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{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = Roman Catholic
| name = M. Frederic Niedfield
| image = Sister M. Frederic Niedfield, MMS, MD.jpg
| pre-nominals = Doctor
| honorific suffix = MD, MMS
| post-nominals =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|6|16}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], New York
| nationality = American
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2007|3|19|1920|6|16}}
| death_place = Orange, California
}}
'''Eileen Rae Niedfield''' (1920–2007), in religious life '''Sr. Mary Frederic Niedfield, MMS, MD, FACS''' was a surgeon and general physician in India for nearly 40 years, two in [[Bhutan]]. Graduating in 1951, she was notable for being in the first cohort of [[Georgetown University Medical School]] alumni that included women. She was [[valedictorian]], and received the highest national board grades in pathology in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News and Personals |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |volume=XX |issue=8 |page=453 |date=1951 |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2019medi/page/452/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=Medical Society of the District of Columbia |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Some students have called for the university to name a medical pavilion after her.
In her work in India and [[Bhutan]] from 1955 to 1992, she served many [[Muslims|Muslim]] women whose husbands and fathers would not allow them to be treated by male doctors. Some of the postings were remote, where people otherwise had no access to medical care. Her work brought her to the attention of [[Mother Teresa]], whose nursing sisters shared training and facilities with her congregation.
When she returned to the United States in 1992, she moved to [[San Diego]] to serve HIV and AIDS patients because she believed the need was great. Her dedication extended further through part-time volunteer work at St. Vincent de Paul Village-Joan Kroc Medical Clinic for individuals experiencing homelessness.
== Early life and education ==
She was born in [[Manhattan]], New York, on 16 June 1920, the eldest daughter of Alma Marie Thor Niedfield (1891–1971) and Joseph Henry Niedfield (1893–1952). Her mother was descended from German and Irish immigrants. Alma worked as a model and stage actor, including with [[James Montgomery Flagg]], during her childhood. Sr. Niedfield's maternal grandmother, Margaret Fagan (1869–1942), immigrated to New York during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish potato famine]], working as a bookkeeper for a lace import company.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Enumeration District 0608 |first1=Image 774.0 |title=US Federal Census, Brooklyn, Kings, New York |date=1930 |page=4B |url=http://www.ances_try.com |format=FHL Microfilm 2341250, roll 1515 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Niedfield's father, Joseph, was descended from German immigrants and converted from [[Lutheranism]] to [[Catholicism]] as a young man.<ref>{{cite book |title=United States, Social Security Numerical Identification Files (NUMIDENT), 1936–2007 |date=11 February 2023 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6K46-RT4X}}</ref> He served in Army in World War I, and worked as a firefighter in the [[New York City Fire Department]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The City Record, Fire Department |date=31 January 1921 |page=321 |url=http://cityrecord.engineering.nyu.edu/data/1921/1921-01-31_supp_part2%20part%200004.pdf |chapter=Engine Company No. 6-113 Liberty St., Manhattan |quote=Firemen: Jos. H. Niedfield, 468 Central Park West, Man[hattan]}}</ref>
[[File:Sr. Niedfield, MD, Georgetown University School of Medicine Graduation.jpg|thumb|left|Graduation day as valedictorian, June 11, 1951, Georgetown University School of Medicine.]]
Her younger sister, Marjorie Alma Niedfield (1922–2011), earned a Bachelor's of Science in Nursing and worked as a Registered Nurse for many years.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Cheney |editor1-first=Ralph H. |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record Volumes 26–27 |date=1937 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73I-2ljw37UC&q=%22marjorie+niedfield%22}}</ref> She and her husband, Daniel Keirnan, worked to raise funds and awareness for Niedfield's work throughout her career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjorie N. Kiernan, 1922–2011 |work=Chicago Daily Herald |date=19 October 2011}}</ref>
Niedfield attended St. Savior Parish Elementary School of Brooklyn, graduating in 1933.<ref name="Doctor-nun">{{cite news |title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade-school class |url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |work=Catholic News Service |date=14 January 1994}}</ref> She then continued in its middle and high school, and founded the ''Skyline'' newspaper in 1938 with Sister M. Rachael, S. S. N. D. They also worked together on the first [[sodality]] (a group founded to promote the [[spiritual works of mercy]] and [[corporal works of mercy]]) at St. Savior, and Niedfield was elected its first [[prefect]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Skyline' Has Anniversary; Outlines Ancestry and Goals |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref>
In 1938, she began university study at [[Manhattanville College]], run by the [[Society of the Sacred Heart|Society of the Sacred Heart/RSCJ]]. She played field hockey, and co-wrote a play that was presented in November.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manhattanville College Tower Yearbook |date=1938 |publisher=Manhattanville College |location=New York, NY |pages=112, 149}}</ref> During her first semester of college, she attended a speech by Mother [[Anna Maria Dengel]], an MD who had founded the [[Medical Mission Sisters|Medical Mission Sisters of Philadelphia]] (MMS) in 1925. Niedfield was so impressed she left college after her first semester to enter the MMS as a postulant on February 11, 1939.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Profession and Reception |journal=The Medical Missionary |date=March 1939 |volume=13 |issue=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/medical-missionary-vol-13.3/page/n1/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=The Society of Catholic Medical Missionaries |location=Brookland, Washington, DC}}</ref> She took vows and became Sister Mary Frederic, making her first public vows on August 15, 1941.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reception and Profession at the Motherhouse |journal=The Medical Missionary |date=September 1941 |volume=15 |issue=7 |url=https://archive.org/details/medical-missionary-vol-15.7/page/n7/mode/2up?q=niedfield}}</ref>
She then transferred to Trinity College in Washington, DC (now [[Trinity Washington University]]), graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry, ''[[magna cum laude]]'', in 1945. Niedfield took her perpetual vows on August 15, 1945 and her final vows a year later on August 15, 1946. In the two years between college and medical school she studied [[X-ray]] techniques for a year, and spent six months at a Catholic clinic in Atlanta that served Black patients (all medical facilities were segregated in those years).<ref name="Surgeon">{{cite news |title=Surgeon to Quit Her Arlington Hospital Post To Join Nuns With Medical Mission in India |url=https://archive.org/details/per_washington-post_1952-12-23_27949/page/n27/mode/2up?q=niedfield |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 December 1952}}</ref> It was then known as the Catholic Colored Clinic in Atlanta, and later as [[Southwest Atlanta Hospital]], now closed. She then continued to Georgetown University Medical School, enrolling in 1947.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite news |title=First Editor's Career as Medical Missionary Spans Globe from Washington to Patna, India |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref> She graduated from the Georgetown University School of Medicine on June 11, 1951, as class valedictorian alongside four other women who together were the first to graduate in the program's 101-year history.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News and Personals |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |volume=|issue=|page=|date= 1951|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2019medi/page/452/mode/2up?q=niedfield }}</ref> She graduated ''[[summa cum laude]]'', and received a gold medal for highest achievement in [[bacteriology]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=North |first1=Patti |title=Women in Medicine: Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women |url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ |work=Health Magazine |date=16 October 2017}}</ref> She then qualified as a surgeon with her residency at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital|Georgetown University Hospital]] (now part of MedStar).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cessato |first1=Bill |title=Nuns & Sisters in Georgetown's History: Leaders & Learners |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/46f2a41c55cc47fb98184160504a55cb |work=Storymaps, Georgetown University}}</ref>
During 1951, she interned for one year at [[Saint Michael's Medical Center]] in Newark, New Jersey. Then, on October 1, 1952, she began work as a junior resident surgeon at Arlington Hospital in Northern Virginia, near Washington, DC, becoming the first member of a religious community to serve as a resident at that hospital.<ref name="Surgeon" />
She expressed her deep affection for her work in a December 1953 article in [[The Washington Post]], stating, "I love it. I don't even want to come home. It is so much more satisfactory to be where you are needed."<ref name="gumc20127">{{cite web | url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ | title=Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women | date=16 October 2017 }}</ref>
After an internship and residency, she returned to Georgetown University for a Master of Science in Surgery degree, which she received in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News of Women in Medicine: General |journal=Journal of the American Medical Women's Association |date=July 1955 |volume=10 |issue=7 |page=258 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-american-medical-womens-association_1955-07_10_7/page/258/mode/2up?q=niedfield}}</ref> Niedfield served as the [[Chief Resident]] for Surgery at Georgetown University Hospital from 1954 to 1955.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Niedfield, MMS, MD |first1=Sr. M. Frederic |title=My Personal Context |date=1 January 1981 |publisher=Medical Mission Sisters Archives |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}}</ref>
== Medical service in India and Bhutan ==
[[File:Sister Niedfield MD with tiger cub.jpg|thumb|right|With a tiger cub in India.]]
Niedfield studied the [[Hindustani language]] during her surgery coursework, and then sailed for India in 1955. The MMS operated seven hospitals in South Asia, four in India and three in Pakistan, eventually expanding to eleven. She joined Dr. Ruth Taggart, a graduate of the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]], who was the hospital superintendent.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDstX4tudkMC&q=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&dq=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4_7ozt-EAxUKrYkEHX6sDqQQ6AF6BAgHEAI |title=Journal of the American Medical Women's Association |date= |publisher=American Medical Women's Association |volume=10 |publication-date=1955 |pages=258}}</ref> Cumulatively, she spent nearly 40 years working in a variety of roles including surgeon, chief of surgery, and hospital superintendent, at Kurji Holy Family Hospital, Village of Mandar, Rachi District, State of Bihar, with four years (1960–64) in [[Patna, India]], serving many Muslim women whose husbands and fathers would not allow them to be treated by male doctors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Health, Order, New Delhi, November 7, 1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1969.364/page/n31/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Gazette of India |publisher=Directorate of Printing, Government of India |date=1969}}</ref> The hospital averaged 600 major surgical cases per year, and had 3,000 total inpatients annually.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Correspondence |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |date=November 1958 |volume=XXVII |issue=11 |page=620 |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2719medi/page/620/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=Medical Society of the District of Columbia}}</ref> Its services included general care, surgery, [[OBGYN|obstetrics-gynecology]], [[pediatrics]], a pharmacy, a substance abuse detox center, and a nursing school, all of which she oversaw while serving as hospital superintendent (1987–1992).<ref>{{cite journal |title=It's always wise to check the program |journal=Clinical Congress News |date=15 October 1970 |page=2 |publisher=American College of Surgeons |location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref>
Her congregation and [[Mother Teresa|Mother Teresa's]] were connected, because Mother Teresa worked briefly at one of the [[Medical Mission Sisters|Medical Mission Sisters']] hospitals, and they and the [[Missionaries of Charity]] periodically trained one another's nurses.<ref name="Anchor-Jan-14-1994">{{cite news|newspaper=Anchor (Fall River Diocese)|date=January 14, 1994|page=13|url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade school class}}</ref>
She became a bi-monthly columnist for the MMS, contributing a column titled "The Doctor's Diary."<ref name="archive.org"/> On April 24, 1967, the work of the MMS was honored by Representative [[Joshua Eilberg]] (D-Pennsylvania) when he read a citation including her name into the ''[[Congressional Record]].''<ref name="Eilberg">{{cite journal |last1=Eilberg |first1=Joshua |title=Medical Mission Sisters, Extension of Remarks of Hon. Joshua Eilberg of Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives |journal=Congressional Record, March 01 – April 28, 1967 |date=24 April 1967 |volume=113 |page=A1988}}</ref> In the book ''The Hills Around Me,'' author Imtiaz Fiona Griffiths describes how Dr. Niedfield saved her husband's life in India by performing emergency surgery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Imtiaz Fiona |title=The Hills Around Me |date=2021 |publisher=FriesenPress |location=Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |pages=241–2 |isbn=9781525590740 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SMwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22eileen++niedfield%22&pg=PA241}}</ref>
== Her time in Bhutan ==
Niedfield spent two years (1979-1981) in [[Bhutan]], a kingdom on the border between Tibet and India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=Patricia |title=Surgeons at Georgetown: Surgery and Medical Education in the Nation's Capital, 1849–1969 |date=2001 |publisher=Hillsboro Press |location=Franklin, Tennessee |isbn=9781577362364 |page=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTogAQAAMAAJ&q=niedfield+bhutan}}</ref> She wrote that it was all but impossible to enter Bhutan without an official invitation, as its policies were isolationist. However, the Buddhist Bhutanese government was eager to update the quality of its healthcare, so health ministers invited her in a non-missionary capacity.<ref name="Lucy Hall">{{cite web |last1=Hall, MMS |first1=Lucy |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters and Associates |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref>
There she served as the zonal medical officer and as the chief medical officer at the 60-bed Tashigang Civil Hospital in eastern Bhutan near the Chinese border. Patients suffering from [[leprosy]] and [[tuberculosis]] were common. Some of the health centers in the zone were only accessible on horseback.<ref name="Niedfied experience">{{cite book |last1=Niedfield, MMS, MD |first1=Sr. M. Frederic |title=A Bhutan Experience |date=1981 |publisher=Medical Mission Sisters Archives |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania }}</ref> Creating and conducting short courses on basic medical care, and issuing standing orders for simple medical conditions, were vital, as it was impossible to get to each center across the large zone more than four times each year.<ref name="Niedfied experience" /> Although the Bhutan government offered to renew her contract, she said she left because the work was too remote and lonely.<ref name="Lucy Hall" />
== Return to India ==
In 1966 she returned to the United States to complete some requirements of the [[American Board of Surgery]] that had recently been augmented. She then become a Fellow of the [[American College of Surgeons]], and was listed as a board-certified surgeon.<ref name="Eilberg" /> She also filled a suitcase with an intravenous [[glucose]] mixture because of a sugar shortage in India, coupled with a famine. "It's only enough for four or five operations," she told a correspondent for the [[College of Physicians of Philadelphia]], "but it might well save a life."<ref>{{cite journal |title=American Province |journal=Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia |date=1967–68 |volume=35 |page=21 |url=https://archive.org/details/transactionsstud4351coll/page/n5/mode/2up?q=niedfield}}</ref> Supplies were a constant worry. While in India, she started a nonprofit charity, "Sr. Niedfield's Brothers," to collect funds for surgical instruments and medical supplies. In Washington, DC, Dr. George Ware collected the money and sent it to her.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ware, MD |first=George William |title=Correspondence, to Dr. Yater |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |date=November 1958 |volume=XXVII |issue=11 |page=620 |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2719medi/page/620/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=Medical Society of the District of Columbia}}</ref>
== Other medical service and legacy ==
During Niedfield's time abroad, she was brought back to the US for training, time with family, and rest. She dedicated one of these trips (1976–77) in service as a staff physician with the [[American Medical Association|American Medical Association's]] “Project USA” program in support of the US Department of Health, Education, & Welfare. She worked in [[South Dakota]] at the Aberdeen Area [[Indian Health Service]], the Omaha-Winnebago Service Unit, and at the [[Fort Defiance, Arizona]] Indian Hospital.<ref>{{cite book |title=Directory of Medical Specialists Certified by American Boards, Volumes 1–3 |date=1979 |publisher=Advisory Board for Medical Specialties, JAMA Network |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=3823 |isbn=9780837905228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njNOAQAAIAAJ&q=niedfield+fort+defiance}}</ref>
In 1992, she moved to serve at the Owen Clinic with [[HIV/AIDS]] patients.<ref name="Lucy Hall" /> "I was interested in AIDS because I felt there was a great need not just medically but also socially and spiritually," she told a reporter.<ref name="Doctor-nun" /> In those years she was also a part-time volunteer at the St. Vincent de Paul Village-[[Joan Kroc]] Medical Clinic in San Diego, serving people experiencing homelessness. During her time in San Diego, Niedfield also worked part time as a primary care physician in internal medicine at the San Diego Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic (1993–2001), and as an assistant clinical professor of internal medicine for the [[University of California San Diego]].<ref name="Lucy Hall" />
In 2001, largely due to failing eyesight, she retired from practicing medicine at the age of 81 and moved to the Regina Residence in [[Orange, California]], run by the [[Sisters of St. Joseph]].<ref name="Lucy Hall" /> She died on 19 March 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters}}</ref>
In 2019, students at Georgetown University circulated a petition and published an op-ed calling on the university to name a pavilion for her at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borzilleri |first1=C. C. |title=Viewpoint: Name MedStar Pavilion for Eileen Niedfield |url=https://thehoya.com/viewpoint-name-medstar-pavilion-eileen-niedfield/ |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McBride |first1=Harrison |title=Student Petition Calls for GU To Name MedStar Building in Honor of Nun |url=https://thehoya.com/student-petition-calls-for-gu-to-rename-medstar-building/?fbclid=IwAR1HCdQN2d5dF8EYraxFshAaUvOc1DTqLlHDWBN8NUQgj6zZ1LlMju3gZrU |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=22 November 2019}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{commonscatinline}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Niedfield, Eileen}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American Roman Catholic nuns]]
[[Category:21st-century American Roman Catholic nuns]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American physicians]]
[[Category:American surgeons]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American College of Surgeons]]
[[Category:Georgetown University School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS activists]]
[[Category:Medical missionaries]]
[[Category:Trinity Washington University alumni]]
[[Category:American women surgeons]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|American physician and Roman Catholic nun}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = Roman Catholic
| name = M. Frederic Niedfield
| image = Sister M. Frederic Niedfield, MMS, MD.jpg
| pre-nominals = Doctor
| honorific suffix = MD, MMS
| post-nominals =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|6|16}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], New York
| nationality = American
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2007|3|19|1920|6|16}}
| death_place = Orange, California
}}
'''Eileen Rae Niedfield''' (1920–2007), in religious life '''Sr. Mary Frederic Niedfield, MMS, MD, FACS''' was a surgeon and general physician in India for nearly 40 years, two in [[Bhutan]]. Graduating in 1951, she was notable for being in the first cohort of [[Georgetown University Medical School]] alumni that included women. She was [[valedictorian]], and received the highest national board grades in pathology in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News and Personals |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |volume=XX |issue=8 |page=453 |date=1951 |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2019medi/page/452/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=Medical Society of the District of Columbia |location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Some students have called for the university to name a medical pavilion after her.
In her work in India and [[Bhutan]] from 1955 to 1992, she served many [[Muslims|Muslim]] women whose husbands and fathers would not allow them to be treated by male doctors. Some of the postings were remote, where people otherwise had no access to medical care. Her work brought her to the attention of [[Mother Teresa]], whose nursing sisters shared training and facilities with her congregation.
When she returned to the United States in 1992, she moved to [[San Diego]] to serve HIV and AIDS patients because she believed the need was great. Her dedication extended further through part-time volunteer work at St. Vincent de Paul Village-Joan Kroc Medical Clinic for individuals experiencing homelessness.
== Early life and education ==
She was born in [[Manhattan]], New York, on 16 June 1920, the eldest daughter of Alma Marie Thor Niedfield (1891–1971) and Joseph Henry Niedfield (1893–1952). Her mother was descended from German and Irish immigrants. Alma worked as a model and stage actor, including with [[James Montgomery Flagg]], during her childhood. Sr. Niedfield's maternal grandmother, Margaret Fagan (1869–1942), immigrated to New York during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish potato famine]], working as a bookkeeper for a lace import company.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Enumeration District 0608 |first1=Image 774.0 |title=US Federal Census, Brooklyn, Kings, New York |date=1930 |page=4B |url=http://www.ances_try.com |format=FHL Microfilm 2341250, roll 1515 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Niedfield's father, Joseph, was descended from German immigrants and converted from [[Lutheranism]] to [[Catholicism]] as a young man.<ref>{{cite book |title=United States, Social Security Numerical Identification Files (NUMIDENT), 1936–2007 |date=11 February 2023 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6K46-RT4X |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710192848/https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6K46-RT4X |url-status=live }}</ref> He served in Army in World War I, and worked as a firefighter in the [[New York City Fire Department]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The City Record, Fire Department |date=31 January 1921 |page=321 |url=http://cityrecord.engineering.nyu.edu/data/1921/1921-01-31_supp_part2%20part%200004.pdf |chapter=Engine Company No. 6-113 Liberty St., Manhattan |quote=Firemen: Jos. H. Niedfield, 468 Central Park West, Man[hattan] |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173926/http://cityrecord.engineering.nyu.edu/data/1921/1921-01-31_supp_part2%20part%200004.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Sr. Niedfield, MD, Georgetown University School of Medicine Graduation.jpg|thumb|left|Graduation day as valedictorian, June 11, 1951, Georgetown University School of Medicine.]]
Her younger sister, Marjorie Alma Niedfield (1922–2011), earned a Bachelor's of Science in Nursing and worked as a Registered Nurse for many years.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Cheney |editor1-first=Ralph H. |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record Volumes 26–27 |date=1937 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73I-2ljw37UC&q=%22marjorie+niedfield%22 |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204091330/https://books.google.com/books?id=73I-2ljw37UC&q=%22marjorie+niedfield%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> She and her husband, Daniel Keirnan, worked to raise funds and awareness for Niedfield's work throughout her career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjorie N. Kiernan, 1922–2011 |work=Chicago Daily Herald |date=19 October 2011}}</ref>
Niedfield attended St. Savior Parish Elementary School of Brooklyn, graduating in 1933.<ref name="Doctor-nun">{{cite news |title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade-school class |url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |work=Catholic News Service |date=14 January 1994 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706020758/https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |url-status=live }}</ref> She then continued in its middle and high school, and founded the ''Skyline'' newspaper in 1938 with Sister M. Rachael, S. S. N. D. They also worked together on the first [[sodality]] (a group founded to promote the [[spiritual works of mercy]] and [[corporal works of mercy]]) at St. Savior, and Niedfield was elected its first [[prefect]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Skyline' Has Anniversary; Outlines Ancestry and Goals |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref>
In 1938, she began university study at [[Manhattanville College]], run by the [[Society of the Sacred Heart|Society of the Sacred Heart/RSCJ]]. She played field hockey, and co-wrote a play that was presented in November.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manhattanville College Tower Yearbook |date=1938 |publisher=Manhattanville College |location=New York, NY |pages=112, 149}}</ref> During her first semester of college, she attended a speech by Mother [[Anna Maria Dengel]], an MD who had founded the [[Medical Mission Sisters|Medical Mission Sisters of Philadelphia]] (MMS) in 1925. Niedfield was so impressed she left college after her first semester to enter the MMS as a postulant on February 11, 1939.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Profession and Reception |journal=The Medical Missionary |date=March 1939 |volume=13 |issue=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/medical-missionary-vol-13.3/page/n1/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=The Society of Catholic Medical Missionaries |location=Brookland, Washington, DC}}</ref> She took vows and became Sister Mary Frederic, making her first public vows on August 15, 1941.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reception and Profession at the Motherhouse |journal=The Medical Missionary |date=September 1941 |volume=15 |issue=7 |url=https://archive.org/details/medical-missionary-vol-15.7/page/n7/mode/2up?q=niedfield}}</ref>
She then transferred to Trinity College in Washington, DC (now [[Trinity Washington University]]), graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry, ''[[magna cum laude]]'', in 1945. Niedfield took her perpetual vows on August 15, 1945 and her final vows a year later on August 15, 1946. In the two years between college and medical school she studied [[X-ray]] techniques for a year, and spent six months at a Catholic clinic in Atlanta that served Black patients (all medical facilities were segregated in those years).<ref name="Surgeon">{{cite news |title=Surgeon to Quit Her Arlington Hospital Post To Join Nuns With Medical Mission in India |url=https://archive.org/details/per_washington-post_1952-12-23_27949/page/n27/mode/2up?q=niedfield |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 December 1952}}</ref> It was then known as the Catholic Colored Clinic in Atlanta, and later as [[Southwest Atlanta Hospital]], now closed. She then continued to Georgetown University Medical School, enrolling in 1947.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite news |title=First Editor's Career as Medical Missionary Spans Globe from Washington to Patna, India |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref> She graduated from the Georgetown University School of Medicine on June 11, 1951, as class valedictorian alongside four other women who together were the first to graduate in the program's 101-year history.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News and Personals |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |volume=|issue=|page=|date= 1951|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2019medi/page/452/mode/2up?q=niedfield }}</ref> She graduated ''[[summa cum laude]]'', and received a gold medal for highest achievement in [[bacteriology]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=North |first1=Patti |title=Women in Medicine: Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women |url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ |work=Health Magazine |date=16 October 2017 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023112/https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She then qualified as a surgeon with her residency at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital|Georgetown University Hospital]] (now part of MedStar).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cessato |first1=Bill |title=Nuns & Sisters in Georgetown's History: Leaders & Learners |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/46f2a41c55cc47fb98184160504a55cb |work=Storymaps, Georgetown University |access-date=2023-07-06 |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418121720/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/46f2a41c55cc47fb98184160504a55cb |url-status=live }}</ref>
During 1951, she interned for one year at [[Saint Michael's Medical Center]] in Newark, New Jersey. Then, on October 1, 1952, she began work as a junior resident surgeon at Arlington Hospital in Northern Virginia, near Washington, DC, becoming the first member of a religious community to serve as a resident at that hospital.<ref name="Surgeon" />
She expressed her deep affection for her work in a December 1953 article in [[The Washington Post]], stating, "I love it. I don't even want to come home. It is so much more satisfactory to be where you are needed."<ref name="gumc20127">{{cite web | url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ | title=Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women | date=16 October 2017 | access-date=6 July 2023 | archive-date=6 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023112/https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
After an internship and residency, she returned to Georgetown University for a Master of Science in Surgery degree, which she received in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News of Women in Medicine: General |journal=Journal of the American Medical Women's Association |date=July 1955 |volume=10 |issue=7 |page=258 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-american-medical-womens-association_1955-07_10_7/page/258/mode/2up?q=niedfield}}</ref> Niedfield served as the [[Chief Resident]] for Surgery at Georgetown University Hospital from 1954 to 1955.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Niedfield, MMS, MD |first1=Sr. M. Frederic |title=My Personal Context |date=1 January 1981 |publisher=Medical Mission Sisters Archives |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}}</ref>
== Medical service in India and Bhutan ==
[[File:Sister Niedfield MD with tiger cub.jpg|thumb|right|With a tiger cub in India.]]
Niedfield studied the [[Hindustani language]] during her surgery coursework, and then sailed for India in 1955. The MMS operated seven hospitals in South Asia, four in India and three in Pakistan, eventually expanding to eleven. She joined Dr. Ruth Taggart, a graduate of the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]], who was the hospital superintendent.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDstX4tudkMC&q=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&dq=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4_7ozt-EAxUKrYkEHX6sDqQQ6AF6BAgHEAI |title=Journal of the American Medical Women's Association |date= |publisher=American Medical Women's Association |volume=10 |publication-date=1955 |pages=258 |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-date=2024-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306134835/https://books.google.com/books?id=mDstX4tudkMC&q=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&dq=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4_7ozt-EAxUKrYkEHX6sDqQQ6AF6BAgHEAI |url-status=live }}</ref> Cumulatively, she spent nearly 40 years working in a variety of roles including surgeon, chief of surgery, and hospital superintendent, at Kurji Holy Family Hospital, Village of Mandar, Rachi District, State of Bihar, with four years (1960–64) in [[Patna, India]], serving many Muslim women whose husbands and fathers would not allow them to be treated by male doctors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Health, Order, New Delhi, November 7, 1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1969.364/page/n31/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Gazette of India |publisher=Directorate of Printing, Government of India |date=1969}}</ref> The hospital averaged 600 major surgical cases per year, and had 3,000 total inpatients annually.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Correspondence |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |date=November 1958 |volume=XXVII |issue=11 |page=620 |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2719medi/page/620/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=Medical Society of the District of Columbia}}</ref> Its services included general care, surgery, [[OBGYN|obstetrics-gynecology]], [[pediatrics]], a pharmacy, a substance abuse detox center, and a nursing school, all of which she oversaw while serving as hospital superintendent (1987–1992).<ref>{{cite journal |title=It's always wise to check the program |journal=Clinical Congress News |date=15 October 1970 |page=2 |publisher=American College of Surgeons |location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref>
Her congregation and [[Mother Teresa|Mother Teresa's]] were connected, because Mother Teresa worked briefly at one of the [[Medical Mission Sisters|Medical Mission Sisters']] hospitals, and they and the [[Missionaries of Charity]] periodically trained one another's nurses.<ref name="Anchor-Jan-14-1994">{{cite news|newspaper=Anchor (Fall River Diocese)|date=January 14, 1994|page=13|url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13|title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade school class|access-date=July 6, 2023|archive-date=July 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706020758/https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13|url-status=live}}</ref>
She became a bi-monthly columnist for the MMS, contributing a column titled "The Doctor's Diary."<ref name="archive.org"/> On April 24, 1967, the work of the MMS was honored by Representative [[Joshua Eilberg]] (D-Pennsylvania) when he read a citation including her name into the ''[[Congressional Record]].''<ref name="Eilberg">{{cite journal |last1=Eilberg |first1=Joshua |title=Medical Mission Sisters, Extension of Remarks of Hon. Joshua Eilberg of Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives |journal=Congressional Record, March 01 – April 28, 1967 |date=24 April 1967 |volume=113 |page=A1988}}</ref> In the book ''The Hills Around Me,'' author Imtiaz Fiona Griffiths describes how Dr. Niedfield saved her husband's life in India by performing emergency surgery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Imtiaz Fiona |title=The Hills Around Me |date=2021 |publisher=FriesenPress |location=Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |pages=241–2 |isbn=9781525590740 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SMwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22eileen++niedfield%22&pg=PA241 |access-date=2023-07-09 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029224156/https://books.google.com/books?id=5SMwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22eileen++niedfield%22&pg=PA241 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Her time in Bhutan ==
Niedfield spent two years (1979-1981) in [[Bhutan]], a kingdom on the border between Tibet and India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=Patricia |title=Surgeons at Georgetown: Surgery and Medical Education in the Nation's Capital, 1849–1969 |date=2001 |publisher=Hillsboro Press |location=Franklin, Tennessee |isbn=9781577362364 |page=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTogAQAAMAAJ&q=niedfield+bhutan |access-date=2023-07-09 |archive-date=2023-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028234945/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTogAQAAMAAJ&q=niedfield+bhutan |url-status=live }}</ref> She wrote that it was all but impossible to enter Bhutan without an official invitation, as its policies were isolationist. However, the Buddhist Bhutanese government was eager to update the quality of its healthcare, so health ministers invited her in a non-missionary capacity.<ref name="Lucy Hall">{{cite web |last1=Hall, MMS |first1=Lucy |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters and Associates |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823010706/https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |url-status=live }}</ref>
There she served as the zonal medical officer and as the chief medical officer at the 60-bed Tashigang Civil Hospital in eastern Bhutan near the Chinese border. Patients suffering from [[leprosy]] and [[tuberculosis]] were common. Some of the health centers in the zone were only accessible on horseback.<ref name="Niedfied experience">{{cite book |last1=Niedfield, MMS, MD |first1=Sr. M. Frederic |title=A Bhutan Experience |date=1981 |publisher=Medical Mission Sisters Archives |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania }}</ref> Creating and conducting short courses on basic medical care, and issuing standing orders for simple medical conditions, were vital, as it was impossible to get to each center across the large zone more than four times each year.<ref name="Niedfied experience" /> Although the Bhutan government offered to renew her contract, she said she left because the work was too remote and lonely.<ref name="Lucy Hall" />
== Return to India ==
In 1966 she returned to the United States to complete some requirements of the [[American Board of Surgery]] that had recently been augmented. She then become a Fellow of the [[American College of Surgeons]], and was listed as a board-certified surgeon.<ref name="Eilberg" /> She also filled a suitcase with an intravenous [[glucose]] mixture because of a sugar shortage in India, coupled with a famine. "It's only enough for four or five operations," she told a correspondent for the [[College of Physicians of Philadelphia]], "but it might well save a life."<ref>{{cite journal |title=American Province |journal=Transactions & Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia |date=1967–68 |volume=35 |page=21 |url=https://archive.org/details/transactionsstud4351coll/page/n5/mode/2up?q=niedfield}}</ref> Supplies were a constant worry. While in India, she started a nonprofit charity, "Sr. Niedfield's Brothers," to collect funds for surgical instruments and medical supplies. In Washington, DC, Dr. George Ware collected the money and sent it to her.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ware, MD |first=George William |title=Correspondence, to Dr. Yater |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |date=November 1958 |volume=XXVII |issue=11 |page=620 |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2719medi/page/620/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=Medical Society of the District of Columbia}}</ref>
== Other medical service and legacy ==
During Niedfield's time abroad, she was brought back to the US for training, time with family, and rest. She dedicated one of these trips (1976–77) in service as a staff physician with the [[American Medical Association|American Medical Association's]] “Project USA” program in support of the US Department of Health, Education, & Welfare. She worked in [[South Dakota]] at the Aberdeen Area [[Indian Health Service]], the Omaha-Winnebago Service Unit, and at the [[Fort Defiance, Arizona]] Indian Hospital.<ref>{{cite book |title=Directory of Medical Specialists Certified by American Boards, Volumes 1–3 |date=1979 |publisher=Advisory Board for Medical Specialties, JAMA Network |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=3823 |isbn=9780837905228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njNOAQAAIAAJ&q=niedfield+fort+defiance |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-date=2023-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208055833/https://books.google.com/books?id=njNOAQAAIAAJ&q=niedfield+fort+defiance |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1992, she moved to serve at the Owen Clinic with [[HIV/AIDS]] patients.<ref name="Lucy Hall" /> "I was interested in AIDS because I felt there was a great need not just medically but also socially and spiritually," she told a reporter.<ref name="Doctor-nun" /> In those years she was also a part-time volunteer at the St. Vincent de Paul Village-[[Joan Kroc]] Medical Clinic in San Diego, serving people experiencing homelessness. During her time in San Diego, Niedfield also worked part time as a primary care physician in internal medicine at the San Diego Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic (1993–2001), and as an assistant clinical professor of internal medicine for the [[University of California San Diego]].<ref name="Lucy Hall" />
In 2001, largely due to failing eyesight, she retired from practicing medicine at the age of 81 and moved to the Regina Residence in [[Orange, California]], run by the [[Sisters of St. Joseph]].<ref name="Lucy Hall" /> She died on 19 March 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters |access-date=2023-08-23 |archive-date=2023-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823010706/https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2019, students at Georgetown University circulated a petition and published an op-ed calling on the university to name a pavilion for her at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borzilleri |first1=C. C. |title=Viewpoint: Name MedStar Pavilion for Eileen Niedfield |url=https://thehoya.com/viewpoint-name-medstar-pavilion-eileen-niedfield/ |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023111/https://thehoya.com/viewpoint-name-medstar-pavilion-eileen-niedfield/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McBride |first1=Harrison |title=Student Petition Calls for GU To Name MedStar Building in Honor of Nun |url=https://thehoya.com/student-petition-calls-for-gu-to-rename-medstar-building/?fbclid=IwAR1HCdQN2d5dF8EYraxFshAaUvOc1DTqLlHDWBN8NUQgj6zZ1LlMju3gZrU |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023635/https://thehoya.com/student-petition-calls-for-gu-to-rename-medstar-building/?fbclid=IwAR1HCdQN2d5dF8EYraxFshAaUvOc1DTqLlHDWBN8NUQgj6zZ1LlMju3gZrU |url-status=live }}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{commonscatinline}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Niedfield, Eileen}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American Roman Catholic nuns]]
[[Category:21st-century American Roman Catholic nuns]]
[[Category:American expatriates in India]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American physicians]]
[[Category:American surgeons]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American College of Surgeons]]
[[Category:Georgetown University School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS activists]]
[[Category:Medical missionaries]]
[[Category:Trinity Washington University alumni]]
[[Category:American women surgeons]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -21,18 +21,18 @@
== Early life and education ==
-She was born in [[Manhattan]], New York, on 16 June 1920, the eldest daughter of Alma Marie Thor Niedfield (1891–1971) and Joseph Henry Niedfield (1893–1952). Her mother was descended from German and Irish immigrants. Alma worked as a model and stage actor, including with [[James Montgomery Flagg]], during her childhood. Sr. Niedfield's maternal grandmother, Margaret Fagan (1869–1942), immigrated to New York during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish potato famine]], working as a bookkeeper for a lace import company.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Enumeration District 0608 |first1=Image 774.0 |title=US Federal Census, Brooklyn, Kings, New York |date=1930 |page=4B |url=http://www.ances_try.com |format=FHL Microfilm 2341250, roll 1515 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Niedfield's father, Joseph, was descended from German immigrants and converted from [[Lutheranism]] to [[Catholicism]] as a young man.<ref>{{cite book |title=United States, Social Security Numerical Identification Files (NUMIDENT), 1936–2007 |date=11 February 2023 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6K46-RT4X}}</ref> He served in Army in World War I, and worked as a firefighter in the [[New York City Fire Department]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The City Record, Fire Department |date=31 January 1921 |page=321 |url=http://cityrecord.engineering.nyu.edu/data/1921/1921-01-31_supp_part2%20part%200004.pdf |chapter=Engine Company No. 6-113 Liberty St., Manhattan |quote=Firemen: Jos. H. Niedfield, 468 Central Park West, Man[hattan]}}</ref>
+She was born in [[Manhattan]], New York, on 16 June 1920, the eldest daughter of Alma Marie Thor Niedfield (1891–1971) and Joseph Henry Niedfield (1893–1952). Her mother was descended from German and Irish immigrants. Alma worked as a model and stage actor, including with [[James Montgomery Flagg]], during her childhood. Sr. Niedfield's maternal grandmother, Margaret Fagan (1869–1942), immigrated to New York during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish potato famine]], working as a bookkeeper for a lace import company.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Enumeration District 0608 |first1=Image 774.0 |title=US Federal Census, Brooklyn, Kings, New York |date=1930 |page=4B |url=http://www.ances_try.com |format=FHL Microfilm 2341250, roll 1515 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Niedfield's father, Joseph, was descended from German immigrants and converted from [[Lutheranism]] to [[Catholicism]] as a young man.<ref>{{cite book |title=United States, Social Security Numerical Identification Files (NUMIDENT), 1936–2007 |date=11 February 2023 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6K46-RT4X |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710192848/https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6K46-RT4X |url-status=live }}</ref> He served in Army in World War I, and worked as a firefighter in the [[New York City Fire Department]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The City Record, Fire Department |date=31 January 1921 |page=321 |url=http://cityrecord.engineering.nyu.edu/data/1921/1921-01-31_supp_part2%20part%200004.pdf |chapter=Engine Company No. 6-113 Liberty St., Manhattan |quote=Firemen: Jos. H. Niedfield, 468 Central Park West, Man[hattan] |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173926/http://cityrecord.engineering.nyu.edu/data/1921/1921-01-31_supp_part2%20part%200004.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Sr. Niedfield, MD, Georgetown University School of Medicine Graduation.jpg|thumb|left|Graduation day as valedictorian, June 11, 1951, Georgetown University School of Medicine.]]
-Her younger sister, Marjorie Alma Niedfield (1922–2011), earned a Bachelor's of Science in Nursing and worked as a Registered Nurse for many years.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Cheney |editor1-first=Ralph H. |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record Volumes 26–27 |date=1937 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73I-2ljw37UC&q=%22marjorie+niedfield%22}}</ref> She and her husband, Daniel Keirnan, worked to raise funds and awareness for Niedfield's work throughout her career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjorie N. Kiernan, 1922–2011 |work=Chicago Daily Herald |date=19 October 2011}}</ref>
+Her younger sister, Marjorie Alma Niedfield (1922–2011), earned a Bachelor's of Science in Nursing and worked as a Registered Nurse for many years.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Cheney |editor1-first=Ralph H. |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record Volumes 26–27 |date=1937 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73I-2ljw37UC&q=%22marjorie+niedfield%22 |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204091330/https://books.google.com/books?id=73I-2ljw37UC&q=%22marjorie+niedfield%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> She and her husband, Daniel Keirnan, worked to raise funds and awareness for Niedfield's work throughout her career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjorie N. Kiernan, 1922–2011 |work=Chicago Daily Herald |date=19 October 2011}}</ref>
-Niedfield attended St. Savior Parish Elementary School of Brooklyn, graduating in 1933.<ref name="Doctor-nun">{{cite news |title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade-school class |url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |work=Catholic News Service |date=14 January 1994}}</ref> She then continued in its middle and high school, and founded the ''Skyline'' newspaper in 1938 with Sister M. Rachael, S. S. N. D. They also worked together on the first [[sodality]] (a group founded to promote the [[spiritual works of mercy]] and [[corporal works of mercy]]) at St. Savior, and Niedfield was elected its first [[prefect]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Skyline' Has Anniversary; Outlines Ancestry and Goals |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref>
+Niedfield attended St. Savior Parish Elementary School of Brooklyn, graduating in 1933.<ref name="Doctor-nun">{{cite news |title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade-school class |url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |work=Catholic News Service |date=14 January 1994 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706020758/https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |url-status=live }}</ref> She then continued in its middle and high school, and founded the ''Skyline'' newspaper in 1938 with Sister M. Rachael, S. S. N. D. They also worked together on the first [[sodality]] (a group founded to promote the [[spiritual works of mercy]] and [[corporal works of mercy]]) at St. Savior, and Niedfield was elected its first [[prefect]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Skyline' Has Anniversary; Outlines Ancestry and Goals |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref>
In 1938, she began university study at [[Manhattanville College]], run by the [[Society of the Sacred Heart|Society of the Sacred Heart/RSCJ]]. She played field hockey, and co-wrote a play that was presented in November.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manhattanville College Tower Yearbook |date=1938 |publisher=Manhattanville College |location=New York, NY |pages=112, 149}}</ref> During her first semester of college, she attended a speech by Mother [[Anna Maria Dengel]], an MD who had founded the [[Medical Mission Sisters|Medical Mission Sisters of Philadelphia]] (MMS) in 1925. Niedfield was so impressed she left college after her first semester to enter the MMS as a postulant on February 11, 1939.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Profession and Reception |journal=The Medical Missionary |date=March 1939 |volume=13 |issue=3 |url=https://archive.org/details/medical-missionary-vol-13.3/page/n1/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=The Society of Catholic Medical Missionaries |location=Brookland, Washington, DC}}</ref> She took vows and became Sister Mary Frederic, making her first public vows on August 15, 1941.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reception and Profession at the Motherhouse |journal=The Medical Missionary |date=September 1941 |volume=15 |issue=7 |url=https://archive.org/details/medical-missionary-vol-15.7/page/n7/mode/2up?q=niedfield}}</ref>
-She then transferred to Trinity College in Washington, DC (now [[Trinity Washington University]]), graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry, ''[[magna cum laude]]'', in 1945. Niedfield took her perpetual vows on August 15, 1945 and her final vows a year later on August 15, 1946. In the two years between college and medical school she studied [[X-ray]] techniques for a year, and spent six months at a Catholic clinic in Atlanta that served Black patients (all medical facilities were segregated in those years).<ref name="Surgeon">{{cite news |title=Surgeon to Quit Her Arlington Hospital Post To Join Nuns With Medical Mission in India |url=https://archive.org/details/per_washington-post_1952-12-23_27949/page/n27/mode/2up?q=niedfield |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 December 1952}}</ref> It was then known as the Catholic Colored Clinic in Atlanta, and later as [[Southwest Atlanta Hospital]], now closed. She then continued to Georgetown University Medical School, enrolling in 1947.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite news |title=First Editor's Career as Medical Missionary Spans Globe from Washington to Patna, India |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref> She graduated from the Georgetown University School of Medicine on June 11, 1951, as class valedictorian alongside four other women who together were the first to graduate in the program's 101-year history.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News and Personals |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |volume=|issue=|page=|date= 1951|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2019medi/page/452/mode/2up?q=niedfield }}</ref> She graduated ''[[summa cum laude]]'', and received a gold medal for highest achievement in [[bacteriology]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=North |first1=Patti |title=Women in Medicine: Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women |url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ |work=Health Magazine |date=16 October 2017}}</ref> She then qualified as a surgeon with her residency at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital|Georgetown University Hospital]] (now part of MedStar).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cessato |first1=Bill |title=Nuns & Sisters in Georgetown's History: Leaders & Learners |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/46f2a41c55cc47fb98184160504a55cb |work=Storymaps, Georgetown University}}</ref>
+She then transferred to Trinity College in Washington, DC (now [[Trinity Washington University]]), graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry, ''[[magna cum laude]]'', in 1945. Niedfield took her perpetual vows on August 15, 1945 and her final vows a year later on August 15, 1946. In the two years between college and medical school she studied [[X-ray]] techniques for a year, and spent six months at a Catholic clinic in Atlanta that served Black patients (all medical facilities were segregated in those years).<ref name="Surgeon">{{cite news |title=Surgeon to Quit Her Arlington Hospital Post To Join Nuns With Medical Mission in India |url=https://archive.org/details/per_washington-post_1952-12-23_27949/page/n27/mode/2up?q=niedfield |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 December 1952}}</ref> It was then known as the Catholic Colored Clinic in Atlanta, and later as [[Southwest Atlanta Hospital]], now closed. She then continued to Georgetown University Medical School, enrolling in 1947.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite news |title=First Editor's Career as Medical Missionary Spans Globe from Washington to Patna, India |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref> She graduated from the Georgetown University School of Medicine on June 11, 1951, as class valedictorian alongside four other women who together were the first to graduate in the program's 101-year history.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News and Personals |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |volume=|issue=|page=|date= 1951|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2019medi/page/452/mode/2up?q=niedfield }}</ref> She graduated ''[[summa cum laude]]'', and received a gold medal for highest achievement in [[bacteriology]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=North |first1=Patti |title=Women in Medicine: Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women |url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ |work=Health Magazine |date=16 October 2017 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023112/https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She then qualified as a surgeon with her residency at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital|Georgetown University Hospital]] (now part of MedStar).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cessato |first1=Bill |title=Nuns & Sisters in Georgetown's History: Leaders & Learners |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/46f2a41c55cc47fb98184160504a55cb |work=Storymaps, Georgetown University |access-date=2023-07-06 |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418121720/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/46f2a41c55cc47fb98184160504a55cb |url-status=live }}</ref>
During 1951, she interned for one year at [[Saint Michael's Medical Center]] in Newark, New Jersey. Then, on October 1, 1952, she began work as a junior resident surgeon at Arlington Hospital in Northern Virginia, near Washington, DC, becoming the first member of a religious community to serve as a resident at that hospital.<ref name="Surgeon" />
-She expressed her deep affection for her work in a December 1953 article in [[The Washington Post]], stating, "I love it. I don't even want to come home. It is so much more satisfactory to be where you are needed."<ref name="gumc20127">{{cite web | url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ | title=Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women | date=16 October 2017 }}</ref>
+She expressed her deep affection for her work in a December 1953 article in [[The Washington Post]], stating, "I love it. I don't even want to come home. It is so much more satisfactory to be where you are needed."<ref name="gumc20127">{{cite web | url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ | title=Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women | date=16 October 2017 | access-date=6 July 2023 | archive-date=6 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023112/https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
After an internship and residency, she returned to Georgetown University for a Master of Science in Surgery degree, which she received in 1954.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News of Women in Medicine: General |journal=Journal of the American Medical Women's Association |date=July 1955 |volume=10 |issue=7 |page=258 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-american-medical-womens-association_1955-07_10_7/page/258/mode/2up?q=niedfield}}</ref> Niedfield served as the [[Chief Resident]] for Surgery at Georgetown University Hospital from 1954 to 1955.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Niedfield, MMS, MD |first1=Sr. M. Frederic |title=My Personal Context |date=1 January 1981 |publisher=Medical Mission Sisters Archives |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}}</ref>
@@ -40,12 +40,12 @@
== Medical service in India and Bhutan ==
[[File:Sister Niedfield MD with tiger cub.jpg|thumb|right|With a tiger cub in India.]]
-Niedfield studied the [[Hindustani language]] during her surgery coursework, and then sailed for India in 1955. The MMS operated seven hospitals in South Asia, four in India and three in Pakistan, eventually expanding to eleven. She joined Dr. Ruth Taggart, a graduate of the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]], who was the hospital superintendent.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDstX4tudkMC&q=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&dq=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4_7ozt-EAxUKrYkEHX6sDqQQ6AF6BAgHEAI |title=Journal of the American Medical Women's Association |date= |publisher=American Medical Women's Association |volume=10 |publication-date=1955 |pages=258}}</ref> Cumulatively, she spent nearly 40 years working in a variety of roles including surgeon, chief of surgery, and hospital superintendent, at Kurji Holy Family Hospital, Village of Mandar, Rachi District, State of Bihar, with four years (1960–64) in [[Patna, India]], serving many Muslim women whose husbands and fathers would not allow them to be treated by male doctors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Health, Order, New Delhi, November 7, 1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1969.364/page/n31/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Gazette of India |publisher=Directorate of Printing, Government of India |date=1969}}</ref> The hospital averaged 600 major surgical cases per year, and had 3,000 total inpatients annually.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Correspondence |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |date=November 1958 |volume=XXVII |issue=11 |page=620 |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2719medi/page/620/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=Medical Society of the District of Columbia}}</ref> Its services included general care, surgery, [[OBGYN|obstetrics-gynecology]], [[pediatrics]], a pharmacy, a substance abuse detox center, and a nursing school, all of which she oversaw while serving as hospital superintendent (1987–1992).<ref>{{cite journal |title=It's always wise to check the program |journal=Clinical Congress News |date=15 October 1970 |page=2 |publisher=American College of Surgeons |location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref>
+Niedfield studied the [[Hindustani language]] during her surgery coursework, and then sailed for India in 1955. The MMS operated seven hospitals in South Asia, four in India and three in Pakistan, eventually expanding to eleven. She joined Dr. Ruth Taggart, a graduate of the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]], who was the hospital superintendent.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDstX4tudkMC&q=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&dq=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4_7ozt-EAxUKrYkEHX6sDqQQ6AF6BAgHEAI |title=Journal of the American Medical Women's Association |date= |publisher=American Medical Women's Association |volume=10 |publication-date=1955 |pages=258 |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-date=2024-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306134835/https://books.google.com/books?id=mDstX4tudkMC&q=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&dq=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4_7ozt-EAxUKrYkEHX6sDqQQ6AF6BAgHEAI |url-status=live }}</ref> Cumulatively, she spent nearly 40 years working in a variety of roles including surgeon, chief of surgery, and hospital superintendent, at Kurji Holy Family Hospital, Village of Mandar, Rachi District, State of Bihar, with four years (1960–64) in [[Patna, India]], serving many Muslim women whose husbands and fathers would not allow them to be treated by male doctors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Health, Order, New Delhi, November 7, 1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1969.364/page/n31/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Gazette of India |publisher=Directorate of Printing, Government of India |date=1969}}</ref> The hospital averaged 600 major surgical cases per year, and had 3,000 total inpatients annually.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Correspondence |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |date=November 1958 |volume=XXVII |issue=11 |page=620 |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2719medi/page/620/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=Medical Society of the District of Columbia}}</ref> Its services included general care, surgery, [[OBGYN|obstetrics-gynecology]], [[pediatrics]], a pharmacy, a substance abuse detox center, and a nursing school, all of which she oversaw while serving as hospital superintendent (1987–1992).<ref>{{cite journal |title=It's always wise to check the program |journal=Clinical Congress News |date=15 October 1970 |page=2 |publisher=American College of Surgeons |location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref>
-Her congregation and [[Mother Teresa|Mother Teresa's]] were connected, because Mother Teresa worked briefly at one of the [[Medical Mission Sisters|Medical Mission Sisters']] hospitals, and they and the [[Missionaries of Charity]] periodically trained one another's nurses.<ref name="Anchor-Jan-14-1994">{{cite news|newspaper=Anchor (Fall River Diocese)|date=January 14, 1994|page=13|url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade school class}}</ref>
+Her congregation and [[Mother Teresa|Mother Teresa's]] were connected, because Mother Teresa worked briefly at one of the [[Medical Mission Sisters|Medical Mission Sisters']] hospitals, and they and the [[Missionaries of Charity]] periodically trained one another's nurses.<ref name="Anchor-Jan-14-1994">{{cite news|newspaper=Anchor (Fall River Diocese)|date=January 14, 1994|page=13|url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13|title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade school class|access-date=July 6, 2023|archive-date=July 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706020758/https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13|url-status=live}}</ref>
-She became a bi-monthly columnist for the MMS, contributing a column titled "The Doctor's Diary."<ref name="archive.org"/> On April 24, 1967, the work of the MMS was honored by Representative [[Joshua Eilberg]] (D-Pennsylvania) when he read a citation including her name into the ''[[Congressional Record]].''<ref name="Eilberg">{{cite journal |last1=Eilberg |first1=Joshua |title=Medical Mission Sisters, Extension of Remarks of Hon. Joshua Eilberg of Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives |journal=Congressional Record, March 01 – April 28, 1967 |date=24 April 1967 |volume=113 |page=A1988}}</ref> In the book ''The Hills Around Me,'' author Imtiaz Fiona Griffiths describes how Dr. Niedfield saved her husband's life in India by performing emergency surgery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Imtiaz Fiona |title=The Hills Around Me |date=2021 |publisher=FriesenPress |location=Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |pages=241–2 |isbn=9781525590740 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SMwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22eileen++niedfield%22&pg=PA241}}</ref>
+She became a bi-monthly columnist for the MMS, contributing a column titled "The Doctor's Diary."<ref name="archive.org"/> On April 24, 1967, the work of the MMS was honored by Representative [[Joshua Eilberg]] (D-Pennsylvania) when he read a citation including her name into the ''[[Congressional Record]].''<ref name="Eilberg">{{cite journal |last1=Eilberg |first1=Joshua |title=Medical Mission Sisters, Extension of Remarks of Hon. Joshua Eilberg of Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives |journal=Congressional Record, March 01 – April 28, 1967 |date=24 April 1967 |volume=113 |page=A1988}}</ref> In the book ''The Hills Around Me,'' author Imtiaz Fiona Griffiths describes how Dr. Niedfield saved her husband's life in India by performing emergency surgery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Imtiaz Fiona |title=The Hills Around Me |date=2021 |publisher=FriesenPress |location=Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |pages=241–2 |isbn=9781525590740 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SMwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22eileen++niedfield%22&pg=PA241 |access-date=2023-07-09 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029224156/https://books.google.com/books?id=5SMwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22eileen++niedfield%22&pg=PA241 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Her time in Bhutan ==
-Niedfield spent two years (1979-1981) in [[Bhutan]], a kingdom on the border between Tibet and India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=Patricia |title=Surgeons at Georgetown: Surgery and Medical Education in the Nation's Capital, 1849–1969 |date=2001 |publisher=Hillsboro Press |location=Franklin, Tennessee |isbn=9781577362364 |page=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTogAQAAMAAJ&q=niedfield+bhutan}}</ref> She wrote that it was all but impossible to enter Bhutan without an official invitation, as its policies were isolationist. However, the Buddhist Bhutanese government was eager to update the quality of its healthcare, so health ministers invited her in a non-missionary capacity.<ref name="Lucy Hall">{{cite web |last1=Hall, MMS |first1=Lucy |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters and Associates |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref>
+Niedfield spent two years (1979-1981) in [[Bhutan]], a kingdom on the border between Tibet and India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=Patricia |title=Surgeons at Georgetown: Surgery and Medical Education in the Nation's Capital, 1849–1969 |date=2001 |publisher=Hillsboro Press |location=Franklin, Tennessee |isbn=9781577362364 |page=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTogAQAAMAAJ&q=niedfield+bhutan |access-date=2023-07-09 |archive-date=2023-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028234945/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTogAQAAMAAJ&q=niedfield+bhutan |url-status=live }}</ref> She wrote that it was all but impossible to enter Bhutan without an official invitation, as its policies were isolationist. However, the Buddhist Bhutanese government was eager to update the quality of its healthcare, so health ministers invited her in a non-missionary capacity.<ref name="Lucy Hall">{{cite web |last1=Hall, MMS |first1=Lucy |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters and Associates |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823010706/https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |url-status=live }}</ref>
There she served as the zonal medical officer and as the chief medical officer at the 60-bed Tashigang Civil Hospital in eastern Bhutan near the Chinese border. Patients suffering from [[leprosy]] and [[tuberculosis]] were common. Some of the health centers in the zone were only accessible on horseback.<ref name="Niedfied experience">{{cite book |last1=Niedfield, MMS, MD |first1=Sr. M. Frederic |title=A Bhutan Experience |date=1981 |publisher=Medical Mission Sisters Archives |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania }}</ref> Creating and conducting short courses on basic medical care, and issuing standing orders for simple medical conditions, were vital, as it was impossible to get to each center across the large zone more than four times each year.<ref name="Niedfied experience" /> Although the Bhutan government offered to renew her contract, she said she left because the work was too remote and lonely.<ref name="Lucy Hall" />
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@
== Other medical service and legacy ==
-During Niedfield's time abroad, she was brought back to the US for training, time with family, and rest. She dedicated one of these trips (1976–77) in service as a staff physician with the [[American Medical Association|American Medical Association's]] “Project USA” program in support of the US Department of Health, Education, & Welfare. She worked in [[South Dakota]] at the Aberdeen Area [[Indian Health Service]], the Omaha-Winnebago Service Unit, and at the [[Fort Defiance, Arizona]] Indian Hospital.<ref>{{cite book |title=Directory of Medical Specialists Certified by American Boards, Volumes 1–3 |date=1979 |publisher=Advisory Board for Medical Specialties, JAMA Network |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=3823 |isbn=9780837905228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njNOAQAAIAAJ&q=niedfield+fort+defiance}}</ref>
+During Niedfield's time abroad, she was brought back to the US for training, time with family, and rest. She dedicated one of these trips (1976–77) in service as a staff physician with the [[American Medical Association|American Medical Association's]] “Project USA” program in support of the US Department of Health, Education, & Welfare. She worked in [[South Dakota]] at the Aberdeen Area [[Indian Health Service]], the Omaha-Winnebago Service Unit, and at the [[Fort Defiance, Arizona]] Indian Hospital.<ref>{{cite book |title=Directory of Medical Specialists Certified by American Boards, Volumes 1–3 |date=1979 |publisher=Advisory Board for Medical Specialties, JAMA Network |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=3823 |isbn=9780837905228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njNOAQAAIAAJ&q=niedfield+fort+defiance |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-date=2023-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208055833/https://books.google.com/books?id=njNOAQAAIAAJ&q=niedfield+fort+defiance |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1992, she moved to serve at the Owen Clinic with [[HIV/AIDS]] patients.<ref name="Lucy Hall" /> "I was interested in AIDS because I felt there was a great need not just medically but also socially and spiritually," she told a reporter.<ref name="Doctor-nun" /> In those years she was also a part-time volunteer at the St. Vincent de Paul Village-[[Joan Kroc]] Medical Clinic in San Diego, serving people experiencing homelessness. During her time in San Diego, Niedfield also worked part time as a primary care physician in internal medicine at the San Diego Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic (1993–2001), and as an assistant clinical professor of internal medicine for the [[University of California San Diego]].<ref name="Lucy Hall" />
-In 2001, largely due to failing eyesight, she retired from practicing medicine at the age of 81 and moved to the Regina Residence in [[Orange, California]], run by the [[Sisters of St. Joseph]].<ref name="Lucy Hall" /> She died on 19 March 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters}}</ref>
+In 2001, largely due to failing eyesight, she retired from practicing medicine at the age of 81 and moved to the Regina Residence in [[Orange, California]], run by the [[Sisters of St. Joseph]].<ref name="Lucy Hall" /> She died on 19 March 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters |access-date=2023-08-23 |archive-date=2023-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823010706/https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |url-status=live }}</ref>
-In 2019, students at Georgetown University circulated a petition and published an op-ed calling on the university to name a pavilion for her at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borzilleri |first1=C. C. |title=Viewpoint: Name MedStar Pavilion for Eileen Niedfield |url=https://thehoya.com/viewpoint-name-medstar-pavilion-eileen-niedfield/ |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McBride |first1=Harrison |title=Student Petition Calls for GU To Name MedStar Building in Honor of Nun |url=https://thehoya.com/student-petition-calls-for-gu-to-rename-medstar-building/?fbclid=IwAR1HCdQN2d5dF8EYraxFshAaUvOc1DTqLlHDWBN8NUQgj6zZ1LlMju3gZrU |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=22 November 2019}}</ref>
+In 2019, students at Georgetown University circulated a petition and published an op-ed calling on the university to name a pavilion for her at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borzilleri |first1=C. C. |title=Viewpoint: Name MedStar Pavilion for Eileen Niedfield |url=https://thehoya.com/viewpoint-name-medstar-pavilion-eileen-niedfield/ |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023111/https://thehoya.com/viewpoint-name-medstar-pavilion-eileen-niedfield/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McBride |first1=Harrison |title=Student Petition Calls for GU To Name MedStar Building in Honor of Nun |url=https://thehoya.com/student-petition-calls-for-gu-to-rename-medstar-building/?fbclid=IwAR1HCdQN2d5dF8EYraxFshAaUvOc1DTqLlHDWBN8NUQgj6zZ1LlMju3gZrU |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023635/https://thehoya.com/student-petition-calls-for-gu-to-rename-medstar-building/?fbclid=IwAR1HCdQN2d5dF8EYraxFshAaUvOc1DTqLlHDWBN8NUQgj6zZ1LlMju3gZrU |url-status=live }}</ref>
==References==
' |
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0 => 'She was born in [[Manhattan]], New York, on 16 June 1920, the eldest daughter of Alma Marie Thor Niedfield (1891–1971) and Joseph Henry Niedfield (1893–1952). Her mother was descended from German and Irish immigrants. Alma worked as a model and stage actor, including with [[James Montgomery Flagg]], during her childhood. Sr. Niedfield's maternal grandmother, Margaret Fagan (1869–1942), immigrated to New York during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish potato famine]], working as a bookkeeper for a lace import company.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Enumeration District 0608 |first1=Image 774.0 |title=US Federal Census, Brooklyn, Kings, New York |date=1930 |page=4B |url=http://www.ances_try.com |format=FHL Microfilm 2341250, roll 1515 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Niedfield's father, Joseph, was descended from German immigrants and converted from [[Lutheranism]] to [[Catholicism]] as a young man.<ref>{{cite book |title=United States, Social Security Numerical Identification Files (NUMIDENT), 1936–2007 |date=11 February 2023 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6K46-RT4X |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710192848/https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6K46-RT4X |url-status=live }}</ref> He served in Army in World War I, and worked as a firefighter in the [[New York City Fire Department]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The City Record, Fire Department |date=31 January 1921 |page=321 |url=http://cityrecord.engineering.nyu.edu/data/1921/1921-01-31_supp_part2%20part%200004.pdf |chapter=Engine Company No. 6-113 Liberty St., Manhattan |quote=Firemen: Jos. H. Niedfield, 468 Central Park West, Man[hattan] |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711173926/http://cityrecord.engineering.nyu.edu/data/1921/1921-01-31_supp_part2%20part%200004.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>',
1 => 'Her younger sister, Marjorie Alma Niedfield (1922–2011), earned a Bachelor's of Science in Nursing and worked as a Registered Nurse for many years.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Cheney |editor1-first=Ralph H. |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record Volumes 26–27 |date=1937 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73I-2ljw37UC&q=%22marjorie+niedfield%22 |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204091330/https://books.google.com/books?id=73I-2ljw37UC&q=%22marjorie+niedfield%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> She and her husband, Daniel Keirnan, worked to raise funds and awareness for Niedfield's work throughout her career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjorie N. Kiernan, 1922–2011 |work=Chicago Daily Herald |date=19 October 2011}}</ref>',
2 => 'Niedfield attended St. Savior Parish Elementary School of Brooklyn, graduating in 1933.<ref name="Doctor-nun">{{cite news |title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade-school class |url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |work=Catholic News Service |date=14 January 1994 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706020758/https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |url-status=live }}</ref> She then continued in its middle and high school, and founded the ''Skyline'' newspaper in 1938 with Sister M. Rachael, S. S. N. D. They also worked together on the first [[sodality]] (a group founded to promote the [[spiritual works of mercy]] and [[corporal works of mercy]]) at St. Savior, and Niedfield was elected its first [[prefect]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Skyline' Has Anniversary; Outlines Ancestry and Goals |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref>',
3 => 'She then transferred to Trinity College in Washington, DC (now [[Trinity Washington University]]), graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry, ''[[magna cum laude]]'', in 1945. Niedfield took her perpetual vows on August 15, 1945 and her final vows a year later on August 15, 1946. In the two years between college and medical school she studied [[X-ray]] techniques for a year, and spent six months at a Catholic clinic in Atlanta that served Black patients (all medical facilities were segregated in those years).<ref name="Surgeon">{{cite news |title=Surgeon to Quit Her Arlington Hospital Post To Join Nuns With Medical Mission in India |url=https://archive.org/details/per_washington-post_1952-12-23_27949/page/n27/mode/2up?q=niedfield |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 December 1952}}</ref> It was then known as the Catholic Colored Clinic in Atlanta, and later as [[Southwest Atlanta Hospital]], now closed. She then continued to Georgetown University Medical School, enrolling in 1947.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite news |title=First Editor's Career as Medical Missionary Spans Globe from Washington to Patna, India |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref> She graduated from the Georgetown University School of Medicine on June 11, 1951, as class valedictorian alongside four other women who together were the first to graduate in the program's 101-year history.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News and Personals |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |volume=|issue=|page=|date= 1951|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2019medi/page/452/mode/2up?q=niedfield }}</ref> She graduated ''[[summa cum laude]]'', and received a gold medal for highest achievement in [[bacteriology]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=North |first1=Patti |title=Women in Medicine: Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women |url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ |work=Health Magazine |date=16 October 2017 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023112/https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She then qualified as a surgeon with her residency at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital|Georgetown University Hospital]] (now part of MedStar).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cessato |first1=Bill |title=Nuns & Sisters in Georgetown's History: Leaders & Learners |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/46f2a41c55cc47fb98184160504a55cb |work=Storymaps, Georgetown University |access-date=2023-07-06 |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418121720/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/46f2a41c55cc47fb98184160504a55cb |url-status=live }}</ref>',
4 => 'She expressed her deep affection for her work in a December 1953 article in [[The Washington Post]], stating, "I love it. I don't even want to come home. It is so much more satisfactory to be where you are needed."<ref name="gumc20127">{{cite web | url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ | title=Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women | date=16 October 2017 | access-date=6 July 2023 | archive-date=6 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023112/https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ | url-status=live }}</ref>',
5 => 'Niedfield studied the [[Hindustani language]] during her surgery coursework, and then sailed for India in 1955. The MMS operated seven hospitals in South Asia, four in India and three in Pakistan, eventually expanding to eleven. She joined Dr. Ruth Taggart, a graduate of the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]], who was the hospital superintendent.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDstX4tudkMC&q=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&dq=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4_7ozt-EAxUKrYkEHX6sDqQQ6AF6BAgHEAI |title=Journal of the American Medical Women's Association |date= |publisher=American Medical Women's Association |volume=10 |publication-date=1955 |pages=258 |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-date=2024-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306134835/https://books.google.com/books?id=mDstX4tudkMC&q=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&dq=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4_7ozt-EAxUKrYkEHX6sDqQQ6AF6BAgHEAI |url-status=live }}</ref> Cumulatively, she spent nearly 40 years working in a variety of roles including surgeon, chief of surgery, and hospital superintendent, at Kurji Holy Family Hospital, Village of Mandar, Rachi District, State of Bihar, with four years (1960–64) in [[Patna, India]], serving many Muslim women whose husbands and fathers would not allow them to be treated by male doctors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Health, Order, New Delhi, November 7, 1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1969.364/page/n31/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Gazette of India |publisher=Directorate of Printing, Government of India |date=1969}}</ref> The hospital averaged 600 major surgical cases per year, and had 3,000 total inpatients annually.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Correspondence |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |date=November 1958 |volume=XXVII |issue=11 |page=620 |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2719medi/page/620/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=Medical Society of the District of Columbia}}</ref> Its services included general care, surgery, [[OBGYN|obstetrics-gynecology]], [[pediatrics]], a pharmacy, a substance abuse detox center, and a nursing school, all of which she oversaw while serving as hospital superintendent (1987–1992).<ref>{{cite journal |title=It's always wise to check the program |journal=Clinical Congress News |date=15 October 1970 |page=2 |publisher=American College of Surgeons |location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref>',
6 => 'Her congregation and [[Mother Teresa|Mother Teresa's]] were connected, because Mother Teresa worked briefly at one of the [[Medical Mission Sisters|Medical Mission Sisters']] hospitals, and they and the [[Missionaries of Charity]] periodically trained one another's nurses.<ref name="Anchor-Jan-14-1994">{{cite news|newspaper=Anchor (Fall River Diocese)|date=January 14, 1994|page=13|url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13|title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade school class|access-date=July 6, 2023|archive-date=July 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706020758/https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13|url-status=live}}</ref>',
7 => 'She became a bi-monthly columnist for the MMS, contributing a column titled "The Doctor's Diary."<ref name="archive.org"/> On April 24, 1967, the work of the MMS was honored by Representative [[Joshua Eilberg]] (D-Pennsylvania) when he read a citation including her name into the ''[[Congressional Record]].''<ref name="Eilberg">{{cite journal |last1=Eilberg |first1=Joshua |title=Medical Mission Sisters, Extension of Remarks of Hon. Joshua Eilberg of Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives |journal=Congressional Record, March 01 – April 28, 1967 |date=24 April 1967 |volume=113 |page=A1988}}</ref> In the book ''The Hills Around Me,'' author Imtiaz Fiona Griffiths describes how Dr. Niedfield saved her husband's life in India by performing emergency surgery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Imtiaz Fiona |title=The Hills Around Me |date=2021 |publisher=FriesenPress |location=Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |pages=241–2 |isbn=9781525590740 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SMwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22eileen++niedfield%22&pg=PA241 |access-date=2023-07-09 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029224156/https://books.google.com/books?id=5SMwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22eileen++niedfield%22&pg=PA241 |url-status=live }}</ref>',
8 => 'Niedfield spent two years (1979-1981) in [[Bhutan]], a kingdom on the border between Tibet and India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=Patricia |title=Surgeons at Georgetown: Surgery and Medical Education in the Nation's Capital, 1849–1969 |date=2001 |publisher=Hillsboro Press |location=Franklin, Tennessee |isbn=9781577362364 |page=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTogAQAAMAAJ&q=niedfield+bhutan |access-date=2023-07-09 |archive-date=2023-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028234945/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTogAQAAMAAJ&q=niedfield+bhutan |url-status=live }}</ref> She wrote that it was all but impossible to enter Bhutan without an official invitation, as its policies were isolationist. However, the Buddhist Bhutanese government was eager to update the quality of its healthcare, so health ministers invited her in a non-missionary capacity.<ref name="Lucy Hall">{{cite web |last1=Hall, MMS |first1=Lucy |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters and Associates |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823010706/https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |url-status=live }}</ref>',
9 => 'During Niedfield's time abroad, she was brought back to the US for training, time with family, and rest. She dedicated one of these trips (1976–77) in service as a staff physician with the [[American Medical Association|American Medical Association's]] “Project USA” program in support of the US Department of Health, Education, & Welfare. She worked in [[South Dakota]] at the Aberdeen Area [[Indian Health Service]], the Omaha-Winnebago Service Unit, and at the [[Fort Defiance, Arizona]] Indian Hospital.<ref>{{cite book |title=Directory of Medical Specialists Certified by American Boards, Volumes 1–3 |date=1979 |publisher=Advisory Board for Medical Specialties, JAMA Network |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=3823 |isbn=9780837905228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njNOAQAAIAAJ&q=niedfield+fort+defiance |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-date=2023-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208055833/https://books.google.com/books?id=njNOAQAAIAAJ&q=niedfield+fort+defiance |url-status=live }}</ref>',
10 => 'In 2001, largely due to failing eyesight, she retired from practicing medicine at the age of 81 and moved to the Regina Residence in [[Orange, California]], run by the [[Sisters of St. Joseph]].<ref name="Lucy Hall" /> She died on 19 March 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters |access-date=2023-08-23 |archive-date=2023-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823010706/https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |url-status=live }}</ref>',
11 => 'In 2019, students at Georgetown University circulated a petition and published an op-ed calling on the university to name a pavilion for her at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borzilleri |first1=C. C. |title=Viewpoint: Name MedStar Pavilion for Eileen Niedfield |url=https://thehoya.com/viewpoint-name-medstar-pavilion-eileen-niedfield/ |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023111/https://thehoya.com/viewpoint-name-medstar-pavilion-eileen-niedfield/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McBride |first1=Harrison |title=Student Petition Calls for GU To Name MedStar Building in Honor of Nun |url=https://thehoya.com/student-petition-calls-for-gu-to-rename-medstar-building/?fbclid=IwAR1HCdQN2d5dF8EYraxFshAaUvOc1DTqLlHDWBN8NUQgj6zZ1LlMju3gZrU |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706023635/https://thehoya.com/student-petition-calls-for-gu-to-rename-medstar-building/?fbclid=IwAR1HCdQN2d5dF8EYraxFshAaUvOc1DTqLlHDWBN8NUQgj6zZ1LlMju3gZrU |url-status=live }}</ref>'
] |
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0 => 'She was born in [[Manhattan]], New York, on 16 June 1920, the eldest daughter of Alma Marie Thor Niedfield (1891–1971) and Joseph Henry Niedfield (1893–1952). Her mother was descended from German and Irish immigrants. Alma worked as a model and stage actor, including with [[James Montgomery Flagg]], during her childhood. Sr. Niedfield's maternal grandmother, Margaret Fagan (1869–1942), immigrated to New York during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish potato famine]], working as a bookkeeper for a lace import company.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Enumeration District 0608 |first1=Image 774.0 |title=US Federal Census, Brooklyn, Kings, New York |date=1930 |page=4B |url=http://www.ances_try.com |format=FHL Microfilm 2341250, roll 1515 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Niedfield's father, Joseph, was descended from German immigrants and converted from [[Lutheranism]] to [[Catholicism]] as a young man.<ref>{{cite book |title=United States, Social Security Numerical Identification Files (NUMIDENT), 1936–2007 |date=11 February 2023 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6K46-RT4X}}</ref> He served in Army in World War I, and worked as a firefighter in the [[New York City Fire Department]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The City Record, Fire Department |date=31 January 1921 |page=321 |url=http://cityrecord.engineering.nyu.edu/data/1921/1921-01-31_supp_part2%20part%200004.pdf |chapter=Engine Company No. 6-113 Liberty St., Manhattan |quote=Firemen: Jos. H. Niedfield, 468 Central Park West, Man[hattan]}}</ref>',
1 => 'Her younger sister, Marjorie Alma Niedfield (1922–2011), earned a Bachelor's of Science in Nursing and worked as a Registered Nurse for many years.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Cheney |editor1-first=Ralph H. |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record Volumes 26–27 |date=1937 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73I-2ljw37UC&q=%22marjorie+niedfield%22}}</ref> She and her husband, Daniel Keirnan, worked to raise funds and awareness for Niedfield's work throughout her career.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjorie N. Kiernan, 1922–2011 |work=Chicago Daily Herald |date=19 October 2011}}</ref>',
2 => 'Niedfield attended St. Savior Parish Elementary School of Brooklyn, graduating in 1933.<ref name="Doctor-nun">{{cite news |title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade-school class |url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |work=Catholic News Service |date=14 January 1994}}</ref> She then continued in its middle and high school, and founded the ''Skyline'' newspaper in 1938 with Sister M. Rachael, S. S. N. D. They also worked together on the first [[sodality]] (a group founded to promote the [[spiritual works of mercy]] and [[corporal works of mercy]]) at St. Savior, and Niedfield was elected its first [[prefect]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Skyline' Has Anniversary; Outlines Ancestry and Goals |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref>',
3 => 'She then transferred to Trinity College in Washington, DC (now [[Trinity Washington University]]), graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry, ''[[magna cum laude]]'', in 1945. Niedfield took her perpetual vows on August 15, 1945 and her final vows a year later on August 15, 1946. In the two years between college and medical school she studied [[X-ray]] techniques for a year, and spent six months at a Catholic clinic in Atlanta that served Black patients (all medical facilities were segregated in those years).<ref name="Surgeon">{{cite news |title=Surgeon to Quit Her Arlington Hospital Post To Join Nuns With Medical Mission in India |url=https://archive.org/details/per_washington-post_1952-12-23_27949/page/n27/mode/2up?q=niedfield |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 December 1952}}</ref> It was then known as the Catholic Colored Clinic in Atlanta, and later as [[Southwest Atlanta Hospital]], now closed. She then continued to Georgetown University Medical School, enrolling in 1947.<ref name="archive.org">{{cite news |title=First Editor's Career as Medical Missionary Spans Globe from Washington to Patna, India |url=https://archive.org/details/skyline19611117/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Skyline (newspaper of St. Savior High School, Brooklyn, New York) |issue=2 |date=17 November 1961| volume=25 }}</ref> She graduated from the Georgetown University School of Medicine on June 11, 1951, as class valedictorian alongside four other women who together were the first to graduate in the program's 101-year history.<ref>{{cite journal |title=News and Personals |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |volume=|issue=|page=|date= 1951|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2019medi/page/452/mode/2up?q=niedfield }}</ref> She graduated ''[[summa cum laude]]'', and received a gold medal for highest achievement in [[bacteriology]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=North |first1=Patti |title=Women in Medicine: Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women |url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ |work=Health Magazine |date=16 October 2017}}</ref> She then qualified as a surgeon with her residency at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital|Georgetown University Hospital]] (now part of MedStar).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cessato |first1=Bill |title=Nuns & Sisters in Georgetown's History: Leaders & Learners |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/46f2a41c55cc47fb98184160504a55cb |work=Storymaps, Georgetown University}}</ref>',
4 => 'She expressed her deep affection for her work in a December 1953 article in [[The Washington Post]], stating, "I love it. I don't even want to come home. It is so much more satisfactory to be where you are needed."<ref name="gumc20127">{{cite web | url=https://today.advancement.georgetown.edu/health-magazine/2017/gumc-trailblazing-women/ | title=Georgetown University Medical Center's Trailblazing Women | date=16 October 2017 }}</ref>',
5 => 'Niedfield studied the [[Hindustani language]] during her surgery coursework, and then sailed for India in 1955. The MMS operated seven hospitals in South Asia, four in India and three in Pakistan, eventually expanding to eleven. She joined Dr. Ruth Taggart, a graduate of the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]], who was the hospital superintendent.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDstX4tudkMC&q=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&dq=%22eileen+niedfield%22+taggart&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4_7ozt-EAxUKrYkEHX6sDqQQ6AF6BAgHEAI |title=Journal of the American Medical Women's Association |date= |publisher=American Medical Women's Association |volume=10 |publication-date=1955 |pages=258}}</ref> Cumulatively, she spent nearly 40 years working in a variety of roles including surgeon, chief of surgery, and hospital superintendent, at Kurji Holy Family Hospital, Village of Mandar, Rachi District, State of Bihar, with four years (1960–64) in [[Patna, India]], serving many Muslim women whose husbands and fathers would not allow them to be treated by male doctors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Department of Health, Order, New Delhi, November 7, 1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1969.364/page/n31/mode/2up?q=%22eileen+niedfield%22 |work=Gazette of India |publisher=Directorate of Printing, Government of India |date=1969}}</ref> The hospital averaged 600 major surgical cases per year, and had 3,000 total inpatients annually.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Correspondence |journal=Medical Annals of the District of Columbia |date=November 1958 |volume=XXVII |issue=11 |page=620 |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalannalsofd2719medi/page/620/mode/2up?q=niedfield |publisher=Medical Society of the District of Columbia}}</ref> Its services included general care, surgery, [[OBGYN|obstetrics-gynecology]], [[pediatrics]], a pharmacy, a substance abuse detox center, and a nursing school, all of which she oversaw while serving as hospital superintendent (1987–1992).<ref>{{cite journal |title=It's always wise to check the program |journal=Clinical Congress News |date=15 October 1970 |page=2 |publisher=American College of Surgeons |location=Chicago, Illinois}}</ref>',
6 => 'Her congregation and [[Mother Teresa|Mother Teresa's]] were connected, because Mother Teresa worked briefly at one of the [[Medical Mission Sisters|Medical Mission Sisters']] hospitals, and they and the [[Missionaries of Charity]] periodically trained one another's nurses.<ref name="Anchor-Jan-14-1994">{{cite news|newspaper=Anchor (Fall River Diocese)|date=January 14, 1994|page=13|url=https://issuu.com/the_anchor/docs/01.14.94/13 |title=Doctor-nun star graduate of her grade school class}}</ref>',
7 => 'She became a bi-monthly columnist for the MMS, contributing a column titled "The Doctor's Diary."<ref name="archive.org"/> On April 24, 1967, the work of the MMS was honored by Representative [[Joshua Eilberg]] (D-Pennsylvania) when he read a citation including her name into the ''[[Congressional Record]].''<ref name="Eilberg">{{cite journal |last1=Eilberg |first1=Joshua |title=Medical Mission Sisters, Extension of Remarks of Hon. Joshua Eilberg of Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives |journal=Congressional Record, March 01 – April 28, 1967 |date=24 April 1967 |volume=113 |page=A1988}}</ref> In the book ''The Hills Around Me,'' author Imtiaz Fiona Griffiths describes how Dr. Niedfield saved her husband's life in India by performing emergency surgery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Griffiths |first1=Imtiaz Fiona |title=The Hills Around Me |date=2021 |publisher=FriesenPress |location=Victoria, British Columbia, Canada |pages=241–2 |isbn=9781525590740 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SMwEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22eileen++niedfield%22&pg=PA241}}</ref>',
8 => 'Niedfield spent two years (1979-1981) in [[Bhutan]], a kingdom on the border between Tibet and India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=Patricia |title=Surgeons at Georgetown: Surgery and Medical Education in the Nation's Capital, 1849–1969 |date=2001 |publisher=Hillsboro Press |location=Franklin, Tennessee |isbn=9781577362364 |page=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTogAQAAMAAJ&q=niedfield+bhutan}}</ref> She wrote that it was all but impossible to enter Bhutan without an official invitation, as its policies were isolationist. However, the Buddhist Bhutanese government was eager to update the quality of its healthcare, so health ministers invited her in a non-missionary capacity.<ref name="Lucy Hall">{{cite web |last1=Hall, MMS |first1=Lucy |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters and Associates |access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref>',
9 => 'During Niedfield's time abroad, she was brought back to the US for training, time with family, and rest. She dedicated one of these trips (1976–77) in service as a staff physician with the [[American Medical Association|American Medical Association's]] “Project USA” program in support of the US Department of Health, Education, & Welfare. She worked in [[South Dakota]] at the Aberdeen Area [[Indian Health Service]], the Omaha-Winnebago Service Unit, and at the [[Fort Defiance, Arizona]] Indian Hospital.<ref>{{cite book |title=Directory of Medical Specialists Certified by American Boards, Volumes 1–3 |date=1979 |publisher=Advisory Board for Medical Specialties, JAMA Network |location=Chicago, Illinois |page=3823 |isbn=9780837905228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njNOAQAAIAAJ&q=niedfield+fort+defiance}}</ref>',
10 => 'In 2001, largely due to failing eyesight, she retired from practicing medicine at the age of 81 and moved to the Regina Residence in [[Orange, California]], run by the [[Sisters of St. Joseph]].<ref name="Lucy Hall" /> She died on 19 March 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Eileen Niedfield |url=https://www.medicalmissionsisters.org/file_download/inline/4696dfba-9662-4f7a-8da4-75828046569a |website=Medical Mission Sisters}}</ref>',
11 => 'In 2019, students at Georgetown University circulated a petition and published an op-ed calling on the university to name a pavilion for her at [[MedStar Georgetown University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borzilleri |first1=C. C. |title=Viewpoint: Name MedStar Pavilion for Eileen Niedfield |url=https://thehoya.com/viewpoint-name-medstar-pavilion-eileen-niedfield/ |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=15 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=McBride |first1=Harrison |title=Student Petition Calls for GU To Name MedStar Building in Honor of Nun |url=https://thehoya.com/student-petition-calls-for-gu-to-rename-medstar-building/?fbclid=IwAR1HCdQN2d5dF8EYraxFshAaUvOc1DTqLlHDWBN8NUQgj6zZ1LlMju3gZrU |work=The Hoya (Georgetown University student newspaper) |date=22 November 2019}}</ref>'
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Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1709732930' |
