-118-35044-7', 859 => ' }}', 860 => '* {{cite book', 861 => '|title = Basques in the Philippines', 862 => '|last = De Borja', 863 => '|first = Marciano R.', 864 => '|publisher = University of Nevada Press', 865 => '|year = 2005', 866 => '|isbn = 978-0-87417-590-5', 867 => '}}', 868 => '* {{cite book', 869 => '|title = Visayan Vignettes: Ethnographic Traces of a Philippine Island', 870 => '|last = Dumont', 871 => '|first = Jean-Paul', 872 => '|publisher = University of Chicago Press', 873 => '|location = Chicago', 874 => '|year = 1992', 875 => '|isbn = 978-0-226-16954-5', 876 => '}}', 877 => '* {{cite book', 878 => ' | author = Eur', 879 => ' | year = 2002', 880 => ' | title = The Far East and Australasia 2003', 881 => ' | publisher = Psychology Press', 882 => ' | isbn = 978-1-85743-133-9', 883 => ' }}', 884 => '* {{cite book', 885 => '|title = The Tabon Caves: Archaeological Explorations and Excavations on Palawan', 886 => '|last = Fox', 887 => '|first = Robert B.', 888 => '|year = 1970', 889 => '|id = ASIN B001O7GGNI', 890 => '|publisher = National Museum', 891 => '}}', 892 => '* {{cite book', 893 => '|title = The Pacific Basin: A History of Its Geographical Exploration', 894 => '|editor-last = Friis', 895 => '|editor-first = Herman Ralph', 896 => '|publisher = American Geographical Society', 897 => '|year = 1967', 898 => '}}', 899 => '* {{cite book', 900 => '|title = The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives', 901 => '|last1 = Go', 902 => '|first1 = Julian', 903 => '|last2 = Foster', 904 => '|first2 = Anne L.', 905 => '|publisher = Duke University Press', 906 => '|year = 2003', 907 => '|isbn = 978-0-8223-3099-8', 908 => '}}', 909 => '* {{cite book', 910 => '|title = Philippine History', 911 => '|last = Halili', 912 => '|first = Maria Christine N.', 913 => '|publisher = Rex Bookstore', 914 => '|year = 2004', 915 => '|isbn = 978-971-23-3934-9', 916 => '}}', 917 => '* {{cite book', 918 => ' | last1 = Herbert', 919 => ' | first1 = Patricia', 920 => ' | last2 = Milner', 921 => ' | first2 = Anthony Crothers', 922 => ' | year = 1989', 923 => ' | title = South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures: a Select Guide', 924 => ' | publisher = University of Hawaii Press', 925 => ' | isbn = 978-0-8248-1267-6', 926 => ' }}', 927 => '* {{cite book', 928 => ' | last = Hicks', 929 => ' | first = Nigel', 930 => ' | year = 2007', 931 => ' | title = The Philippines', 932 => ' | publisher = New Holland Publishers', 933 => ' | isbn = 978-1-84537-663-5', 934 => ' }}', 935 => '* {{cite book', 936 => '|title = Distinguished Asian American Business Leaders', 937 => '|last = Hirahara', 938 => '|first = Naomi', 939 => '|publisher = Greenwood Publishing', 940 => '|year = 2003', 941 => '|isbn = 978-1-57356-344-4', 942 => '}}', 943 => '* {{cite book', 944 => '|last = Kurlansky', 945 => '|first = Mark', 946 => '|year = 1999', 947 => '|title = The Basque History of the World', 948 => '|location = Nueva York', 949 => '|publisher = Walker & Company', 950 => '|isbn = 978-0-8027-1349-0', 951 => '}}', 952 => '* {{cite book', 953 => ' | last = Abdul Majid', 954 => ' | first = Harun', 955 => ' | year = 2007', 956 => ' | title = Rebellion in Brunei: The 1962 Revolt, Imperialism, Confrontation and Oil', 957 => ' | publisher = I.B.Tauris', 958 => ' | isbn = 978-1-84511-423-7', 959 => ' }}', 960 => '* {{cite book', 961 => '|title = Malay Muslims: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia', 962 => '|last = McAmis', 963 => '|first = Robert Day', 964 => '|publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing', 965 => '|year = 2002', 966 => '|isbn = 978-0-8028-4945-8', 967 => '}}', 968 => '* {{cite book', 969 => '|last=Melo Alip', 970 => '|first=Eufronio', 971 => '|title=Political and cultural history of the Philippines, Volumes 1–2', 972 => '|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A5wAAAAMAAJ', 973 => '|year=1964', 974 => '}}', 975 => '* {{cite book', 976 => ' | last1 = Lea', 977 => ' | first1 = David', 978 => ' | last2 = Milward', 979 => ' | first2 = Colette', 980 => ' | year = 2001', 981 => ' | title = A Political Chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania', 982 => ' | publisher = Psychology Press', 983 => ' | isbn = 978-1-85743-117-9', 984 => ' }}', 985 => '* {{cite book', 986 => '|last = Munoz', 987 => '|first = Paul Michel', 988 => '|title = Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula', 989 => '|publisher = Editions Didier Millet', 990 => '|year = 2006', 991 => '|location = Singapore', 992 => '|isbn = 978-981-4155-67-0', 993 => '}}', 994 => '* {{cite book', 995 => '|title = Southeast Asia: An Introductory History', 996 => '|last = Osborne', 997 => '|first = Milton E.', 998 => '|publisher = Allen & Unwin', 999 => '|edition = 9th', 1000 => '|year = 2004', 1001 => '|isbn = 978-1-74114-448-2', 1002 => '}}', 1003 => '* {{cite book', 1004 => '|title = The Report: Philippines 2009', 1005 => '|author = Oxford Business Group', 1006 => '|publisher = Oxford Business Group', 1007 => '|year = 2009', 1008 => '|isbn = 978-1-902339-12-2', 1009 => '}}', 1010 => '* {{cite book', 1011 => '|last = Price', 1012 => '|first = Michael G.', 1013 => '|year = 2002', 1014 => '|title = America at War: the Philippines, 1898–1913', 1015 => '|location = Westport, CT', 1016 => '|publisher = Greenwood', 1017 => '|isbn = 978-0-275-96821-2', 1018 => '}}', 1019 => '* {{cite book', 1020 => '|title = International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania', 1021 => '|last1 = Ring', 1022 => '|first1 = Trudy', 1023 => '|last2 = Salkin', 1024 => '|first2 = Robert M.', 1025 => '|last3 = La Boda', 1026 => '|first3 = Sharon', 1027 => '|publisher = Taylor & Francis', 1028 => '|year = 1996', 1029 => '|isbn = 978-1-884964-04-6', 1030 => '}}', 1031 => '* {{cite book', 1032 => ' | last = Saunders', 1033 => ' | first = Graham', 1034 => ' | year = 2013', 1035 => ' | title = A History of Brunei', 1036 => ' | publisher = Taylor & Francis', 1037 => ' | isbn = 978-1-136-87401-7', 1038 => ' }}', 1039 => '* {{cite book', 1040 => '|last = Rottman', 1041 => '|first = Gordon L.', 1042 => '|year = 2002', 1043 => '|title = World War 2 Pacific Island Guide – A Geo-Military Study', 1044 => '|location = Westport, CT', 1045 => '|publisher = Greenwood Press', 1046 => '|isbn = 978-0-313-31395-0', 1047 => '}}', 1048 => '* {{cite book |title = Philippines', 1049 => ' |last1 = Rowthorn', 1050 => ' |first1 = Chris', 1051 => ' |last2 = Bloom', 1052 => ' |first2 = Greg', 1053 => ' |edition = 9th', 1054 => ' |publisher = Lonely Planet', 1055 => ' |year = 2006', 1056 => ' |isbn = 978-1-74104-289-4', 1057 => ' |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741042894', 1058 => '}}', 1059 => '* {{cite book', 1060 => '|last = Solheim', 1061 => '|first = Wilhelm G. II', 1062 => '|year = 2006', 1063 => '|title = Archeology and Culture in Southeast Asia', 1064 => '|publisher = University of the Philippines Press', 1065 => '|isbn = 978-971-542-508-7', 1066 => '}}', 1067 => '* {{cite book', 1068 => '|title = The Spanish Lake – The Pacific since Magellan', 1069 => '|volume = I', 1070 => '|chapter = Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos', 1071 => '|last = Spate', 1072 => '|first = Oskar H.K.', 1073 => '|publisher = Taylor & Francis', 1074 => '|year = 1979', 1075 => '|isbn = 978-0-7099-0049-8', 1076 => '}}', 1077 => '* {{cite book', 1078 => '|title = The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia', 1079 => '|volume = 1', 1080 => '|chapter = Part Two – From c. 1500 to c. 1800', 1081 => '|last = Tarling', 1082 => '|first = Nicholas', 1083 => '|publisher = Cambridge University Press', 1084 => '|location = Cambridge, RU', 1085 => '|year = 1999', 1086 => '|isbn = 978-0-521-66370-0', 1087 => '}}', 1088 => '* {{cite book', 1089 => '|title = The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia', 1090 => '|chapter = From World War II to the Present', 1091 => '|volume = 4', 1092 => '|last = Tarling', 1093 => '|first = Nicholas', 1094 => '|publisher = Cambridge University Press', 1095 => '|year = 2000', 1096 => '|isbn = 978-0-521-66372-4', 1097 => '}}', 1098 => '* {{cite book', 1099 => '|title = Philippines', 1100 => '|last1 = Tople', 1101 => '|first1 = Lily Rose R.', 1102 => '|last2 = Nonan-Mercado', 1103 => '|first2 = Detch P.', 1104 => '|publisher = Marshall Cavendish', 1105 => '|year = 2002', 1106 => '|isbn = 978-0-7614-1475-9', 1107 => '|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761414759', 1108 => '}}', 1109 => '* {{cite book', 1110 => '|last = Ure', 1111 => '|first = John', 1112 => '|title = Telecommunications Development in Asia', 1113 => '|publisher = Hong Kong University Press', 1114 => '|year = 2008', 1115 => '|isbn = 978-962-209-903-6', 1116 => '}}', 1117 => '* {{cite book', 1118 => ' | last = Welman', 1119 => ' | first = Frans', 1120 => ' | year = 2013', 1121 => ' | title = Borneo Trilogy Brunei: Vol 1', 1122 => ' | publisher = Booksmango', 1123 => ' | isbn = 978-616-222-235-1', 1124 => ' }}', 1125 => '* {{cite book', 1126 => '|title = Philippine Political and Cultural History', 1127 => '|last = Zaide', 1128 => '|first = Gregorio F.', 1129 => '|publisher = Philippine Education Co', 1130 => '|year = 1957', 1131 => '}}', 1132 => '* {{cite book', 1133 => '|title = Philippines: From Crisis to Opportunity: Country Assistance Review', 1134 => '|last = Zanini', 1135 => '|first = Gianni', 1136 => '|publisher = World Bank Publications', 1137 => '|year = 1999', 1138 => '|isbn = 978-0-8213-4294-7', 1139 => '}}', 1140 => '* {{cite book', 1141 => '|title = Authentic Though not Exotic: Essays on Filipino Identity', 1142 => '|last = Zialcita', 1143 => '|first = Fernando Nakpil', 1144 => '|publisher = Ateneo de Manila University Press', 1145 => '|location = Quezon City', 1146 => '|year = 2005', 1147 => '|isbn = 978-971-550-479-9', 1148 => '}}', 1149 => '* {{cite book', 1150 => '|title = The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World', 1151 => '|last = Zibart', 1152 => '|first = Eve', 1153 => '|publisher = Menasha Ridge Press', 1154 => '|year = 2001', 1155 => '|isbn = 978-0-89732-372-7', 1156 => '|url-access = registration', 1157 => '|url = https://archive.org/details/ethnicfoodlovers0000ziba', 1158 => '}}', 1159 => '{{Refend}}', 1160 => '', 1161 => '== External links ==', 1162 => '{{Sister project links|voy=Philippines}}', 1163 => '', 1164 => '===Government===', 1165 => '* [https://www.gov.ph/ Official website of the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines]', 1166 => '* [https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]', 1167 => '* [https://www.senate.gov.ph/ Official website of the Senate of the Philippines]', 1168 => '* [https://www.congress.gov.ph/ Official website of the House of Representatives of the Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604085514/http://congress.gov.ph/ |date=June 4, 2020 }}', 1169 => '* [https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/ Official website of the Supreme Court of the Philippines]', 1170 => '* [https://www.bsp.gov.ph/ Official website of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines)]', 1171 => '* [https://neda.gov.ph/ Official website of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804003832/http://www.neda.gov.ph/ |date=August 4, 2016 }}', 1172 => '* [https://pnp.gov.ph/ Official website of the Philippine National Police (PNP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712170542/http://www.pnp.gov.ph/ |date=July 12, 2017 }}', 1173 => '* [https://www.tourism.gov.ph/ Official website of the Department of Tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627055125/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/ |date=June 27, 2021 }}', 1174 => '', 1175 => '===Trade===', 1176 => '* [https://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/PHL World Bank summary of trade statistics: Philippines]', 1177 => '', 1178 => '===General information===', 1179 => '* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300 Philippines profile] from the [[BBC News]]', 1180 => '* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm|date=May 21, 2011|title=Philippines}} at UCB Libraries GovPubs', 1181 => '* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ Philippines]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].', 1182 => '* {{curlie|Regional/Oceania/Philippines}}', 1183 => '* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines Philippines] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''', 1184 => '* {{OSM relation|443174}}', 1185 => '* [https://www.ifs.du.edu/IFs/frm_CountryProfile/PH Key Development Forecasts for the Philippines] from [[International Futures]]', 1186 => '', 1187 => '===Books and articles===', 1188 => '* [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/b#a2296 History of the Philippine Islands] in many volumes, from [[Project Gutenberg]] (indexed under [[Emma Helen Blair]], the general editor)', 1189 => '* {{cite news|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590|title=The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off|first=Alan|last=Weedon|date=August 10, 2019}} About the influence of the Spanish people and language', 1190 => '* {{cite book|last=Crow|first=Carl|title=America and the Philippines|url=https://archive.org/details/americaandphili03crowgoog|year=1914|publisher=Doubleday, Page}}', 1191 => '* {{cite book|last=Worcester|first=Dean C.|title=The Philippine Islands and their People|url=https://archive.org/details/philippineislan00goog|year=1898|publisher=Macmillan & co.}}', 1192 => '* {{cite book|last=Rice|first=Mark|title=Dean Worcester's Fantasy Islands: Photography, Film, and the Colonial Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx3zAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-05218-9}}', 1193 => '', 1194 => '===Wikimedia===', 1195 => '<!--Do not add commercial links or your website. Suggest them via the discussion page. Failure to do so will mean the deletion of your websites as spam.-->', 1196 => '* [[meta:Wikimedia Philippines|Wikimedia Philippines]]', 1197 => '* {{Wikiatlas|Philippines}}', 1198 => '', 1199 => '===Others===', 1200 => '<!--Do not add commercial links or your website. Suggest them via the discussion page. Failure to do so will mean the deletion of your websites as spam.-->', 1201 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/ Filipinana.net – Free digital library and a research portal]', 1202 => '* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=12554564&x=122915039&z=6&l=0&m=a WikiSatellite view of Philippines] at [[WikiMapia]]', 1203 => '', 1204 => '{{Philippines topics}}', 1205 => '<!-- September 23, 2020 disabled {{Navboxes}} wrapper template to cut down on [[WP:PEIS]], see talk page-->', 1206 => '<!--{{Navboxes', 1207 => '|title = Philippines related topics', 1208 => '|list = -->', 1209 => '{{Countries of Asia}}', 1210 => '{{Countries and territories of Southeast Asia}}', 1211 => '{{Countries of the Malay Archipelago}}', 1212 => '{{Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)}}', 1213 => '{{East Asia Summit (EAS)}}', 1214 => '{{Non-Aligned Movement}}', 1215 => '{{Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)}}', 1216 => '{{World Trade Organization}}', 1217 => '<!-- }} --><!-- September 23, 2020 disabled {{Navboxes}} wrapper template above to cut down on [[WP:PEIS]], see talk page-->', 1218 => '', 1219 => '{{Authority control}}', 1220 => '{{Good article}}', 1221 => '', 1222 => '[[Category:Philippines| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->', 1223 => '[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]', 1224 => '[[Category:Former colonies in Asia]]', 1225 => '[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]', 1226 => '[[Category:Island countries]]', 1227 => '[[Category:Maritime Southeast Asia]]', 1228 => '[[Category:Member states of ASEAN]]', 1229 => '[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]', 1230 => '[[Category:Newly industrializing countries]]', 1231 => '[[Category:Republics]]', 1232 => '[[Category:Southeast Asian countries]]', 1233 => '[[Category:Spanish East Indies]]', 1234 => '[[Category:States and territories established in 1565]]', 1235 => '[[Category:States and territories established in 1898]]', 1236 => '[[Category:States and territories established in 1946]]', 1237 => '[[Category:Volcanic arc islands]]', 1238 => '[[Category:Countries in Asia]]', 1239 => '[[Category:Former Japanese colonies]]' ]