Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Country in the Caribbean}}
{{About|the country|the islands of the sovereign state|Trinidad|and|Tobago|other uses|Trinidad (disambiguation)|and|Tobago (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use Trinidad and Tobago English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| coordinates = {{Coord|10|40|0|N|61|30|27|W|type:city_region:TT-POS|display=inline}}
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
| image_flag = Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago.svg
| national_motto = "Together we aspire, together we achieve"
| national_anthem = "[[Forged from the Love of Liberty]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Forged from the Love of Liberty (instrumental).ogg]]</div>
| common_name = Trinidad
| image_map = Trinidad and Tobago (orthographic projection).svg
| image_map2 = Trinidad and Tobago - Location Map (2013) - TTO - UNOCHA.svg
| capital = [[Port of Spain]]
| largest_city = [[Chaguanas]]<br /> {{coord|10|31|N|61|24|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian English|English]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/gortt/portal/ttconnect/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOK9A40MTD0tjQ38Aw0sDYyCPA1dDUy9jd2DDIEKIlEUBLm7ARW4mhp6eIcZGxgYEKffAAdwJKg_ODVPP1w_Cq8yLwMMBZjOBCvA446C3NCICs9MRwCWELx4/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fgortt%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FGorTT%20Web%20Content%2Fttconnect%2Fhome%2Fabout+t+and+t%2Fgeneral+information%2Flanguage |title=Home |publisher=Ttconnect.gov.tt |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191351/https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/gortt/portal/ttconnect/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOK9A40MTD0tjQ38Aw0sDYyCPA1dDUy9jd2DDIEKIlEUBLm7ARW4mhp6eIcZGxgYEKffAAdwJKg_ODVPP1w_Cq8yLwMMBZjOBCvA446C3NCICs9MRwCWELx4/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fgortt%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FGorTT%20Web%20Content%2Fttconnect%2Fhome%2Fabout+t+and+t%2Fgeneral+information%2Flanguage |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| languages_type = Other languages
| languages = ''See [[Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Language|Languages in Trinidad and Tobago]]''<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TT/languages | title=Trinidad and Tobago – Languages | work=Ethnologue | access-date=20 May 2018 | archive-date=22 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422124732/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/tt/languages | url-status=live }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = {{tree list}}
* 35.4% [[Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Indian]]
* 34.2% [[Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians|African]]
* 22.8% [[Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Mixed ethnicity|Mixed]]
** 7.6% [[Dougla people|Dougla]]
* 1.3% [[Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Ethnic groups|other]]{{efn|incl. [[White Trinidadians and Tobagonians|European]], [[Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Chinese]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]], [[Arabs]]}}
* 6.2% unknown or undeclared
{{tree list/end}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2011
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=2011Census />
| demonym = {{unbulleted list
|[[Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]
|Trini or Trinbagonian (colloquial)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/trinbagonian|title=Trinbagonian|dictionary=Macmillan Dictionary|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620181304/https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/trinbagonian|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Trinidad and Tobago|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Christine Kangaloo]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Keith Rowley]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago|House Speaker]]
| leader_name3 = [[Bridgid Annisette-George]]
| leader_title4 = [[President of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago|Senate President]]
| leader_name4 = [[Nigel de Freitas]]
| leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name5 = [[Ivor Archie]]
| leader_title6 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)|Opposition Leader]]
| leader_name6 = [[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate (Trinidad and Tobago)|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)|House of Representatives]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
| established_event1 = Province of the [[West Indies Federation]]
| established_event2 = [[Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962|Independence]]
| established_event3 = Joined the [[Caribbean Community]] at the [[Treaty of Chaguaramas]]
| established_event4 = Republic
| established_date1 = 3 January 1958 – 14 January 1962
| established_date2 = 31 August 1962
| established_date3 = 1 August 1973
| established_date4 = 1 August 1976{{efn|Despite becoming a republic on 1 August, Republic Day is celebrated as a public holiday on 24 September because this is the date when the first Parliament met under the new Republican Constitution.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://visittrinidad.tt/event/republic-day/ | title=Republic Day | access-date=17 September 2022 | archive-date=15 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015160943/https://visittrinidad.tt/event/republic-day/ | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| area_km2 = 5,131
| area_rank = 164th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] -->
| area_sq_mi = 1,981
| percent_water = negligible
| population_estimate = 1,508,635 <ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/trinidad-and-tobago-population |access-date=1 October 2024 |title=Trinidad and Tobago Population (2024) - Worldometer }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 154th
| population_density_km2 = 294
| population_density_rank = 34th
| population_density_sq_mi = 761
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $43.658 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.TT">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=369,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (TT) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031180200/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=369,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 126th
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $30,718<ref name="IMFWEO.TT" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 58th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $27.887 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.TT" />
| GDP_nominal_rank = 107th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $19,621<ref name="IMFWEO.TT" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 47th
| Gini = 39.0 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2012
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite news|first=Carla|last=Bridglal|date=12 March 2013|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/business-magazine/Allowing__govt_to_manage_better-197710671.html|title=Allowing govt to manage better|newspaper=Trinidad Express |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314181759/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/business-magazine/Allowing__govt_to_manage_better-197710671.html|archive-date=14 March 2013|access-date=23 December 2013}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.814
| HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 60th
| currency = [[Trinidad and Tobago dollar]]
| currency_code = TTD
| time_zone = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset = -4
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]] [[Area code 868|(868)]]
| cctld = [[.tt]]
| footnote_a =
| religion = {{unbulleted list
|{{nowrap|20.4% [[Christianity]]}}|30.3% [[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Hinduism]]|43.4% [[Islam in Trinidad and Tobago|Islam]]|2.3% [[Irreligion|no religion]]|3.4% [[Religion in Trinidad and Tobago|other]]}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=224c&u=23r|title=National Profiles; World Religion|website=www.thearda.com|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125220438/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=224c&u=23r|url-status=live}}</ref>
| footnotes = {{notelist}}
}}
'''Trinidad and Tobago''',{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Trinidad and Tobago.ogg|ˈ|t|r|ɪ|n|ᵻ|d|æ|d|...|t|ə|ˈ|b|eɪ|ɡ|oʊ}}, {{IPAc-en|-|_|t|oʊ|-}}, {{respell|TRIN|ih|dad ... tə|BAY|goh}}, {{respell|-|_|toh-}}}} officially the '''Republic of Trinidad and Tobago''', is the southernmost [[island country]] in the [[Caribbean]]. Consisting of the main islands [[Trinidad]] and [[Tobago]] and numerous much [[List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago|smaller islands]], it is situated {{convert|11|km|nmi|frac=2|abbr=off}} off the coast of northeastern [[Venezuela]] and {{convert|130|km|nmi|round=5|abbr=off}} south of [[Grenada]].<ref name=EBTT/> It shares [[Maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]] with [[Barbados]] to the east, Grenada to the northwest and Venezuela to the south and west.<ref>{{cite web|title = Treaty between the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the Republic of Venezuela on the delimitation of marine and submarine areas, 18 April 1990|publisher = The United Nations|url = https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/TTO-VEN1990SA.PDF|access-date = 13 April 2009|archive-date = 4 September 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080904003335/http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/TTO-VEN1990SA.PDF|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = The 1990 Accord Replaces the 1942 Paris Treaty|publisher = Trinidad and Tobago News|url = http://www.trinidadandtobagonews.com/selfnews/viewnews.cgi?newsid1083159999,34015,.shtml|access-date = 13 April 2009|archive-date = 19 September 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090919023454/http://www.trinidadandtobagonews.com/selfnews/viewnews.cgi?newsid1083159999,34015,.shtml|url-status = live}}</ref> Trinidad and Tobago is generally considered to be part of the [[West Indies]]. The island country's capital is [[Port of Spain]], while its largest and most populous municipality is [[Chaguanas]].
The [[island]] of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]] before becoming a colony in the [[Spanish Empire]], following the arrival of [[Christopher Columbus]], in 1498. Spanish governor [[José María Chacón]] surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]] in 1797.{{sfnp|Carmichael|1961|pp=40–42}} Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the [[Treaty of Amiens]] as separate states and unified in 1889.{{sfnp|Carmichael|1961|p=52}} Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962, and became a republic in 1976.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago">{{cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063840/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=CIA World Factbook}}</ref><ref name=EBTT/>
Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories, which rely heavily on tourism, the economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and [[petrochemical]]s;<ref>{{cite web| title = Trinidad and Tobago Country brief|publisher = The World Bank|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/TRINIDADANDTOBAGOEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21045974~menuPK:331460~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:331452,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112060138/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/TRINIDADANDTOBAGOEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21045974~menuPK:331460~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:331452,00.html|archive-date=12 January 2007}}</ref> much of the nation's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20072231|title=Trinidad and Tobago profile – Overview|work=BBC News|date=24 October 2012 |access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913132848/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20072231|url-status=live}}</ref>
Trinidad and Tobago is well known for its African and Indian cultures, reflected in its large and famous [[Trinidad and Tobago Carnival|Carnival]], [[Diwali]], and [[Hosay]] celebrations, as well as being the birthplace of the [[steelpan]], the [[Limbo (dance)|limbo]], and music styles such as [[Calypso music|calypso]], [[Soca music|soca]], [[rapso]], [[parang]], [[Chutney music|chutney]], and [[chutney soca]] music. The country gets fewer hurricanes than most of the Caribbean because it is farther south.
==Toponymy==
<!--linked-->
Historian [[Edward Lanzer Joseph|E. L. Joseph]] claimed that Trinidad's Indigenous name was ''Cairi'' or "Land of the [[Hummingbird|Humming Bird]]", derived from the [[Arawak language|Arawak]] name for hummingbird, ''ierèttê'' or ''yerettê''. However, other authors dispute this etymology with some claiming that ''cairi'' does not mean hummingbird (''tukusi'' or ''tucuchi'' being suggested as the correct word) and some claiming that ''kairi'', or ''iere'', simply means ''island''.<ref name=Boomert/> [[Christopher Columbus]] renamed it "La Isla de la Trinidad" ("The Island of the [[Trinity]]"), fulfilling a vow made before setting out on his third voyage of exploration.<ref name="Hart, Marie 1965 p. 13">Hart, Marie. (1965). ''The New Trinidad and Tobago'', p. 13. London and [[Glasgow]]: Collins. Reprint 1972.</ref> Tobago's cigar-like shape, or the use of tobacco by the native people, may have given it its Spanish name (''cabaco'', ''tavaco'', ''tobacco'') and possibly some of its other Indigenous names, such as ''Aloubaéra'' (black conch) and ''Urupaina'' (big snail),<ref name="Boomert">Boomert, Arie. ''Trinidad, Tobago and the Lower Orinoco Interaction Sphere: An archaeological/ethnohistorical study''. Universiteit Leiden, 2000, {{ISBN|90-90-13632-0}}</ref> although the English pronunciation is {{IPA|/təˈbeɪɡoʊ/}}. [[Indo-Trinidadian]]s called the island ''Chinidat'' or ''Chinidad'' which translated to the "land of sugar". The usage of the term goes back to the 19th century when recruiters in India would call the island ''Chinidat'' as a way of luring workers into indentureship on the sugar plantations.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_n82hsbDJBMC&dq=chinidat&pg=PA204 |title=Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles - Lise Winer - Google Books |date=16 January 2009 |isbn=9780773576070 |accessdate=26 August 2022 |last1=Winer |first1=Lise |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164822/https://books.google.com/books?id=_n82hsbDJBMC&dq=chinidat&pg=PA204 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== History ==
{{Main|History of Trinidad and Tobago}}
===Geological history===
The islands that make up modern-day Trinidad and Tobago lie at the southern end of the [[Lesser Antilles]] group.
===Indigenous peoples===
Both Trinidad and Tobago were originally settled by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous people]] who came through South America.<ref name=EBTT/> Trinidad was first settled by pre-agricultural Archaic people at least 7,000 years ago, making it the earliest settled part of the Caribbean.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} [[Banwari Trace]] in south-west Trinidad is the oldest attested archaeological site in the Caribbean, dating to about 5000 BC. Several waves of migration occurred over the following centuries, which can be identified by differences in their archaeological remains.<ref name="Reid 2008">{{Cite book|title=Archaeology and geoinformatics : case studies from the Caribbean|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologygeoin00reid_533|url-access=limited|last=Reid|first=Basil A.|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=2008|isbn=9780817380533|location=Tuscaloosa|pages=[https://archive.org/details/archaeologygeoin00reid_533/page/n49 33]–73|chapter=Developing Weights-of-Evidence Predictive Models for the Cultural Resource Management of Pre-Columbian Sites in Trinidad|oclc=567999135}}</ref> At the time of European contact, Trinidad was occupied by various [[Arawakan]]-speaking groups including the Nepoya and Suppoya, and [[Cariban languages|Cariban]]-speaking groups such as the [[Yao language (Trinidad)|Yao]], while Tobago was occupied by the [[Island Caribs]] and [[Galibi]].
===European colonization===
{{Main|Columbian Viceroyalty|New Spain|Captaincy General of Cuba}}
Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Trinidad, on his third voyage to the Americas in 1498.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}}{{sfnp|Williams|1964|pp=7–8}} He also reported seeing Tobago on the distant horizon, naming it ''Bellaforma'', but did not land on the island.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Carmichael|1961|p=14}}
[[File:Raleigh at Trinidad.jpg|thumb|left|[[Walter Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]] raiding Spanish settlement in Trinidad in 1595]]
In the 1530s Antonio de Sedeño, a Spanish soldier intent on conquering the island of Trinidad, landed on its southwest coast with a small army of men, intending to subdue the Indigenous population of the island. Sedeño and his men fought the native peoples on many occasions, and subsequently built a fort. The next few decades were generally spent in warfare with the native peoples, until in 1592, the "Cacique" (native chief) Wannawanare (also known as Guanaguanare) granted the area around modern [[Saint Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago|Saint Joseph]] to Domingo de Vera e Ibargüen, and withdrew to another part of the island.<ref name=Boomert/> The settlement of San José de Oruña was later established by [[Antonio de Berrío]] on this land in 1592.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} Shortly thereafter the English sailor [[Sir Walter Raleigh]] arrived in Trinidad on 22 March 1595 [[Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition|in search]] of the long-rumoured "[[El Dorado]]" ("City of Gold") supposedly located in South America.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} He attacked San José, captured and interrogated Antonio de Berrío, and obtained much information from him and from the Cacique Topiawari; Raleigh then went on his way, and Spanish authority was restored.{{sfnp|Williams|1964|pp=11, 18}}
Meanwhile, there were numerous attempts by European powers to settle Tobago during the 1620–40s, with the Dutch, English and Couronians (people from the [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]], now part of [[Latvia]]) all attempting to colonise the island with little success.<ref name="dutch">{{cite web|work=Colonial Voyage|url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/america/tobago/dutch.html|last=Ramerini|first=Marco|title=Dutch and Courlanders on Tobago: A History of the First Settlements, 1628{{ndash}}1677|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110022814/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/america/tobago/dutch.html|archive-date=10 November 2012|access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}} From 1654 the Dutch and Courlanders managed to gain a more secure foothold, later joined by several hundred French settlers.<ref name="dutch"/> A plantation economy developed based on the production of sugar, indigo and rum, worked by large numbers of African slaves who soon came to vastly outnumber the European colonists.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}}<ref name="dutch"/> Large numbers of forts were constructed as Tobago became a source of contention between France, Netherlands and Britain, with the island changing hands some 31 times prior to 1814, a situation exacerbated by widespread piracy.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}} The British managed to hold Tobago from 1762 to 1781, whereupon it was captured by the French, who ruled until 1793 when Britain re-captured the island.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}}
The 17th century on Trinidad passed largely without major incident, but sustained attempts by the Spaniards to control and rule over the Indigenous population was often fiercely resisted.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} In 1687 the [[Catholic]] [[Catalan people|Catalan]] [[Capuchin friars]] were given responsibility for [[religious conversion|the conversions]] of the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous people]] of [[Trinidad]] and the [[Guianas]].{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} They founded several missions in Trinidad, supported and richly funded by the state, which also granted ''[[encomienda]]'' right to them over the native peoples, in which the native peoples were forced to provide labour for the Spanish.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} One such mission was ''Santa Rosa de Arima,'' established in 1689, when Indigenous people from the former ''encomiendas'' of [[Tacarigua]] and ''Arauca'' ([[Arouca, Trinidad and Tobago|Arouca]]) were relocated further west.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Escalating tensions between the Spaniards and Indigenous people culminated in violence in 1689, when Indigenous people in the San Rafael encomienda rebelled and killed several priests, attacked a church, and killed the Spanish governor [[José de León y Echales]]. Among those killed in the governor's party was Juan Mazien de Sotomayor, missionary priest to the Nepuyo villages of Caura, Tacarigua and Arauca.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osargenews.com/history-info/republic-of-trinidad-and-tobago/ |title=Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=osargenews.com |publisher= |access-date=11 March 2021 |quote="Among those killed in the governor's party was Fr.Juan Mazien de Sotomayor, O.P., missionary priest to the Nepuyo villages of Cuara, Tacarigua and Arauca." |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024736/http://www.osargenews.com/history-info/republic-of-trinidad-and-tobago/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Spanish retaliated severely, slaughtering hundreds of native peoples in an event that became known as the [[Arena massacre]].{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} As a result, continuing Spanish slave-raiding, and the devastating impact of introduced disease to which they had no immunity, the native population was virtually wiped out by the end of the following century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Romero|first1=Aldemaro|title=Death and Taxes: the Case of the Depletion of Pearl Oyster Beds in Sixteenth-Century Venezuela|journal=Conservation Biology|date=2003|volume=17|issue=4|page=1016|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01406.x|bibcode=2003ConBi..17.1013R |s2cid=86335309|url=https://spark.siue.edu/bio_fac/408|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=12 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312011430/https://spark.siue.edu/bio_fac/408/|url-status=live | issn = 0888-8892 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}}
During this period Trinidad was an island province belonging to the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], together with Central America, present-day [[Mexico]] and what would later become the southwestern [[United States]].<ref name="Besson, 2000">Besson, Gerard (27 August 2000). "Land of Beginnings – A historical digest", ''Newsday Newspaper''.</ref> In 1757 the capital was moved from San José de Oruña to Puerto de España (modern [[Port of Spain]]) following several pirate attacks.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=55}} However the Spanish never made any concerted effort to colonise the islands; Trinidad in this period was still mostly forest, populated by a few Spaniards with a handful of slaves and a few thousand Indigenous people.<ref name="Besson, 2000"/> Indeed, the population in 1777 was only 1,400, and Spanish colonisation in Trinidad remained tenuous.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
====Influx of French settlers====
{{Main|French West Indies}}
In 1777, the captain general [[Luis de Unzaga]] 'le Conciliateur', married to a French Creole, allowed free trade in Trinidad, attracting French settlers and its economy improved notably.<ref>Cazorla, Frank, Baena, Rose, Polo, David, Reder Gadow, Marion (2019). The Governor Louis de Unzaga (1717-1793) Pioneer in the birth of the United States and liberalism, Foundation, Malaga, pages: 21, 154-155, 163-165, 172, 188-191, 199.</ref>
Since Trinidad was considered underpopulated, Roume de St. Laurent, a Frenchman living in [[Grenada]], was able to obtain a [[Cedula of Population|''Cédula de Población'']] from the Spanish king [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]] on 4 November 1783.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=250}} A ''Cédula de Población'' had previously been granted in 1776 by the king, but had not shown results, and therefore the new Cédula was more generous.<ref name=EBTT/> It granted free land and tax exemption for 10 years to Roman Catholic foreign settlers who were willing to swear allegiance to the King of Spain.<ref name=EBTT/> The land grant was 30 fanegas (13 hectares/32 acres) for each free man, woman and child and half of that for each slave that they brought with them. The Spanish sent a new governor, [[José María Chacón]], to implement the terms of the new ''cédula''.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=250}}
The Cédula was issued only a few years before the [[French Revolution]]. During that period of upheaval, French planters with their slaves, free [[coloureds]] and [[mulattos]] from the neighbouring islands of [[Martinique]], [[Saint Lucia]], Grenada, [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Dominica]] migrated to Trinidad, where they established an agriculture-based economy (sugar and cocoa).<ref name="Besson, 2000"/> These new immigrants established local communities in [[Blanchisseuse]], Champs Fleurs, [[Paramin]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Paramin: a Forgotten World|url=http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Paramin-a-Forgotten-World/169/3/23|website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago|date=22 October 2013|access-date=28 November 2014|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205010830/http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Paramin-a-Forgotten-World/169/3/23|url-status=live}}</ref> Cascade, [[Carenage]] and [[Laventille]].
As a result, Trinidad's population jumped to over 15,000 by the end of 1789, and by 1797 the population of [[Port of Spain]] had increased from under 3,000 to 10,422 in just five years, with a varied population of mixed race individuals, Spaniards, Africans, French republican soldiers, retired pirates and French nobility.<ref name="Besson, 2000"/> The total population of Trinidad was 17,718, of which 2,151 were of European ancestry, 4,476 were "free blacks and people of colour", 10,009 were enslaved people and 1,082 Indigenous people.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} The sparse settlement and slow rate of population-increase during Spanish rule (and even later during British rule) made Trinidad one of the less populated colonies of the West Indies, with the least developed plantation infrastructure.<ref name=Brereton/>
===British rule===
{{Main|British West Indies|British Windward Islands}}
[[File:Trinidad Ralph Abercromby (cropped).JPG|left|thumb|upright|A medallion showing the capture of Trinidad and Tobago by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1797.]]
The British had begun to take a keen interest in Trinidad, and in 1797 a British force led by General [[Ralph Abercromby|Sir Ralph Abercromby]] launched an [[Invasion of Trinidad (1797)|invasion of Trinidad]].<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}} His squadron sailed through the Bocas and anchored off the coast of [[Chaguaramas, Trinidad|Chaguaramas]]. Seriously outnumbered, Chacón decided to capitulate to the British without fighting.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}} Trinidad thus became a British [[crown colony]], with a largely French-speaking population and Spanish laws.<ref name="Besson, 2000"/> British rule was later formalised under the [[Treaty of Amiens]] (1802).<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}} The colony's first British governor was [[Thomas Picton]], however his heavy-handed approach to enforcing British authority, including the use of torture and [[arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrest]], led to his being recalled.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}}
[[File:Plan of the Isle of Trinidad from actual surveys made in the year 1797. RMG K1077.jpg|thumb|Survey map from 1797 of Trinidad]]
British rule led to an influx of settlers from the United Kingdom and the British colonies of the Eastern Caribbean. English, Scots, Irish, German and Italian families arrived, as well as some free blacks known as "[[Merikins]]" who had fought for Britain in the [[War of 1812]] and were granted land in southern Trinidad.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Trinidad Express Newspapers|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/The-Merikens-again-210343861.html|title=The Merikens again|first=Bridget|last=Brereton|author-link=Bridget Brereton|date=5 June 2013|access-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220044722/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/The-Merikens-again-210343861.html|archive-date=20 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McNish Weiss|first1=John|title=The Merikens: Free Black American settlers in Trinidad 1815-16|date=2002|publisher=McNish & Weiss|location=London|isbn=0-9526460-5-6|edition=2nd}}</ref>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} Under British rule, new states were created and the importation of slaves increased, however by this time support for [[abolitionism]] had vastly increased and in England the slave trade was under attack.<ref name=Brereton>Brereton, Bridget (1981). ''A History of Modern Trinidad 1783–1962''. London: Heinemann Educational Books, {{ISBN|0-435-98116-1}}.</ref>{{sfnp|Williams|1964}} Slavery was [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|abolished in 1833]], after which former slaves served an "[[Slavery Abolition Act 1833#The Act|apprenticeship]]" period. In 1837 Daaga, a West African slave trader who had been captured by Portuguese slavers and later rescued by the British navy, was conscripted into the local regiment. Daaga and a group of his compatriots [[St. Joseph Mutiny|mutinied at the barracks in St Joseph]] and set out eastward in an attempt to return to their homeland. The mutineers were ambushed by a militia unit just outside the town of Arima. The revolt was crushed at the cost of some 40 dead, and Daaga and his party were later executed at St Joseph.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=126}} The apprenticeship system ended on 1 August 1838 with full emancipation.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} An overview of the population statistics in 1838, however, clearly reveals the contrast between Trinidad and its neighbouring islands: upon emancipation of the slaves in 1838, Trinidad had only 17,439 slaves, with 80% of slave owners having enslaved fewer than 10 people each.{{sfnp|Williams|1964|pp=84–85}} In contrast, at twice the size of Trinidad, Jamaica had roughly 360,000 slaves.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Meighoo, Kirk |year=2008|title=Ethnic Mobilisation vs. Ethnic Politics: Understanding Ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago Politics|journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics|volume=46|issue=1|pages= 101–127|doi=10.1080/14662040701838068|s2cid=153587532}}</ref>
====Arrival of Indian indentured labourers====
[[File:Newly arrived coolies in Trinidad.jpg|thumb|left|Newly arrived [[Indian indenture system|indentured Indian labourers]] in Trinidad and Tobago.]]
After the African slaves were emancipated many refused to continue working on the plantations, often moving out to urban areas such as Laventille and [[Belmont, Port of Spain|Belmont]] to the east of Port of Spain.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} As a result, a severe agricultural labour shortage emerged. The British filled this gap by instituting a system of [[indentureship]]. Various nationalities were contracted under this system, including Indians, Chinese, and Portuguese.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=253}} Of these, the East Indians were imported in the largest numbers, starting from 1 May 1845, when 225 Indians were brought in the first ship to Trinidad on the ''[[Fatel Razack]]'', a Muslim-owned vessel.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trinicenter.com/indian/indentureship.htm |title=1845: The East Indians and indentureship |publisher=Trinicenter.com |date=8 August 1999 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=17 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117011017/http://trinicenter.com/indian/indentureship.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Indentureship of the Indians lasted from 1845 to 1917, during which time more than 147,000 Indians came to Trinidad to work on sugarcane plantations.<ref name=EBTT/><ref>Deen, Shamshu (1994). ''Solving East Indian Roots in Trinidad''. Freeport Junction. H.E.M. Enterprise, {{ISBN|976-8136-25-1}}.</ref>
Indentureship contracts were sometimes exploitative, to such an extent that historians such as Hugh Tinker were to call it "a new system of slavery". Despite these descriptions, it was not truly a new form of slavery, as workers were paid, contracts were finite, and the idea of an individual being another's property had been eliminated when slavery was abolished.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indentured labor in the age of imperialism, 1834-1922|last=Northrup, David|date=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521480477|location=Cambridge|oclc=31290367}}</ref> In addition, employers of indentured labour had no legal right to flog or whip their workers; the main legal sanction for the enforcement of the indenture laws was prosecution in the courts, followed by fines or (more likely) jail sentences.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brereton|first=Bridget|date=2010|title=The Historical Background to the Culture of Violence in Trinidad and Tobago|url=http://www2.sta.uwi.edu/crgs/february2010/journals/BridgetBrereton.pdf|journal=Caribbean Review of Gender Studies|issue=4|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109163824/http://www2.sta.uwi.edu/crgs/february2010/journals/BridgetBrereton.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> People were contracted for a period of five years, with a daily wage as low as 25 cents in the early 20th century, and they were guaranteed return passage to India at the end of their contract period. However, [[Coercion|coercive means]] were often used to retain labourers, and the [[Indentured servant|indentureship contracts]] were soon extended to 10 years from 1854 after the planters complained that they were losing their labour too early.<ref name=Brereton/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} In lieu of the return passage, the British authorities soon began offering portions of land to encourage settlement, and by 1902, more than half of the sugar cane in Trinidad was being produced by independent cane farmers; the majority of which were Indians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/themes/waves-of-colonization-and-control-in-the-caribbean/waves-of-colonization/the-experience-of-indian-indenture-in-trinidad-arrival-and-settlement.html|title=THE EXPERIENCE OF INDIAN INDENTURE IN TRINIDAD: ARRIVAL AND SETTLEMENT|website=www.caribbean-atlas.com|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417023530/http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/themes/waves-of-colonization-and-control-in-the-caribbean/waves-of-colonization/the-experience-of-indian-indenture-in-trinidad-arrival-and-settlement.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the trying conditions experienced under the indenture system, about 90% of the Indian immigrants chose, at the end of their contracted periods of indenture, to make Trinidad their permanent home.<ref name="auto"/> Indians entering the colony were also subject to certain crown laws which [[Racial segregation|segregated]] them from the rest of Trinidad and Tobago's population, such as the requirement that they carry a pass with them if they left the plantations, and that if freed, they carry their "Free Papers" or certificate indicating completion of the indenture period.<ref>Mohammed, Patricia (2002). ''Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad 1917–1947''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-333-96278-8}}.</ref>
[[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago (1889–1958).svg|thumb|Colonial flag of Trinidad and Tobago, 1889–1958]]
{{anchor|Trinidad and Tobago Act 1887}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Trinidad and Tobago Act 1887
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to enable Her Majesty by Order in Council to unite the Colonies of Trinidad and Tobago into one Colony.
| year = 1887
| citation = [[50 & 51 Vict.]] c. 44
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 16 September 1887
| commencement = 16 September 1887
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://archive.org/details/lrpgsv241887/page/n199/
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
Few Indians settled on Tobago however, and the descendants of African slaves continued to form the majority of the island's population. An ongoing economic slump in the middle-to-late 19th century caused widespread poverty.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}} Discontent erupted into rioting on the [[Roxborough, Trinidad and Tobago|Roxborough]] plantation in 1876, in an event known as the Belmanna Uprising after a policeman who was killed.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}} The British eventually managed to restore control; however, as a result of the disturbances Tobago's Legislative Assembly voted to dissolve itself and the island became a Crown colony in 1877.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}} With the sugar industry in a state of near-collapse and the island no longer profitable, the British attached Tobago to their Trinidad colony in 1889.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}}{{sfnp|Williams|1964|p=149}}
====Early 20th century====
[[File:Stamps of Trinidad and Tobago.jpg|thumb|left|The Queen on 1953 stamps of Trinidad and Tobago]]
In 1903, [[1903 Water Riots|a protest]] against the introduction of new water rates in Port of Spain erupted into rioting; 18 people were shot dead, and the [[Red House (Trinidad and Tobago)|Red House]] (the government headquarters) was damaged by fire.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} A local elected assembly with some limited powers was introduced in 1913.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} Economically Trinidad and Tobago remained a predominantly agricultural colony; alongside sugarcane, the cacao ([[cocoa bean|cocoa]]) crop also contributed greatly to economic earnings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In November 1919, the dockworkers went on strike over bad management practices, low wages compared to a higher cost of living.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=66}} Strikebreakers were brought in to keep a minimum of goods moving through the ports. On 1 December 1919, the striking dockworkers rushed the harbour and chased off the strikebreakers.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=66}} They then proceeded to march on the government buildings in Port of Spain. Other unions and workers, many with the same grievances, joined the dock worker's strike making it a General Strike.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=66}} Violence broke out and was only put down with help from the sailors of British Naval ship {{ship|HMS|Calcutta|D82|6}}. The unity brought upon by the strike was the first time of cooperation between the various ethnic groups of the time.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=67}} Historian Brinsley Samaroo says that the 1919 strikes "seem to indicate that there was a growing class consciousness after the war and this transcended racial feelings at times."{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=67}}
However, in the 1920s, the collapse of the sugarcane industry, concomitant with the failure of the cocoa industry, resulted in widespread depression among the rural and agricultural workers in Trinidad, and encouraged the rise of a labour movement. Conditions on the islands worsened in the 1930s with the onset of the [[Great Depression]], with an outbreak of [[British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39|labour riots]] occurring in 1937 which resulted in several deaths.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=185}} The labour movement aimed to unite the urban working class and agricultural labour class; the key figures being [[Arthur Andrew Cipriani|Arthur Cipriani]], who led the [[Trinidad Labour Party]] (TLP), [[Tubal Uriah Butler|Tubal Uriah "Buzz" Butler]] of the [[Butler Party|British Empire Citizens' and Workers' Home Rule Party]], and [[Adrian Cola Rienzi]], who led the Trinidad Citizens League (TCL), [[Oilfields Workers' Trade Union]], and [[All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union]].{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=185}} As the movement developed calls for greater autonomy from British colonial rule became widespread; this effort was severely undermined by the British Home Office and by the British-educated Trinidadian elite, many of whom were descended from the plantocracy class.
[[File:Waller AFB mess hall sign.jpg|thumb|right|A soldier at [[Waller Air Force Base]], leased by Britain to America in the 1940s]]
Petroleum had been discovered in 1857, but became economically significant only in the 1930s and afterwards as a result of the collapse of sugarcane and cocoa, and increasing industrialization.<ref>''The New Trinidad & Tobago'' – from the original by Jos. A. De Suze (1846–1941), Collins, 1965. Reprint 1972.</ref><ref>''Trinidad and Tobago's Oil: An Illustrated Survey of the Oil Industry in Trinidad and Tobago''. The Petroleum Association of Trinidad and Tobago, 1952.</ref><ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11332/ |title = Railroad Map of Trinidad |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1925 |access-date = 25 October 2013 |archive-date = 11 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160311090845/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11332/ |url-status = live }}</ref> By the 1950s petroleum had become a staple in Trinidad's export market, and was responsible for a growing middle class among all sections of the Trinidad population. The collapse of Trinidad's major agricultural commodities, followed by the Depression, and the rise of the oil economy, led to major changes in the country's social structure.
The presence of American [[Destroyers for Bases Agreement|military bases]] in Chaguaramas and [[Cumuto]] in Trinidad during [[World War II]] had a profound effect on society. The Americans vastly improved the infrastructure on Trinidad and provided many locals with well-paying jobs; however, the social effects of having so many young soldiers stationed on the island, as well as their often unconcealed racial prejudice, caused resentment.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} The Americans left in 1961.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=96}}
In the post-war period the British began a process of decolonisation across the British Empire. In 1945 universal suffrage was introduced to Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} Political parties emerged on the island, however these were largely divided along racial lines: Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians primarily supported the [[People's National Movement]] (PNM), formed in 1956 by [[Eric Williams]], with Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians mostly supporting the [[People's Democratic Party (Trinidad and Tobago)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP), formed in 1953 by [[Bhadase Sagan Maraj]],<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LlpuDwAAQBAJ&q=bhadase+sagan+maraj+pdp&pg=PA207|title = Callaloo or Tossed Salad?: East Indians and the Cultural Politics of Identity in Trinidad|isbn = 9781501729041|last1 = Munasinghe|first1 = Viranjini P.|date = 5 September 2018| publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date = 12 October 2020|archive-date = 15 April 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210415043232/https://books.google.com/books?id=LlpuDwAAQBAJ&q=bhadase+sagan+maraj+pdp&pg=PA207|url-status = live}}</ref> which later merged into the [[Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago)|Democratic Labour Party]] (DLP) in 1957.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Britain's Caribbean colonies formed the [[West Indies Federation]] in 1958 as a vehicle for independence, however the Federation dissolved after Jamaica withdrew following a [[Jamaican Federation of the West Indies membership referendum, 1961|membership referendum]] in 1961. The government of Trinidad and Tobago subsequently chose to seek independence from the United Kingdom on its own.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brereton|first1=Bridget|title=An introduction to the history of Trinidad and Tobago|date=1996|publisher=Heinemann Educational Publishers|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-435-98474-8|pages=103–105}}</ref>
===Contemporary era===
{{further|West Indies Federation|Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962|Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt}}
{{multiple image
| total_width = 300
| title = Leaders at Independence
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg
| caption1 = [[Elizabeth II]]<br /><small>[[List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago|Monarch]]</small>
| image2 = Eric Williams (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Eric Williams]]<br /><small>[[List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister]]</small>
| image3 =
| caption3 = [[Solomon Hochoy]]<br /><small>[[Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago|Governor-General]]</small>
}}
Trinidad and Tobago gained its [[Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962|independence]] from the [[United Kingdom]] on 31 August 1962.<ref name=EBTT/><ref name="WDL"/> However, [[Elizabeth II]] remained head of state, represented locally by [[List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago#Governor-General|Governor-General]] [[Solomon Hochoy]], until the passage of the 1976 Republican Constitution.<ref>[https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Constitution.pdf 1976 Republican Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221142521/https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Constitution.pdf |date=21 December 2023 }}. (Official Copy). Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.</ref>
[[Eric Williams]] of the [[People's National Movement]] became the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister]], serving in that capacity uninterrupted until 1981.<ref name="EBTT" /> The dominant figure in the opposition in the early independence years was [[Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)|Opposition Leader]] [[Rudranath Capildeo]] of the [[Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago)|Democratic Labour Party]]. The first [[List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago|Speaker of the House of Representatives]] was [[Clytus Arnold Thomasos]] and the first [[President of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago|President of the Senate]] was J. Hamilton Maurice. The 1960s saw the rise of a [[Black Power Revolution|Black Power movement]], inspired in part by the [[civil rights movement]] in the United States. Protests and strikes became common, with events coming to head in April 1970 when police shot dead a protester named Basil Davis.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Fearing a breakdown of law and order, Prime Minister Williams declared a state of emergency and ordered that many of the Black Power leaders be arrested. Some army leaders who were sympathetic to the Black Power movement, notably [[Raffique Shah]] and [[Rex Lassalle]], attempted to mutiny; however, this was quashed by the [[Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard]].{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Williams and the PNM retained power, largely due to divisions in the opposition.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}}
In 1963 Tobago was struck by [[Hurricane Flora]], which killed 30 people and resulted in enormous destruction across the island.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=236}} Partly as a result of this, tourism came to replace agriculture as the island's primary source of income in the subsequent decades.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=236}} On 1 May 1968, Trinidad and Tobago joined the [[Caribbean Free Trade Association]] (CARIFTA), which provided a continued economic, rather than political, linkage between the former [[British West Indies]] [[Commonwealth Caribbean|English-speaking countries]] after the [[West Indies Federation]] failed. On 1 August 1973, the country became a founding member state of CARIFTA's successor, the [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM), which is a [[Political union|political]] and [[economic union]] between several [[Caribbean]] countries and territories.
Between the years 1972 and 1983, the country profited greatly from the rising [[price of oil]] and the discovery of vast new oil deposits in its territorial waters, resulting in an economic boom that substantially increased living standards.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} In 1976 the country became a republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], though it retained the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] as its final appellate court.<ref name=EBTT/> The position of governor-general was replaced with that of [[President of Trinidad and Tobago|President]]; [[Ellis Clarke]] was the first to hold this largely ceremonial role.<ref>[http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=17567 Paul Donovan, "Obituary: Sir Ellis Clarke"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112226/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=17567 |date=5 October 2018 }}, ''Independent Catholic News'', 1 February 2011.</ref> Tobago was granted limited self-rule with the creation of the [[Tobago House of Assembly]] in 1980.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}}
[[File:Port of Spain Trinidad.jpg|thumb|left|Port of Spain, the capital, in 2008]]
Williams died in 1981, being replaced by [[George Chambers]] who led the country until 1986. By this time a fall in the price of oil had resulted in a recession, causing rising inflation and unemployment.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=257}} The main opposition parties united under the banner of [[National Alliance for Reconstruction]] (NAR) and won the [[1986 Trinidad and Tobago general election]], with NAR leader [[A. N. R. Robinson]] becoming the new Prime Minister.<ref name=N1>[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p. 630, {{ISBN|978-0-19-928357-6}}.</ref>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Robinson was unable to hold together the fragile NAR coalition, and his economic reforms, such as the implementation of an [[International Monetary Fund]] [[Structural Adjustment Program]] and devaluation of currency led to social unrest.<ref name=EBTT/> In 1990, 114 members of the [[Jamaat al Muslimeen]], led by [[Yasin Abu Bakr]] (formerly known as Lennox Phillip) stormed the [[The Red House (Trinidad and Tobago)|Red House]] (the seat of [[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago|Parliament]]), and [[Trinidad and Tobago Television]], the only television station in the country at the time, [[Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt|holding Robinson and country's government hostage]] for six days before surrendering.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=Selwyn|title=The Muslimeen grab for power : race, religion, and revolution in Trinidad and Tobago|date=1991|publisher=Inprint Caribbean|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies|isbn=9789766080310|page=82}}</ref> The coup leaders were promised amnesty, but upon their surrender they were arrested, ultimately being released after protracted legal wrangling.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=253}}
[[File:Steelpan Instruments at Trinidad and Tobago Carnival.jpg|thumb|Steelpan band at Carnival]]
The PNM under [[Patrick Manning]] returned to power following the [[1991 Trinidad and Tobago general election]].<ref name=EBTT/> Hoping to capitalise on an improvement in the economy, Manning called [[1995 Trinidad and Tobago general election|an early election]] in 1995, however, this resulted in a [[hung parliament]]. Two NAR representatives backed the opposition [[United National Congress]] (UNC), which had split off from the NAR in 1989, and they thus took power under [[Basdeo Panday]], who became the country's first Indo-Trinidadian Prime Minister.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=257}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://unctt.org/about-unc/unc-founder/|title=UNC Founder|date=26 February 2013|work=United National Congress|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828231111/http://unctt.org/about-unc/unc-founder/|url-status=live}}</ref> After a period of political confusion caused by a series of inconclusive election results, Patrick Manning returned to power in 2001, retaining that position until 2010.<ref name=EBTT/>
In 2003 the country entered a second oil boom, and petroleum, petrochemicals and natural gas continue to be the backbone of the economy. Tourism and the public service are the mainstay of the economy of Tobago, though authorities have attempted to diversify the island's economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Tobago/Tobago-Business-%2526-Economy/72/4/13|website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710133052/http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Tobago/Tobago-Business-%2526-Economy/72/4/13|archive-date=10 July 2011|title=Business Branches Out|access-date=13 September 2014|date=22 December 2009}}</ref> A partnership resulted in Manning's defeat by the newly formed [[People's Partnership]] coalition in 2010, with [[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]] becoming the country's first female prime minister.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=258}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ttgapers.com/Article2073.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927150806/http://www.ttgapers.com/Article2073.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 }} PNM lose to Peoples Partnership in Trinidad elections 2010. ''Ttgapers.com'' 24 May 2010.</ref><ref>Skard, Torild (2014) "Kamla Persad-Bissessar" in ''Women of power – half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}, pp. 271–13.</ref> However, the PP were defeated in 2015 by the PNM under [[Keith Rowley]].{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=259}}<ref>[http://www.stabroeknews.com/2015/news/stories/09/09/rowley-sworn-in-as-tt-pm/ "Rowley sworn in as T&T PM"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150910083245/http://www.stabroeknews.com/2015/news/stories/09/09/rowley-sworn-in-as-tt-pm/ |date=10 September 2015 }}, ''Stabroek News'', 9 September 2015.</ref> In August 2020, the governing People's National Movement won general [[2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election|election]], earning the incumbent Prime Minister Keith Rowley a second term in office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53735408|title=Trinidad and Tobago poll: Governing party claims victory|work=BBC News|date=11 August 2020|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415042656/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53735408|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Trinidad and Tobago}}
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[[File:td-map.gif|thumb|upright=1.25|left|A map of Trinidad and Tobago]]
Trinidad and Tobago is situated between 10° 2' and 11° 12' N [[latitude]] and 60° 30' and 61° 56' W [[longitude]], with the [[Caribbean Sea]] to the north, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the east and south, and the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the west. It is located in the far south-east of the Caribbean region, with the island of Trinidad being just {{convert|11|km|nmi|frac=2}} off the coast of [[Venezuela]] in mainland [[South America]] across the [[Columbus Channel]].<ref name=EBTT/> The islands are a physiographic extension of [[South America]].<ref name="britannica"/> Covering an area of {{convert|5128|km2|abbr=on}},<ref name=back>{{cite web|date = 16 December 2011|title = Background note Trinidad and Tobago|publisher = US Department of State|url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm|access-date = 21 May 2019|archive-date = 4 June 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192949/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> the country consists of two main islands, Trinidad and [[Tobago]], separated by a {{convert|20|nmi|km|order=flip|abbr=off|adj=on}} strait, plus a number of much [[List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago|smaller islands]], including [[Chacachacare]], [[Monos]], [[Huevos (island)|Huevos]], [[Gaspar Grande]] (or Gasparee), [[Little Tobago]], and [[Saint Giles Island]].<ref name=EBTT/>
[[File:Trinidad Topography.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Trinidad and Tobago's topography]]
[[File:Trinidad and Tobago OnEarth WMS.png|thumb|T&T from space]]
Trinidad is {{convert|4768|km2|abbr=on}} in area (comprising 93.0% of the country's total area) with an average length of {{convert|80|km}} and an average width of {{convert|59|km}}. Tobago has an area of about {{convert|300|km2|abbr=on}}, or 5.8% of the country's area, is {{convert|41|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|12|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=on}} at its greatest width. Trinidad and Tobago lie on the continental shelf of South America, and are thus geologically considered to lie entirely in South America.<ref name=EBTT/>
The terrain of the islands is a mixture of mountains and plains.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> On Trinidad the [[Northern Range]] runs parallel with the north coast, and contains the country's highest peak ([[El Cerro del Aripo]]), which is {{convert|940|m}} above sea level,<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> and second highest ([[El Tucuche]], {{convert|936|m}}).<ref name=EBTT/> The rest of the island is generally flatter, excluding the [[Central Range, Trinidad and Tobago|Central Range]] and Montserrat Hills in the centre of the island and the [[Southern Range]] and [[Trinity Hills]] in the south. The three mountain ranges determine the drainage pattern of Trinidad.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|title=Trinidad and Tobago|author1=Bridget M. Brereton|author2=Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson|author3=David Watts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago/additional-info#contributors|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210331193519/https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago#contributors|archive-date=31 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The east coast is noted for its beaches, most notably [[Manzanilla Beach, Trinidad and Tobago|Manzanilla Beach]]. The island contains several large swamp areas, such as the [[Caroni Swamp]] and the [[Nariva Swamp]].<ref name=EBTT/> Major bodies of water on Trinidad include the [[Hollis Reservoir]], [[Navet Dam|Navet Reservoir]], [[Caroni–Arena Dam|Caroni Reservoir]]. Trinidad is made up of a variety of soil types, the majority being fine sands and heavy clays. The alluvial valleys of the Northern Range and the soils of the [[East–West Corridor]] are the most fertile.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://u.osu.edu/ockerman.2/files/2014/03/Trinidad-and-Tobago-2hi6bwy.pdf |title=Data |publisher=u.osu.edu |access-date=13 November 2019 |archive-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100619/https://u.osu.edu/ockerman.2/files/2014/03/Trinidad-and-Tobago-2hi6bwy.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date = June 2015}} Trinidad is also notable for containing [[Pitch Lake]], the largest natural reservoir of [[Bitumen|asphalt]] in the world.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref name=EBTT/> Tobago contains a flat plain in its south-west, with the eastern half of the island being more mountainous, culminating in Pigeon Peak, the island's highest point at {{convert|550|m}}.<ref name=Anthony>{{cite book|author=Anthony, Michael|title=Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland, and London, UK|year=2001|isbn=0-8108-3173-2|author-link=Michael Anthony (author)}}</ref> Tobago also contains several coral reefs off its coast.<ref name=EBTT/>
The majority of the population reside on the island of Trinidad, and this is thus the location of largest [[List of cities and towns in Trinidad and Tobago|towns and cities]]. There are four major municipalities in Trinidad: the capital Port of Spain, [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]], [[Arima]] and [[Chaguanas]]. The main town on Tobago is [[Scarborough, Tobago|Scarborough]].
===Geology===
{{Main|Trinidad#Geology}}
[[File:STAPP 114 La Brea Pitch Lake.jpg|thumb|left|Pitch Lake, in south-west Trinidad]]
The Northern Range consists mainly of Upper Jurassic and [[Cretaceous]] [[metamorphic rock]]s. The Northern Lowlands (the [[East–West Corridor]] and [[Caroni Plain]]) consist of younger shallow marine [[clastic sediment]]s. South of this, the [[Central Range, Trinidad|Central Range]] [[fold and thrust belt]] consists of Cretaceous and [[Eocene]] [[sedimentary rock]]s, with [[Miocene]] formations along the southern and eastern flanks. The [[Naparima Plain]] and the [[Nariva Swamp]] form the southern shoulder of this uplift.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
The Southern Lowlands consist of Miocene and [[Pliocene]] sands, clays, and gravels. These overlie oil and natural gas deposits, especially north of the Los Bajos Fault. The Southern Range forms the third [[Anticline|anticlinal]] uplift. The rocks consist of [[sandstone]]s, [[shale]]s, [[siltstone]]s and clays formed in the Miocene and uplifted in the [[Pleistocene]]. [[tar sands|Oil sands]] and [[mud volcano]]es are especially common in this area.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
One of the natural wonders of the island is the [[Pitch lake]] lake, a natural pitch lake on the island of Trinidad. Which is the largest naturally occurring deposit of asphalt on Earth.
===Climate===
[[File:Beryl 2024-07-01 1150Z.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hurricane Beryl]] passes over Trinidad and Tobago in July 2024]]
Trinidad and Tobago has a maritime [[tropical climate]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref name=EBTT/> There are two seasons annually: the [[dry season]] for the first five months of the year, and the [[rainy season]] in the remaining seven of the year. Winds are predominantly from the northeast and are dominated by the northeast [[trade wind]]s. Unlike many Caribbean islands Trinidad and Tobago lies outside the main hurricane alleys; nevertheless, the island of Tobago was struck by [[Hurricane Flora]] on 30 September 1963. In the Northern Range of Trinidad, the climate is often cooler than that of the sweltering heat of the plains below, due to constant cloud and mist cover, and heavy rains in the mountains.
Record temperatures for Trinidad and Tobago are {{convert|39|°C}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=8 |title=August Climate History for Port-of-spain | Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Myweather2.com |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235230/http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=8 |url-status=live }}</ref> for the high in Port of Spain, and a low of {{convert|12|°C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=1 |title=January Climate History for Port-of-spain | Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Myweather2.com |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234839/http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Biodiversity===
{{Further|Environment of Trinidad and Tobago|Biota of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Mayaro Beach; Trinidad & Tobago.jpg|thumb|[[Mayaro, Trinidad|Mayaro]] Beach, in the southeastern area of Trinidad]]
[[File:Trinidad motmots (Momotus bahamensis).jpg|thumb|[[Trinidad Motmot]]s]]
[[File:Channel-billed toucan t t.jpg|thumb|Channel-billed toucan, Trinidad]]
Because the islands of Trinidad and Tobago lie on the continental shelf of South America, and in ancient times were physically connected to the South American mainland, their biological diversity is unlike that of most other Caribbean islands, and has much more in common with that of Venezuela.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=270}} The main ecosystems are: coastal and marine (coral reefs, mangrove swamps, open ocean and seagrass beds); forest; freshwater (rivers and streams); [[karst]]; man-made ecosystems (agricultural land, freshwater dams, secondary forest); and savanna. On 1 August 1996, Trinidad and Tobago ratified the 1992 Rio [[Convention on Biological Diversity]], and it has produced a biodiversity action plan and four reports describing the country's contribution to biodiversity conservation. These reports formally acknowledged the importance of biodiversity to the well-being of the country's people through provision of [[ecosystem service]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/?country=tt |title=Country Profile – Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity |access-date=9 August 2011 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812084723/http://www.cbd.int/countries/?country=tt |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Leatherback sea turtle Tinglar, USVI (5839996547).jpg|thumb|left|Trinidad and Tobago is a major nesting site for [[Leatherback sea turtle|Leatherback Turtles]]]]
Information about vertebrates is rather comprehensive, with 472 bird species (2 endemics), about 100 mammals, about 90 reptiles (a few endemics), about 30 amphibians (including several endemics), 50 freshwater fish and at least 950 marine fish.<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/tt/tt-nr-04-en.pdf |title=Fourth National Report of Trinidad and Tobago to the Convention on Biological Diversity |publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity |access-date=9 August 2011 |archive-date=24 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124043355/http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/tt/tt-nr-04-en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable mammal species include the [[ocelot]], [[West Indian manatee]], [[collared peccary]] (known as the quenk locally), [[red-rumped agouti]], [[Lowland paca|lappe]], [[Red brocket|red brocket deer]], [[Neotropical otter]], [[Wedge-capped capuchin|weeper capuchin]] and [[Guyanan red howler|red howler monkey]]; there are also some 70 species of [[bat]], including the [[vampire bat]] and [[fringe-lipped bat]].<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=273}} The larger reptiles present include 5 species of marine turtles known to nest on the islands' beaches, the [[green anaconda]], the ''[[Boa constrictor]]'' and the [[spectacled caiman]]. There are at least 47 species of snakes, including only four dangerous venomous species (only in Trinidad and not in Tobago), lizards such as the [[green iguana]], the [[Tupinambis cryptus]] and a few species of fresh water turtles and land tortoises.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=274}} are present. Of the amphibians, the [[Common tree frog|golden tree frog]] and [[Mannophryne trinitatis|Trinidad poison frog]] are found in the highest peaks of Trinidad's Northern Range and nearby on [[Venezuela]]'s Paria Peninsula.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=274}}<ref>Jowers, M., & Downie, J. (2004). Distribution of the frog Mannophryne trinitatis (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in Trinidad, West Indies. ''Living World'', ''2004''.</ref> Marine life is abundant, with several species of [[sea urchin]], [[coral]], [[lobster]], [[sea anemone]], [[starfish]], [[manta ray]], [[dolphin]], [[porpoise]] and [[whale shark]] present in the islands' waters.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=276}} The introduced [[Pterois]] is viewed as a pest, as it eats many native species of fish and has no natural predators; efforts are currently underway to cull the numbers of this species.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=276}} The country contains five terrestrial ecoregions: [[Trinidad and Tobago moist forests]], [[Lesser Antillean dry forests]], [[Trinidad and Tobago dry forests]], [[Windward Islands xeric scrub]], and [[Trinidad mangroves]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne |first4=Carly|last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke |first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C.|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden |first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel|last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian |last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Trinidad and Tobago is noted particularly for its large number of bird species, and is a popular destination for [[Birdwatching|bird watchers]]. Notable species include the [[scarlet ibis]], [[Rufous-vented chachalaca|cocrico]], [[egret]], [[shiny cowbird]], [[bananaquit]], [[oilbird]] and various species of [[honeycreeper]], [[trogon]], [[toucan]], [[parrot]], [[tanager]], [[woodpecker]], [[antbird]], [[Kite (bird)|kite]]s, [[hawk]]s, [[Booby|boobies]], [[pelican]]s and [[vulture]]s; there are also 17 species of hummingbird, including the [[tufted coquette]] which is the world's third smallest.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|pp=274–275}}
Information about invertebrates is dispersed and very incomplete. About 650 butterflies,<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity"/> at least 672 beetles (from Tobago alone)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Peck, S.B.|author2=Cook, J.|author3=Hardy, J.D. Jr.|name-list-style=amp|title=Beetle fauna of the island of Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies|journal=Insecta Mundi|year=2002|volume=16|pages=9–23|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/533/|access-date=30 May 2012|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234838/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/533/|url-status=live}}</ref> and 40 corals<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity"/> have been recorded.<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity"/> Other notable invertebrates include the [[cockroach]], [[Leafcutter ant|leaf-cutter ant]] and numerous species of [[mosquito]]es, [[termite]]s, [[spider]]s and [[tarantula]]s.
Although the list is far from complete, 1,647 species of fungi, including lichens, have been recorded.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baker|first=R.E.D.|author2=W.T. Dale |title=Fungi of Trinidad and Tobago|journal=Mycological Papers|year=1951|volume=33|pages=1–121}}</ref><ref>Dennis, R.W.G. "Fungus Flora of Venezuela and Adjacent Countries". [[Office of Public Sector Information]], London, 1970.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm |title=Cybertruffle's Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920032737/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm |archive-date=20 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The true total number of fungi is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.<ref>Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. (2008), ''Dictionary of the Fungi''. Edn 10. CABI.</ref> A first effort to estimate the number of endemic fungi tentatively listed 407 species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/trinfung/eng/endelist.htm |title=Fungi of Trinidad & Tobago – potential endemics |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173130/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/trinfung/eng/endelist.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Information about micro-organisms is dispersed and very incomplete. Nearly 200 species of marine algae have been recorded.<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity"/> The true total number of micro-organism species must be much higher.
Thanks to a recently published checklist, plant diversity in Trinidad and Tobago is well documented with about 3,300 species (59 endemic) recorded.<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity"/> Despite significant felling, forests still cover about 40% of the country, and there are about 350 different species of tree.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=270}} A notable tree is the [[manchineel]] which is extremely poisonous to humans, and even just touching its sap can cause severe blistering of the skin; the tree is often covered with warning signs. The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 6.62/10, ranking it 69th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P. |last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E. |last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi |first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray |first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S. |last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B. |last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor |first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T. |last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter |first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S. |last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications |volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Threats to the country's biodiversity include over-hunting and poaching (see [[Hunting#Trinidad and Tobago]]), habitat loss and fragmentation (particularly due to forest fires and land clearance for quarrying, agriculture, squatting, housing and industrial development and road construction), water pollution, and introduction of invasive species and pathogens.
== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{multiple image
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| align = left
| caption_align = center
| image1 = The Hon Christine Kangaloo.jpg
| caption1 = [[Christine Kangaloo]]<br /><small>[[President of Trinidad and Tobago|President]]<br />since 20 March 2023</small>
| image2 = Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister Keith Rowley on 6 July 2023 - (53027345558) (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Keith Rowley]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister]]<br />since 9 September 2015</small>
}}
Trinidad and Tobago is a republic with a [[two-party system]] and a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] parliamentary system based on the [[Westminster System]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/>
The [[head of state]] of Trinidad and Tobago is the president, currently [[Christine Kangaloo]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> This largely ceremonial role replaced that of the governor-general (representing the [[Queen of Trinidad and Tobago|monarch of Trinidad and Tobago]]) upon Trinidad and Tobago's becoming a republic in 1976.<ref name=EBTT/> The [[head of government]] is the [[List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|prime minister]], currently [[Keith Rowley]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> The president is elected by an [[Electoral college]] consisting of the full membership of both houses of [[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago|Parliament]].
Following a general election, which takes place every five years, the president appoints as prime minister the person who has the support of a majority in the [[House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)|House of Representatives]]; this has generally been the leader of the party which won the most seats in the election (except in the case of the [[Trinidad and Tobago general election, 2001|2001 General Elections]]).<ref name=EBTT/>
Since 1980 Tobago has also had its own elections, separate from the general elections. In these elections, members are elected and serve in the unicameral Tobago House of Assembly.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref name=EBTT/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71476.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2006|website=U.S. Department of State — Diplomacy in Action|publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226082634/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71476.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Parliament consists of the [[Senate of Trinidad and Tobago|Senate]] (31 seats) and the [[House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago|House of Representatives]] (41 seats, plus the Speaker).<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Juhel|last=Browne|date=20 September 2007|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161209317|title=November 5 — PM reveals election date at last|newspaper=Trinidad and Tobago Express |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212032115/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161209317|archive-date=12 December 2007}}</ref> The members of the Senate are appointed by the president; 16 government senators are appointed on the advice of the prime minister, six opposition senators are appointed on the advice of the [[Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)|leader of the opposition]], currently [[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]], and nine independent senators are appointed by the president to represent other sectors of civil society. The 41 members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people for a maximum term of five years in a "[[plurality voting system|first past the post]]" system.
=== Administrative divisions ===
{{main|Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Regional corporations and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Regional corporations and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago]]
Trinidad is split into 14 [[Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago|regions and municipalities]], consisting of nine regions and five municipalities, which have a limited level of autonomy.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref name=EBTT/> The various councils are made up of a mixture of elected and appointed members. Elections are held every three years.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Tobago is administered by the [[Tobago House of Assembly]]. The country was formerly divided into [[Counties of Trinidad and Tobago|counties]].
=== Political culture ===
The two main national parties are the [[People's National Movement]] (PNM) and the [[United National Congress]] (UNC). They both are [[Centre-left politics|left of centre]] parties and support for these parties appears to fall along ethnic lines rather than ideology, with the PNM consistently obtaining a majority of Afro-Trinidadian vote, and the UNC gaining a majority of Indo-Trinidadian support. Several smaller parties also exist. As of the August 2020 General Elections, there were 19 registered political parties. These include, the Progressive Empowerment Party, Trinidad Humanity Campaign, New National Vision, Movement for Social Justice, Congress of the People, Movement for National Development, [[Progressive Democratic Patriots]], National Coalition for Transformation, Progressive Party, Independent Liberal Party, Democratic Party of Trinidad and Tobago, National Organisation of We the People, Unrepresented Peoples Party, Trinidad and Tobago Democratic Front, The National Party, One Tobago Voice, and Unity of the Peoples.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020|title=LIST OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND SYMBOLS ASSIGNED TO THEM|url=https://www.ebctt.com/wp-content/uploads/Party-and-Symbol-r.pdf|website=Elections and Boundaries Commission of Trinidad and Tobago|access-date=4 November 2020|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033737/https://www.ebctt.com/wp-content/uploads/Party-and-Symbol-r.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Military ===
{{Main|Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force}}
[[File:T&T Port of Spain-1-tonal.jpg|thumb|left|Coast Guard vessel in action]]
The Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force (TTDF) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of the twin island Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> It consists of the [[Trinidad and Tobago Regiment|Regiment]], the Coast Guard, the [[Air Force of Trinidad and Tobago|Air Guard]] and the [[Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force#Defence Force Reserves|Defence Force Reserves]]. Established in 1962 after Trinidad and Tobago's independence from the United Kingdom, the TTDF is one of the largest military forces in the Anglophone Caribbean.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
Its mission statement is to "defend the sovereign good of The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, contribute to the development of the national community and support the State in the fulfilment of its national and international objectives". The Defence Force has been engaged in domestic incidents, such as the [[Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt]], and international missions, such as the [[United Nations Mission in Haiti]] between 1993 and 1996.
In 2019, Trinidad and Tobago signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live }}</ref>
Trinidad and Tobago is the 87th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>
=== Foreign relations ===
{{Further|Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Diplomatic missions of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|thumb|Diplomatic missions of Trinidad and Tobago]]
Trinidad and Tobago maintains close relations with its [[Caribbean]] neighbours and major North American and European trading partners. As the most industrialised and second-largest country in the Anglophone Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago has taken a leading role in the [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM), and strongly supports CARICOM economic integration efforts. It also is active in the [[Summit of the Americas]] process and supports the establishment of the [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]], lobbying other nations for seating the Secretariat in Port of Spain.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
As a member of CARICOM, Trinidad and Tobago strongly backed efforts by the United States to bring political stability to [[Haiti]], contributing personnel to the Multinational Force in 1994. After its 1962 independence from the United Kingdom, Trinidad and Tobago joined the [[United Nations]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. In 1967 it became the first Commonwealth country to join the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS).<ref name="oas.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=TRI|title=OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development|last=OAS|date=1 August 2009|website=oas.org|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707211728/http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=TRI|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1995 Trinidad played host to the inaugural meeting of the [[Association of Caribbean States]] and has become the seat of this 35-member grouping, which seeks to further economic progress and integration among its states. In international forums, Trinidad and Tobago has defined itself as having an independent voting record, but often supports US and EU positions.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
===Law enforcement and crime===
{{Main|Crime in Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Police car of Tobago 03.jpg|thumb|Trinidad Police vehicle on Tobago]]
Trinidad and Tobago has in recent decades suffered from a relatively high crime rate;<ref name="smartraveller1">{{cite web |url=https://smartraveller.gov.au/Countries/americas/caribbean/Pages/trinidad_and_tobago.aspx |title=Australian Foreign travel advice - Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820120011/https://smartraveller.gov.au/Countries/americas/caribbean/Pages/trinidad_and_tobago.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/trinidad-and-tobago/terrorism |title=UK Foreign travel advice - Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820115158/https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/trinidad-and-tobago/terrorism |url-status=live }}</ref> there are currently roughly 500 murders per year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2017-12-26/murder-rate%E2%80%9440-killings-month|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226131257/http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2017-12-26/murder-rate%E2%80%9440-killings-month|archive-date = 26 December 2017|title = Murder rate—40 killings a month | the Trinidad Guardian Newspaper}}</ref>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} The country is a noted transshipment centre for the trafficking of illegal drugs from South America to the rest of the Caribbean and beyond to North America.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/600-million-in-cocaine-from-TT-seized-at-US-port-240786121.html|work=Saturday Express by Trinidad Express Newspapers|title=$600 million in cocaine from T&T seized at U.S port|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074431/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/600-million-in-cocaine-from-TT-seized-at-US-port-240786121.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|date=17 January 2014|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> Some estimates put the size of the "[[Black market|hidden economy]]" as high as 20–30% of measured GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sta.uwi.edu/salises/pubs/workingpapers/3.pdf|title=Measuring the Size of the Hidden Economy in Trinidad & Tobago, 1973–1999|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084929/http://sta.uwi.edu/salises/pubs/workingpapers/3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Terrorism====
Though there have been no terrorism-related incidents in the country since the [[Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt]] in 1990, Trinidad and Tobago remains a potential target and it is estimated that roughly 100 citizens of the country have traveled to the [[Middle East]] to fight for the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]].<ref name="smartraveller1"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/> In 2017, the government adopted a counter-terrorism and extremism strategy.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> In 2018, a terror threat at the [[Trinidad and Tobago Carnival]] was thwarted by law enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Browne |first1=Ryan |last2=Starr |first2=Barbara |date=9 February 2018 |title=US military helps thwart Trinidad carnival terror attack {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/09/politics/trinidad-carnival-terror-attack-thwarted/index.html |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616011925/https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/09/politics/trinidad-carnival-terror-attack-thwarted/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service ====
[[File:Carrera Island, Trinidad and Tobago.JPG|thumb|Trinidad prison on Carrera Island]]
The country's prison administration is the Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service (TTPS), it is under the control of the Commissioner of Prisons (Ag.) Dennis Pulchan, located in Port-of-Spain.<ref name="prisonstudies.org">{{cite web|url=http://prisonstudies.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago|title=Trinidad and Tobago {{!}} World Prison Brief|website=prisonstudies.org|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424154404/http://prisonstudies.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago|url-status=live}}</ref> The prison population rate is 292 people per 100,000. The total prison population, including pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners, is 3,999 prisoners. The population rate of pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners is 174 per 100,000 of the national population (59.7% of the prison population). In 2018, the female prison population rate is 8.5 per 100,000 of the national population (2.9% of the prison population). Prisoners that are minors makes up 1.9% of the prison population and foreigners prisoners make 0.8% of the prison population.
The occupancy level of Trinidad and Tobago's prison system is at 81.8% capacity as of 2019.<ref name="prisonstudies.org" /> Trinidad and Tobago has nine prison establishments; Golden Grove Prison, Maximum Security Prison, Port of Spain Prison, Eastern Correctional Rehabilitation Centre, Remand Prison, Tobago Convict Prison, Carrera Convict Island Prison, Women's Prison and Youth Training and Rehabilitation Centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ttprisons.com/180/programmes/|title=Programmes – Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service|access-date=10 April 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424152849/https://ttprisons.com/180/programmes/|url-status=live}}</ref> Trinidad and Tobago also use labour yards as prisons, or means of punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legalaffairs.gov.tt/|title=Laws of Trinidad and Tobago Prisons Act|last=Ministry of the Attorney General and Legal Affairs|date=31 December 2015|website=www.legalaffairs.gov.tt|access-date=13 February 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424152848/http://www.legalaffairs.gov.tt/|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago}}
The population of the country estimated at between 1.4 to 1.5 million by the mid 2020s.<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Trinidad and Tobago |date=2024-08-07 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago Population (2024) - Worldometer |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/trinidad-and-tobago-population/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref>
=== Ethnic groups ===
{{main|Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Ethnic groups}}
{{bar box
|title=Ethnic groups of Trinidad and Tobago <ref name="CIAPAPUANEWGUINEA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/|title= Central America and Caribbean :: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO|publisher= CIA The World Factbook|access-date= 24 January 2021|archive-date= 17 January 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210117071723/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/|url-status= live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Ethnic groups
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Indo-Trinidadians|Indian]] |Blue|35.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|African]] |Orange| 34.2}}
{{bar percent|Mixed |Yellow|15.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Dougla]] (Mixed African/Indian) |Green|7.7}}
{{bar percent|Unspecified |Red|6.2}}
{{bar percent|Other|Black| 1.3}}
}}
The ethnic composition of Trinidad and Tobago reflects a history of conquest and immigration.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/1959567.stm Trouble in paradise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028212539/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/1959567.stm |date=28 October 2020 }}". BBC News. (1 May 2002).</ref> While the earliest inhabitants were of indigenous heritage, the two dominant groups in the country are now those of India-South Asian heritage and those of African heritage. [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]s make up the country's largest ethnic group (approximately 35.4%);<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> they are primarily the descendants of [[Indian indenture system|indentured workers from India]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.364323.1822635050|title=Twists and turns in search for ancestry|website=Trinidad and Tobago Guardian|access-date=13 May 2015|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925130403/https://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.364323.1822635050|url-status=live}}</ref> brought to replace freed African slaves who refused to continue working on the sugar plantations. Through cultural preservation many residents of Indian descent continue to maintain traditions from their ancestral homeland. Indo-Trinidadians reside primarily on Trinidad; as of the 2011 census only 2.5% of Tobago's population was of Indian descent.<ref name=":2">{{cite report|title=Non-Institutional Population by Sex, Age Group, Ethnic Group and Municipality|publisher=Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office|url=http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf|access-date=20 August 2019|date=|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305151408/http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians]] make up the country's second largest ethnic group, with approximately 34.2% of the population identifying as being of African descent.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> The majority of people of an African background are the descendants of slaves forcibly transported to the islands from as early as the 16th century. This group constitute the majority on Tobago, at 85.2%.<ref name=":2"/>
The bulk of the rest of the population are those who identify as being of mixed heritage.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> There are also small but significant minorities of people of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]], [[White Trinidadian|European]], [[Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Portuguese]], [[Venezuelan]], [[Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Chinese]], and [[Arab]] descent.
[[Arima]] in Trinidad is a noted centre of First Peoples' culture, including as the headquarters of the [[Carib Queen]] and the location of the [[Santa Rosa First Peoples Community]].<ref name=EBTT/>
There is a [[Cocoa panyols|Cocoa Panyol]] community in Trinidad and Tobago whose ancestors were migrant labourers of mixed Spanish, indigenous, and African descent who came from Venezuela between the late 19th and early 20th century to work on the cocoa estates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago/|title=Trinidad and Tobago - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples|date=2 November 2023|access-date=22 September 2023|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210022332/https://minorityrights.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Languages===
{{main|Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Language}}English is the official language, additional languages on the islands are [[Trinidadian Creole|Triniadian Creole English]], [[Tobagonian Creole|Tobagonian Creole English]], [[Caribbean Hindustani]] (dialect of Hindi), [[Trinidadian Creole French]], Spanish, and Chinese.<ref name=":6" />
====English and English creoles====
{{further|Trinidadian and Tobagonian English|Trinidadian Creole|Tobagonian Creole}}
[[File:Roti Shop, Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago.jpg|thumb|left|Roti ship sign in English in Port of Spain, ''buss up shut'' (paratha) is a type of roti]]
English is the country's official language (the local variety of standard English is [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian English]] or more properly, Trinidad and Tobago Standard English, abbreviated as "TTSE"), but the main spoken language is either of two [[English-based creole languages]] ([[Trinidadian Creole]] or [[Tobagonian Creole]]), which reflects the Indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage of the nation. Both creoles contain elements from a variety of African languages; Trinidadian English Creole, however, is also influenced by French and [[Antillean Creole French|French Creole]] (Patois).<ref>Jo-Anne Sharon Ferreira. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162817/http://vsites.unb.br/il/liv/crioul/textos/ferreira.htm THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO]. University of the West Indies. unb.br</ref>
====Hindustani====
{{further|Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani}}
''Trinidadian Hindustani'', ''Trinidadian Bhojpuri'', ''Trinidadian Hindi'', ''Indian'', ''Plantation Hindustani'', or ''Gaon ke Bolee (Village Speech)'' are names for the variety of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] spoken in Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDRjfwtJgBMC&q=hindi+in+trinidad&pg=PA155 |title = The Indian Diaspora: Dynamics of Migration|isbn = 9780761932185|last1 = Jayaram|first1 = N.|last2 = Atal|first2 = Yogesh|date = 24 May 2004}}</ref> A majority of the early [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Indian]] indentured immigrants spoke the [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] dialects, which later formed into Trinidadian Hindustani. In 1935, Indian movies began showing to audiences in Trinidad. Most of the Indian movies were in the [[Hindustani language|Standard Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) dialect]] and this modified Trinidadian Hindustani slightly by adding Standard [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] phrases and vocabulary to Trinidadian Hindustani. Indian movies also revitalized Hindustani among Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MNVnQAACAAJ |title = Bala Joban: The First Indian Movie in Trinidad (1935)|isbn = 9789766483227|last1 = Gooptar|first1 = Primnath|year = 2014| publisher=Caribbean Educational Publishers }}</ref> The British colonial government and estate owners had disdain and contempt for Hindustani and Indian languages in Trinidad. Due to this, many Indians saw it as a broken language keeping them in poverty and bound to the cane fields, and did not pass it on as a [[first language]], but rather as a [[heritage language]], as they favored English as a way out.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZJqwHqFYzI | title=The Hindustani language as an element of Caribbean identity | website=[[YouTube]] | date=4 May 2020 | access-date=1 October 2022 | archive-date=15 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015171016/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZJqwHqFYzI | url-status=live }}</ref> Around the mid to late 1960s the ''lingua franca'' of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians switched from Trinidadian Hindustani to a sort of ''Hindinized'' version of English. Today Hindustani survives on through [[Indo-Caribbean music|Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian musical forms]] such as, [[Bhajan]], Indian classical music, Indian folk music, [[Filmi]], [[Pichakaree]], [[Chutney music|Chutney]], [[Chutney soca]], and [[Chutney parang]]. As of 2003, there are about 15,633 Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians who speak Trinidadian Hindustani and as of 2011, there are about 10,000 who speak Standard Hindi. Many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians today speak a type of [[Hinglish]] that consists of Trinidadian and Tobagonian English that is heavily laced with Trinidadian Hindustani vocabulary and phrases and many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians can recite phrases or prayers in Hindustani today. There are many places in Trinidad and Tobago that have names of Hindustani origin. Some phrases and vocabulary have even made their way into the mainstream English and English Creole dialect of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hns/ |title=Hindustani, Sarnami |website=Ethnologue.com |access-date=2 August 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802165023/http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hns/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.studycountry.com/guide/TT-language.htm | title=The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago | access-date=24 September 2020 | archive-date=20 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230931/https://www.studycountry.com/guide/TT-language.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/10000-students-graduate-hindi-6.2.449105.73f9770ef7 | title=10,000 students graduate in Hindi | access-date=24 September 2020 | archive-date=8 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108190248/https://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/10000-students-graduate-hindi-6.2.449105.73f9770ef7 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahabir|first1=Kumar |date=December 1999 |title=The Impact of Hindi on Trinidadian English |journal=Caribbean Quarterly|volume=45 |issue=4|pages= 13–34|doi= 10.1080/00086495.1999.11671866}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=caribbean+hindustani+165%2C600&pg=PA481|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set|last=Frawley|first=William|access-date=15 April 2020|publisher=Oxford University Press, US|isbn=9780195139778|language=en|date=May 2003}}</ref> [[World Hindi Conference|World Hindi Day]] is celebrated each year on 10 January with events organized by the National Council of Indian Culture, Hindi Nidhi Foundation, Indian High Commission, Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Cultural Co-operation, and the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsday.co.tt/2020/01/19/tt-celebrates-world-hindi-day/|title=TT celebrates World Hindi Day|date=19 January 2020|website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009023312/https://newsday.co.tt/2020/01/19/tt-celebrates-world-hindi-day/|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Spanish====
{{further|Spanish language in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian Spanish}}
[[File:STAPP 013 San Fernando Harris Promenade.jpg|thumb|Spanish can be found in many place names, shown here the city of San Fernando]]
{{Excerpt|Spanish language in Trinidad and Tobago|paragraphs=1|references=https://globalvoices.org/2019/06/04/trinidad-and-tobago-registers-venezuelan-asylum-seekers-to-legalise-their-status/|hat=no|only=paragraphs}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-04 |title=Trinidad and Tobago registers Venezuelan asylum-seekers to legalise their status |url=https://globalvoices.org/2019/06/04/trinidad-and-tobago-registers-venezuelan-asylum-seekers-to-legalise-their-status/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Global Voices |language=en}}</ref>
====Tamil====
{{further|Tamil language|Tamil diaspora#Trinidad and Tobago}}
The Tamil language is spoken by some of the older [[Tamils|Tamil (Madrasi)]] Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian population. It is mostly spoken by the few remaining children of indentured Indian labourers from the present-day state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. Other speakers of the language are recent immigrants from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH2RQiJOkRg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/TH2RQiJOkRg |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=PART ONE: Interview with 97 yr old Mansee Subiah on Tamil Heritage in Trinidad|website=YouTube|date=9 January 2017 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
====Chinese====
{{further|Chinese language}}
A majority of the people who immigrated in the 19th century were from [[South China|southern China]] and spoke the [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] and [[Yue Chinese|Yue]] dialects of Chinese. In the 20th century after the years of indentureship up to the present-day more Chinese people have immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago for business and they speak the dialects of the indenturees along with other Chinese dialects, such as [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and [[Min Chinese|Min]].<ref name="studycountry.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.studycountry.com/|title=The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago|website=Studycountry|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811144650/http://www.studycountry.com/guide/KZ-language.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/Resources/Subject-Guide/Chinese-Arrival|title=Chinese Arrival|website=www.nalis.gov.tt|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208050743/https://www.nalis.gov.tt/Resources/Subject-Guide/Chinese-Arrival|url-status=live}}</ref> J. Dyer Ball, writing in 1906, says: "In Trinidad there were, about twenty years ago, 4,000 or 5,000 Chinese, but they have decreased to probably about 2,000 or 3,000, [2,200 in 1900]. They used to work in sugar plantations, but are now principally shopkeepers, as well as general merchants, miners and railway builders,
etc."<ref>J. Dyer Ball, ''Things Chinese or Notes Connected with China''. Fourth Edition Revised and enlarged. New York: Charles Scribner's sons, 1906, p. 144.</ref>
====Indigenous languages====
The indigenous languages were [[Yaio language|Yao]] on Trinidad and [[Karina language|Karina]] on Tobago, both Cariban, and [[Shebaya language|Shebaya]] on Trinidad, which was Arawakan.<ref name="studycountry.com"/>
===Religion===
{{main|Religion in Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{further|Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha|Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago|Islam in Trinidad and Tobago|Catholic Church in Trinidad and Tobago|Diocese of Trinidad and Tobago|Presbyterian Church of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad Orisha|Spiritual Baptist}}
[[File:TnT Hanuman Statue 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The 26-meter [[Hanuman]] murti in [[Carapichaima]], a noted centre of Hindu and Indo-Trinidadian culture; it is one of the largest statue of Hanuman outside of [[India]]]]
According to the 2011 census,<ref name=2011Census>{{cite report|title=Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report|publisher=Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office|url=http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf|access-date=20 August 2019|date=|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305151408/http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Christianity]] is the largest religion of the country, claimed as the faith of 55.2% of the population. [[Roman Catholics]] were the largest single Christian denomination, with 21.60% of the total population. The [[Pentecostal]]/[[Evangelical]]/[[Full Gospel]] denominations were the second largest Christian group with 12.02% of the population. Various other Christian denominations include [[Spiritual Baptist]] (5.67%), [[Anglicans]] (5.67%), [[Seventh-day Adventists]] (4.09%), [[Presbyterians]] or [[Congregationalists]] (2.49%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (1.47%), [[Baptists]] (1.21%), [[Methodists]] (0.65%) and the [[Moravian Church]] (0.27%).
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Trinidad and Tobago (2011 census)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cso.gov.tt/census/2011-census-data/|title=2011 Census Data|first=Central Statistical Office|last=(CSO)|access-date=18 April 2021|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425045611/https://cso.gov.tt/census/2011-census-data/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar = #ddd
|left1 = Religion
|right1 = Percent
|float = right
|width = 200px
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|55.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|18.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|5.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Orisha]]|crimson|0.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Rastafari]]|yellow|0.3}}
{{bar percent|Other Religion|black|7.0}}
{{bar percent|None/not shared|grey|13.3}}
}}
[[Hinduism]] was the second largest religion in the country, adhered to by 18.2% of the population in 2011.<ref name=2011Census/> Hinduism is practised throughout the country, [[Diwali]] is a public holiday, and other [[Hindu holidays]] are also widely celebrated. The largest Hindu organization in Trinidad and Tobago is the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]], which was formed in 1952 after the merging of the two main Hindu organizations. Most Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago are [[Sanātanī|Sanātanī (Sanatanist/Orthodox Hindu)]]. Other sects and organizations include the [[Arya Samaj]], [[Kabir panth|Kabir Panth]], Seunariani (Sieunarini/Siewnaraini/Shiv Narayani), [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]], [[Aghor Yoga|Aughar (Aghor)]], [[Kali|Kali Mai (Madrasi)]], [[Sathya Sai Baba movement]], Shirdi Sai Baba movement, [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON (Hare Krishna)]], [[Chinmaya Mission]], [[Bharat Sevashram Sangha]], [[Divine Life Society]], [[Kaumaram|Murugan (Kaumaram)]], [[Ganapathi Sachchidananda|Ganapathi Sachchidananda movement]], [[Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat|Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat (Radha Madhav)]] and [[Brahma Kumaris]].<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/gsdl/collect/news3/index/assoc/HASH52ed.dir/doc.pdf |title=Reconstructing the Identity: Hindu Organization in Trinidad During First Their Century |last1=Samaroo |first1=Brinsley |date=October 2002 |publisher=The University of the West Indies |location=St Augustine |conference=The Hindu presence in Trinidad and Tobago |id= |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024510/http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/gsdl/collect/news3/index/assoc/HASH52ed.dir/doc.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Mahabir |first1=Kumar |title=Hindu sects in Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://indocaribbeanpublications.com/2010/11/21/divali-festival-souvenir-magazine-2010/ |access-date=30 July 2021 |magazine=Divali festival souvenir magazine 2010 |volume=11 |issue=2 |publisher=Indo-Caribbean Publications |date=2010 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814101324/https://indocaribbeanpublications.com/2010/11/21/divali-festival-souvenir-magazine-2010/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Muslim]]s represented 4.97% of the population in 2011.<ref name=2011Census/> [[Eid al-Fitr]] is a public holiday and [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Mawlid]], [[Hosay]], [[Shab-e-barat]], and other [[Islamic holidays|Muslim holidays]] are also celebrated.
African-derived or Afrocentric religions are also practised, notably [[Trinidad Orisha]] ([[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]]) believers (0.9%) and [[Rastafarians]] (0.27%).<ref name=2011Census/> Various aspects of traditional [[obeah]] beliefs are still commonly practised on the islands.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}}
There has been a Jewish community on the islands for many centuries. However, their numbers have never been large, with a 2007 estimate putting the Jewish population at 55 individuals.<ref name="Luxner2007">{{cite web|last1=Luxner|first1=Larry|title=Trinidad's Jews stick together|url=http://www.jta.org/2007/09/16/news-opinion/world/trinidads-jews-stick-together|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|access-date=23 June 2016|date=16 September 2007|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915202650/http://www.jta.org/2007/09/16/news-opinion/world/trinidads-jews-stick-together|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Siegel2015">{{cite book|last1=Siegel|first1=Alisa|editor1-last=Taylor|editor1-first=Patrick|title=The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions|date=2015|publisher=University of Illinois Press|pages=459–461|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&q=judaism+in+trinidad&pg=PA459|chapter=Judaism - Trinidad|isbn=9780252094330|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415032002/https://books.google.com/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&q=judaism+in+trinidad&pg=PA459|url-status=live}}</ref>
Respondents who did not state a religious affiliation represented 11.1% of the population, with 2.18% declaring themselves [[irreligious]].
Two [[African culture|African]] [[syncretic]] faiths, the Shouter or [[Spiritual Baptist]]s and the [[Trinidad Orisha|Orisha]] faith (formerly called [[Shango]]s) are among the fastest growing religious groups. Similarly, there is a noticeable increase in numbers of [[Evangelical Protestant]] and [[Fundamentalist Christian|Fundamentalist]] churches usually lumped as "[[Pentecostal]]" by most Trinidadians, although this designation is often inaccurate. [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Zoroastrianism]], and [[Buddhism]] are practiced by a minority of [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]s, mostly by recent immigrants from India. Several eastern religions such as [[Buddhism]], [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]] are followed by a minority of [[Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian]], with most being Christians.
===Urban centres===
{{Largest cities of Trinidad and Tobago}}
===Education===
{{Main|Education in Trinidad and Tobago}}
Children generally start pre-school at two and a half years but this is not mandatory. They are, however, expected to have basic reading and writing skills when they commence primary school. Students begin primary school at age five and move on to secondary after seven years. The seven classes of primary school consists of First Year and Second Year, followed by Standard One through Standard Five. During the final year of primary school, students prepare for and sit the Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) which determines the secondary school the child will attend.<ref>Norrel A. London, "Ideology and politics in English-language education in Trinidad and Tobago: The colonial experience and a postcolonial critique." ''Comparative Education Review'' 47.3 (2003): 287-320.</ref>
[[File:TnT St. Augustine UWI Campus.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of the West Indies]], [[Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago|St. Augustine]]]]
Students attend secondary school for a minimum of five years, leading to the CSEC (Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate) examinations, which is the equivalent of the British GCSE O levels. Children with satisfactory grades may opt to continue high school for a further two-year period, leading to the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examinations (CAPE), the equivalent of GCE A levels. Both CSEC and CAPE examinations are held by the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). Public Primary and Secondary education is free for all, although private and religious schooling is available for a fee.
Tertiary education for tuition costs are provided for via GATE (The Government Assistance for Tuition Expenses), up to the level of the bachelor's degree, at the University of the West Indies (UWI), the [[University of Trinidad and Tobago]] (UTT), the [[University of the Southern Caribbean]] (USC), the [[College of Science, Technology and Applied Arts of Trinidad and Tobago]] (COSTAATT) and certain other local accredited institutions. Government also currently subsidises some Masters programmes. Both the Government and the private sector also provide financial assistance in the form of academic scholarships to gifted or needy students for study at local, regional or international universities. Trinidad and Tobago was ranked 108th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024, down from 91st in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship|access-date=2024-10-22|author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|year=2024|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2|doi= 10.34667/tind.50062|website=www.wipo.int|location=Geneva|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship|access-date=2024-10-22|author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|year=2024|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2|doi= 10.34667/tind.50062|website=www.wipo.int|location=Geneva|page=18}}</ref>
===Women===
{{Main|Women in Trinidad and Tobago}}
While women account for only 49% of the population, they constitute nearly 55% of the workforce in the country.<ref>"The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13.</ref>
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Piarco International Airport, 2010.jpg|thumb|Piarco International Airport]]
Trinidad and Tobago is the most developed nation and one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean and is listed in the top 40 (2010 information) of the 70 [[List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita|high-income countries]] in the world.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Its gross national income per capita of US$20,070<ref>Planning, Family. (30 September 2015) [http://data.worldbank.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago Trinidad and Tobago | Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517050254/http://data.worldbank.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago |date=17 May 2015 }}. World Bank. Retrieved 5 November 2015.</ref> (2014 gross national income at Atlas Method) is one of the highest in the Caribbean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html|title=Country Comparison :: GDP – per capita (PPP)|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=24 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In November 2011, the [[OECD]] removed Trinidad and Tobago from its list of [[developing countries]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gopie|first=Rajiv|date=3 November 2011|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/Are_we_developed_-133214738.html|title=Are we developed?|newspaper=Trinidad Express Newspapers|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106133126/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/Are_we_developed_-133214738.html|archive-date=6 January 2012|access-date=30 May 2012}}</ref> Trinidad's economy is strongly influenced by the [[petroleum]] industry. Tourism and manufacturing are also important to the local economy. Tourism is a growing sector, particularly on Tobago, although proportionately it is much less important than in many other Caribbean islands. Agricultural products include citrus and cocoa. It also supplies manufactured goods, notably food, beverages, and cement, to the Caribbean region.
===Oil and gas===
[[File:refinerypointeapierre.JPG|thumb|The oil refinery at [[Pointe-à-Pierre]]. A strong petrochemical and oil industry has boosted the economy and the country is less reliant on tourism or agriculture]]
Trinidad and Tobago is the leading Caribbean producer of oil and gas, and its economy is heavily dependent upon these resources.<ref name=EBTT/> Oil and gas account for about 40% of GDP and 80% of exports, but only 5% of employment.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> Recent growth has been fuelled by investments in liquefied natural gas (LNG), petrochemicals, and steel. Additional petrochemical, aluminium, and plastics projects are in various stages of planning.
The country is also a regional financial centre, and the economy has a growing trade surplus.<ref name=back/> The expansion of [[Atlantic LNG]] over the past six years created the largest single-sustained phase of economic growth in Trinidad and Tobago. The nation is an exporter of LNG and supplied a total of 13.4 billion m<sup>3</sup> in 2017. The largest markets for Trinidad and Tobago's LNG exports are Chile and the United States.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/natural-gas.html|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy – Natural Gas|publisher=BP.com|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109100916/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/natural-gas.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Trinidad and Tobago has transitioned from an oil-based economy to a natural gas based economy. In 2017, natural gas production totalled 18.5 billion m<sup>3</sup>, a decrease of 0.4% from 2016 with 18.6 billion m<sup>3</sup> of production.<ref name=":1" /> Oil production has decreased over the past decade from 7.1 million metric tonnes per year in 2007 to 4.4 million metric tonnes per year in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/oil.html|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy – Oil|year=2018|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109062005/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/oil.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2005, the Atlantic LNG's fourth production module or "train" for liquefied natural gas (LNG) began production. Train four has increased Atlantic LNG's overall output capacity by almost 50% and is the largest LNG train in the world at 5.2 million tons/year of LNG.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
===Tourism===
[[File:Pigeon Point beach.jpg|thumb|left|Tourists at [[Pigeon Point, Tobago|Pigeon Point]] beach, Tobago]]
Trinidad and Tobago is far less dependent on tourism than many other Caribbean countries and territories, with the bulk of tourist activity occurring on Tobago.<ref name=EBTT/> The government has made efforts to boost this sector in recent years.<ref name=EBTT/>
Some of the attractions of the island are its street food culture and cultural events, and Aripita Avenue in Port of Spain is one noted place for this.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tobago |first=Discover Trinidad & |date=2014-08-14 |title=Trinidad's Ariapita Avenue: liming & dining |url=https://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Ariapita-Avenue |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:TnT Maracas Falls 3.jpg|thumb|Maracas falls, is over 90 meter falls the tallest in the country (see [[Maracas Valley]])]]
===Agriculture===
Historically agricultural production (for example, sugar and coffee) dominated the economy. Sugar cane is the most important crop for Trinidad, earning the most amount of money, and providing work for many people. Some of the sugar produced is eaten in Trinidad but most of it is sold to [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], and [[United States]]. Cocoa is the second most valuable crop, even covering greater areas than sugar cane. Most farmers grow cocoa to sell to other countries that cannot grow it themselves. Trinidad was once the second biggest producer of cocoa after [[Ecuador]], but this would not last long. As countries in [[West Africa]] and [[South America]] began growing cocoa at a lower price, Trinidad lost many of its customers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=F.C. |title=A First Geography of Trinidad & Tobago |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1968 |isbn=9780521049511 |pages=6 |language=English}}</ref> This sector has been in steep decline since the 20th century and now forms just 0.4% of the country's GDP and employing 3.1% of the workforce.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref name=EBTT/> Various fruits and vegetables are grown, such as cucumbers, eggplant, cassava, pumpkin, dasheen (taro) and coconut, and fishing is still also commonly practised.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/>
===Economic diversification===
Trinidad and Tobago, in an effort to undergo economic transformation through diversification,<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> formed [[InvesTT]] in 2012 to serve as the country's sole investment promotion agency. This agency is aligned to the Ministry of Trade and Industry and is to be the key agent in growing the country's non-oil and gas sectors significantly and sustainably.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Agency Focus |date=January 2013 |journal=Tradelinks |page=10 |url=http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/Portals/0/Documents/TRADELINKS-jan-mar2013%20%282%29.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707033818/http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/Portals/0/Documents/TRADELINKS-jan-mar2013%20%282%29.pdf|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Food and Beverage industry ===
[[File:Deen's Doubles Menu - Santa Cruz, Trinidad, West Indies.jpg|thumb|left|Many restaurants serve Trinidad and Tobago dishes such as Roti or doubles. Fresh cut coconut water and jelly is another popular item]]
TT is home to the largest brewery company in [[CARICOM]], the [[Carib Brewery]]. It also has a number of food production facilities including a Nestle plant. Because the island has less land and a higher income then average there is a tendency to import food, nevertheless there is local production of many products including milk, chocolate, coconuts, and alcoholic beverages among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago's food and beverage sector offers new potential - The Americas 2016 - Oxford Business Group |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/trinidad-tobago/2016-report/economy/bon-appetit-the-countrys-food-and-beverage-sector-offers-new-potential |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=oxfordbusinessgroup.com}}</ref> In 2022, the output of the Food, Beverage, and Tobacco industry was almost 8 billion Trinidian dollars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trade Minister assures: TT economy remains buoyant {{!}} Loop Trinidad & Tobago |url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/trade-minister-assures-tt-economy-remains-buoyant |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Loop News |language=en}}</ref>
An example of a restaurant chain in Trinidad and Tobago is [[Royal Castle (restaurant)|Royal Castle]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thedailymeal.com/travel/24-fast-food-restaurants-we-wish-were-us-slideshow/slide-19 | title=24 Fast-Food Restaurants We Wish Were in the U.S. | date=19 June 2014 | publisher=TheDailyMeal.com | accessdate=2017-01-21}}</ref>
See also [[:Category:Food and drink companies of Trinidad and Tobago]]
===Communications infrastructure===
Trinidad and Tobago has a well developed communications sector. The telecommunications and broadcasting sectors generated an estimated TT$5.63 billion (US$0.88 billion) in 2014, which as a percentage of GDP equates to 3.1 percent. This represented a 1.9 percent increase in total revenues generated by this industry compared to last year. Of total telecommunications and broadcasting revenues, mobile voice services accounted for the majority of revenues with TT$2.20 billion (39.2 percent). This was followed by internet services which contributed TT$1.18 billion or 21.1 percent. The next highest revenue earners for the industry were fixed voice services and paid television services whose contributions totalled TT$0.76 billion and TT$0.70 billion respectively (13.4 percent and 12.4 percent). International voice services was next in line, generating TT$0.27 billion (4.7 percent) in revenues. Free-to Air radio and television services contributed TT$0.18 billion and TT$0.13 billion respectively (3.2 percent and 2.4 percent). Finally, other contributors included "other revenues" and "leased line services" with earnings of TT$0.16 billion and TT$0.05 billion respectively, with 2.8 percent and 0.9 percent.<ref>[http://tatt.org.tt/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?Command=Core_Download&EntryId=507&PortalId=0&TabId=222 Annual Market Report 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709123951/http://tatt.org.tt/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?Command=Core_Download&EntryId=507&PortalId=0&TabId=222 |date=9 July 2015 }}. Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago</ref>
There are several providers for each segment of the telecommunications market. Fixed Lines Telephone service is provided by [[Digicel]], [[TSTT]] (operating as [[bmobile]]) and [[Cable & Wireless Communications]] operating as [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]]; cellular service is provided by [[TSTT]] (operating as bmobile) and Digicel whilst internet service is provided by [[TSTT]], [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]], [[Digicel]], Green Dot and Lisa Communications.
=== Creative industries ===
The Government of Trinidad and Tobago has recognised the creative industries as a pathway to economic growth and development. It is one of the newest, most dynamic sectors where creativity, knowledge and intangibles serve as the basic productive resource. In 2015, the [[Trinidad and Tobago Creative Industries Company]] Limited (CreativeTT) was established as a state agency under the Ministry of Trade and Industry with a mandate to stimulate and facilitate the business development and export activities of the Creative Industries in Trinidad and Tobago to generate national wealth, and, as such, the company is responsible for the strategic and business development of the three niche areas and sub sectors currently under its purview – [[Music of Trinidad and Tobago|Music]], Film and Fashion. [[Trinidad and Tobago Music Company|MusicTT]], [[Trinidad and Tobago Film Company|FilmTT]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago Fashion Company|FashionTT]] are the subsidiaries established to fulfil this mandate.
===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:CRHUBH intersection.JPG|thumb|An intersection of [[Churchill–Roosevelt Highway]] and [[Uriah Butler Highway]], 2009]]
[[File:TnT Tunapuna Eastern Main Road.jpg|thumb|Traffic drives on the left side of road]]
The transport system in Trinidad and Tobago consists of a dense network of highways and roads across both major islands, ferries connecting Port of Spain with Scarborough and [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]], and international airports on both islands.<ref name=EBTT/> The [[Uriah Butler Highway]], [[Churchill Roosevelt Highway]] and the [[Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway]] links the island of Trinidad together, whereas the [[Claude Noel Highway]] is the only major highway in Tobago. Public transportation options on land are public buses, private taxis and minibuses. By sea, the options are inter-island ferries and inter-city water taxis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.gov.tt/index.php?news=863 |title=Government of Trinidad and Tobago Information Services press release on water taxis |publisher=News.gov.tt |date=30 December 2008 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=10 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510093631/http://www.news.gov.tt/index.php?news=863 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The island of Trinidad is served by [[Piarco International Airport]] located in [[Piarco]], which opened on 8 January 1931.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Sitting at an elevation of {{convert|17.4|m|ft|0}} [[above sea level]], it comprises an area of {{convert|680|ha|acre}} and has a runway of {{convert|3200|m}}. The airport consists of two terminals, the North Terminal and the South Terminal. The older South Terminal underwent renovations in 2009 for use as a VIP entrance point during the fifth Summit of the Americas. The North Terminal was completed in 2001, and consists of<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tntairports.com/piarco_about.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503210532/http://www.tntairports.com/piarco_about.html|archive-date=3 May 2011|title=Airport Authority of Trinidad and Tobago – Welcome to Piarco Airport}}</ref> 14-second-level aircraft gates with jetways for international flights, two ground-level domestic gates and 82 ticket counter positions.
[[File:Caribbean Airlines Boeing 737-800 9Y-TAB (8504733249).jpg|thumb|left|The state-owned [[Caribbean Airlines]] is the largest in the region.]]
In 2008 the passenger throughput at Piarco International Airport was approximately 2.6 million. It is the seventh busiest airport in the Caribbean and the third busiest in the English-speaking Caribbean, after [[Sangster International Airport]] and [[Lynden Pindling International Airport]].{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Caribbean Airlines, the national airline, operates its main hub at the Piarco International Airport and services the Caribbean, the United States, Canada and South America. The airline is wholly owned by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. After an additional cash injection of US$50 million, the Trinidad and Tobago government acquired the Jamaican airline [[Air Jamaica]] on 1 May 2010, with a 6–12-month transition period to follow.<ref>Daraine Luton, [http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100429/lead/lead1.html Caribbean Airlines to re-hire 1,000 workers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126033610/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100429/lead/lead1.html |date=26 January 2022 }}. The Jamaica Gleaner, (29 April 2010). Retrieved 30 May 2012.</ref>
The Island of Tobago is served by the [[A.N.R. Robinson International Airport]] in [[Crown Point, Tobago|Crown Point]].<ref name=EBTT/> This airport has regular services to North America and Europe. There are regular flights between the two islands, with fares being heavily subsidised by the Government.
Trinidad was formerly home to a [[Trinidad Government Railway|railway network]], however this was closed down in 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ptsc.co.tt/about-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410075955/http://www.ptsc.co.tt/about-us.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=History |publisher=Public Transport Service Corporation on |access-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref> There have been talks to build a new railway on the islands, though nothing yet has come of this.<ref>{{cite news | work=[[Railway Gazette International]] | date=11 April 2008 | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//trinidad-rapid-rail-consortium-confirmed.html | title=Trinidad rapid rail consortium confirmed | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616081058/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/trinidad-rapid-rail-consortium-confirmed.html | archive-date=16 June 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Energy policy and climate change===
Trinidad and Tobago is the region's leading exporter of oil and gas but imports of fossil fuels provided over 90% of the energy consumed by its CARICOM neighbours in 2008. This vulnerability led CARICOM to develop an Energy Policy which was approved in 2013. This policy is accompanied by the CARICOM Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS). Under the policy, renewable energy sources are to contribute 20% of the total electricity generation mix in member states by 2017, 28% by 2022 and 47% by 2027.<ref name=":0">{{harvp|Ramkissoon|Kahwa|2015}}</ref>
In 2014 Trinidad and Tobago was the third country in the world which emitted the most {{CO2}} per capita after [[Qatar]] and [[Curacao]] according to the World Bank.<ref name="test">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC|title=CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)|publisher=World Bank Group|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220436/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC|url-status=live}}</ref> On average, each inhabitant produced 34.2 metric tons of {{CO2}} in the atmosphere. In comparison, the world average was 5.0 tons per capita the same year. Over recent years {{CO2}} emissions have declined, so that in 2021 at 21.01 tonnes per capita,<ref name="EDGAR2022"/> Trinidad and Tobago ranked fourth, after the tiny countries smaller than half a million, such as [[Curacao]], are excluded, and is the only non-Middle East country in the remaining worst seven [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|{{CO2}} emitters on a per capita basis]].<ref name="10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100109"/>
[[File:Top 20 intensity of economy emitters.png|thumb|upright=2|Activity sectoral profile of worst 20 {{CO2}} [[emissions intensity|intensity emitters]]. (Data available from <ref name="EDGAR2022"/>)]]
In terms of [[emissions intensity]] of economy (defined as {{CO2}} emissions per unit of [[gross domestic product|GDP]]), Trinidad and Tobago ranked third globally.<ref name="EDGAR2022"/> Its emissions-source profile is unique amongst the worst {{CO2}} intensity emitters as the so-called "other sectors", which includes: industrial process emissions, agricultural soils and waste, accounts for more than fifty per cent of fossil {{CO2}} emissions, rather than the power industry, other industrial combustion, transport and buildings sectors.<ref name="10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100109"/>
The Caribbean Industrial Research Institute in Trinidad and Tobago facilitates climate change research and provides industrial support for R&D related to food security. It also carries out equipment testing and calibration for major industries.<ref name=":0" />
==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Trinidad and Tobago}}
Trinidad and Tobago has a diverse culture with African, Indian, Creole, European, Chinese, Indigenous, Latino-Hispanic, and Arab influences, reflecting the various communities who have migrated to the islands over the centuries.
Steelpan music, the limbo dance competition, and carnival with its elaborate costumes, and Caribbean street foods are some of the famous cultures of the islands.
===Art and design===
{{See also|List of Trinidad and Tobago artists}}
Trinidadian designer [[Peter Minshall]] is renowned not only for his Carnival costumes but also for his role in opening ceremonies of the [[1992 Summer Olympics|Barcelona Olympics]], the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]], the [[1996 Summer Olympics]], and the [[2002 Winter Olympics]], for which he won an [[Emmy Award]].<ref>[http://www.niherst.gov.tt/icons/tt-icons-2/37-peter-minshall.htm "Peter Minshall – Mas Innovator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002000717/http://www.niherst.gov.tt/icons/tt-icons-2/37-peter-minshall.htm |date=2 October 2017 }}, Caribbean Icons.</ref>
===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:FOOD Callaloo.jpg|thumb|left| [[Callaloo]]]]
[[File:FOOD Doubles 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Doubles (food)|Doubles]]]]
[[File:Aloo Pie.jpg|thumb|Aloo pie]]
Diversity is also reflected the culinary culture, which bears witness to a variety of influences, including African, Indian, and colonial traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=Eleonora |title=Food Across Cultures. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-030-11153-3 |editor-last=Balirano |editor-first=Giuseppe |location=Cham |pages=43–70 |chapter=Callaloo or Pelau? Food, identity and politics in Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref> Street food is popular, and some examples are Doubles, [[Aloo pie]], [[Saheena]], [[Pholourie|Phoulourie]], [[Bake and shark]], grilled pigtails, chow, and others.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Latchu |first=Rhea Hadley |date=2021-04-22 |title=Top 25 Foods in Trinidad and Tobago (With Pictures!) |url=https://www.chefspencil.com/top-25-foods-in-trinidad-and-tobago-with-pictures/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Chef's Pencil |language=en-US}}</ref> Some main and/or side dishes are curry crab with dumpling, [[Pelau]], Oil down, [[Pasteles|Pastelles]], Bujol, Coo-Coo (cornmeal and okra cake), Trinidadian [[Callaloo]], Dhal, [[Roti]], and many others.<ref name=":3" /> Some noted soups are Cowheel, Fish Broth, and Corn soup, and some deserts include [[Pone (food)|Pone]], Kurma, [[Gulab jamun|Goolab jamon]], Sawine, and [[Soursop]] ice cream.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Trinidadian Food: Top 35 Dishes |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/best-rated-dishes-in-trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref>
Of these one of the most famous is ''Doubles'', which is two ''bara'' (fried flatbread) with ''channa'' (curried chickpeas) with various condiments like Trini [[chutney]]s, [[tamarind]], pepper sauce, cilantro sauce, and others; this is thought to be the most popular one on the islands.<ref name="Latchu">{{Cite web |last=Latchu |first=Rhea Hadley |date=2021-04-22 |title=Top 25 Foods in Trinidad and Tobago (With Pictures!) |url=https://www.chefspencil.com/top-25-foods-in-trinidad-and-tobago-with-pictures/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Chef's Pencil |language=en-US}}</ref> Doubles are popular late-night snack or breakfast, are thought to have been invented in 1936 on Trinidad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Best Street Foods in Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/best-rated-street-foods-in-trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref>
A food like Aloo pie, another popular street food reflects an interesting history that Aloo is the Hindo word for potato. Aloo pie is a torpedo shape of spicy mashed potatoes that is baked, then sliced open and filled with channa (curry chickpeas), tamarind, and other toppings.<ref name="Latchu"/>
Types of food that are popular are street food, celebration foods, deserts, and condiments like various chutneys.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=What is Trinidadian Food? |url=https://trinciti.com/what-is-trinidadian-food/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Trinciti Roti Shop |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Fresh coconut water, rum, [[Mauby]], are some examples.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Nation">{{Cite web |last=Nation |first=Foodie |date=2023-02-13 |title=10 Must-Try Drinks In Trinidad & Tobago 🇹🇹 |url=https://www.foodienationtt.com/single-post/10-must-try-drinks-in-trinidad-tobago |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=foodie-nation |language=en}}</ref> Having a fresh coconut water with "jelly", bitters, various mixed drinks, sorrel, are among noted beverages of the islands.<ref name="Nation"/>
Trinidadian gyros are another noted food item, which was popularized by Lebanese migrants to the islands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnarine |first=Davindra |date=2019-04-05 |title=15 Dishes For You To Discover The Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://www.goatrotichronicles.ca/trini-food-cuisine-of-trinidad-and-tobago/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Goat Roti Chronicles |language=en-US}}</ref> Trini [[macaroni]] pie is another dish that is popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria |date=2021-07-11 |title=Trinidad Macaroni Pie |url=https://mission-food.com/trinidad-macaroni-pie/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Mission Food Adventure |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Dance===
The [[Limbo (dance)|limbo]] dance originated in Trinidad as an event that took place at [[wake (ceremony)|wakes]] in Trinidad. The limbo has African roots. It was popularized in the 1950s by dance pioneer [[Julia Edwards (dancer)|Julia Edwards]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Julia Edwards|author = Emrit, Ronald C.|url = http://www.bestoftrinidad.com/profiles/edwardsJ.html|website = www.bestoftrinidad.com|access-date = 29 April 2015|archive-date = 1 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191201043543/http://www.bestoftrinidad.com/profiles/edwardsJ.html|url-status = live}}</ref> (known as the "First Lady of Limbo") and her company which appeared in several films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tntisland.com/limbo.html|title=Limbo Dance|website=www.tntisland.com|access-date=2 December 2019|archive-date=1 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201204053/http://www.tntisland.com/limbo.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bélé]], Bongo, and whining are also dance forms with African roots.<ref name="discovertnt.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Trinidad-Arts-Culture-An-Overview/60/3/19|title=Trinidad's arts & culture: an overview|date=2 January 2010|website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730113509/https://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Trinidad-Arts-Culture-An-Overview/60/3/19|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Jazz dance|Jazz]], [[Ballroom dance|ballroom]], [[ballet]], [[Modern dance|modern]], and [[Salsa (dance)|salsa]] dancing are also popular.<ref name="discovertnt.com"/>
[[Dance in India|Indian dance forms]] are also prevalent in Trinidad and Tobago.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-93/rhythms-our-people|title=Rhythms of our people|first=Lisa|last=Allen-Agostini|author-link=Lisa Allen-Agostini|journal=Caribbean Beat|issue=93|date=1 September 2008|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809155237/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-93/rhythms-our-people|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kathak]], [[Odissi]], and [[Bharatanatyam]] are the most popular [[Indian classical dance|Indian classical dance forms]] in Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/20207141|title=THE FILMI INFLUENCE ON EAST INDIAN DRESS AND DANCE IN TRINIDAD|first=Primnath|last=Gooptar|website=www.academia.edu|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814101717/https://www.academia.edu/20207141|url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of Indian folk dances|Indian folk dance]]s, such as [[Lavanda Naach|launda ke naach]], [[Bollywood dance]]s, and [[Chutney music|chutney]] dancing are also popular.<ref name="academia.edu"/>
===Festivals and holidays===
{{further|Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Orange Carnival Masqueraders in Trinidad.jpg|thumb|left|Masqueraders parading during [[Trinidad and Tobago Carnival|Carnival]]]]
[[File:Divalinagar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Divali Nagar]] entrance in [[Chaguanas]]; Divali Nagar is one of the largest Diwali celebration outside [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshvidesh.com/divali-nagar-city-of-lights-in-trinidad-and-tobago-by-raj-shah/|title=Divali Nagar, City of Lights in Trinidad and Tobago By Raj Shah ||date=28 September 2018 |access-date=2 December 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202233126/https://www.deshvidesh.com/divali-nagar-city-of-lights-in-trinidad-and-tobago-by-raj-shah/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Divali in Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=British Council |website=caribbean.britishcouncil.org |url=https://caribbean.britishcouncil.org/programmes/society/divali-trinidad-tobago |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202233135/https://caribbean.britishcouncil.org/programmes/society/divali-trinidad-tobago |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The island is particularly renowned for its annual [[Trinidad and Tobago Carnival|Carnival]] celebrations.<ref name=EBTT/> Festivals rooted in various religions and cultures practiced on the islands are also popular. [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivals]] include [[Diwali]], [[Phagwah|Phagwah (Holi)]], [[Navaratri|Nauratri]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Shivratri]], [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Rama Navami|Ram Naumi]], [[Hanuman Jayanti]], [[Ganesh Utsav]], [[Vasant Panchami|Saraswati Jayanti]], [[Kartik Purnima|Kartik Nahan]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Pitru Paksha]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], [[Mesha Sankranti]], [[Guru Purnima]], [[Tulasi Vivaha]], [[Vivaha Panchami]], [[Bhairava Ashtami|Kalbhairo Jayanti]], [[Datta Jayanti]], and [[Gita Mahotsav|Gita Jayanti]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calendar 2023|date=2023|url=https://www.swahainternational.org/calendar/|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408161043/https://www.swahainternational.org/calendar/|url-status=live}}</ref> Christian holidays and observances include [[Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day]], [[Lent]], [[Palm Sunday]], [[Easter]], [[Maundy Thursday]], [[Good Friday]], [[Ash Wednesday]], [[Holy Week]], [[Easter Monday]], [[Octave of Easter]], [[Pentecost]], [[Whit Monday]], [[New Year's Eve|Old Year's Day]], [[New Year's Day]], [[Christmas]], [[Boxing Day]], [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]], [[Assumption of Mary]], [[Feast of Corpus Christi]], [[All Souls' Day]], [[All Saints' Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-64/remembrance-friends-past|title = All Souls' Day: Remembrance of friends past|date = November 2003|access-date = 28 November 2020|archive-date = 4 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201204144451/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-64/remembrance-friends-past|url-status = live}}</ref> Muslim holidays include [[Hosay]] ([[Ashura]]), [[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Day of Arafah]], [[Mawlid]], [[Ramadan]], [[Chaand Raat]], and [[Shab-e-barat]]. People of [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Indian descent]] celebrate [[Indian Arrival Day]] to commemorate the arrival of their [[Indian indenture system|indentured Indian ancestors]] beginning in 1845 and people of [[Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians|African descent]] celebrate [[Emancipation Day]] to commemorate the day their African ancestors were emancipated from [[Slavery in the British and French Caribbean|slavery]]. Trinidad and Tobago was the first country in the world to recognize both of these holiday and make them public holidays. The [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous Amerindians]] have their [[Santa Rosa First Peoples Community|Santa Rosa Indigenous Festival]] and the [[Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians]] have the [[Chinese New Year]], although they are not public national holidays.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese New Year, Trinidad-Style|website=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/02/02/133406659/chinese-new-year-trinidad-style|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527022953/https://www.npr.org/2011/02/02/133406659/chinese-new-year-trinidad-style|url-status=live}}</ref> National holidays such as [[Independence Day]], [[Republic Day]] and [[Labour Day]] are celebrated as well.
===Literature===
{{Main|Trinidad and Tobago literature}}
<!-- [[File:VS Naipaul 2016 Dhaka.jpg|thumb|left|[[V. S. Naipaul]] in 2016.]]-->
Trinidad and Tobago claims two [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winning authors, [[V. S. Naipaul]] and [[Saint Lucia|St Lucian]]-born [[Derek Walcott]] (who also founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop). Other notable writers include [[Michael Anthony (author)|Michael Anthony]], [[Neil Bissoondath]], [[Vahni Capildeo]], [[Merle Hodge]], [[C. L. R. James]], [[Earl Lovelace]], [[Rabindranath Maharaj]], [[Kenneth Ramchand]] and [[Samuel Selvon]].
=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{further|Indo-Caribbean music|Afro-Caribbean music}}
[[File:Nicki Minaj interview 2016.jpg|thumb|left|upright|International superstar [[Nicki Minaj]] is a Trinidadian-born rapper based in the United States, is now the best-selling female rapper of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2021 |title=Who Are the Top 5 Female Rappers of All-Time? |url=https://iamcru.com/who-are-the-top-5-female-rappers-of-all-time/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=iamCrü |language=en-GB |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015160944/https://iamcru.com/who-are-the-top-5-female-rappers-of-all-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Theaterspektakel (2010) 2010-09-04 19-02-50.JPG|thumb|[[Steelpan]] was invented in Trinidad.]]
[[File:Trinidad and Tobago Sweet Tassa.jpg|thumb|[[Tassa]] is a percussion ensemble of Indian origin that is popular in Trinidad and Tobago.]]
Trinidad and Tobago is the birthplace of [[calypso music]] and the [[steelpan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.h2g2.com/approved_entry/A1297721 |title=20th Century Percussion |publisher=h2g2.com |date=24 November 2011 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234824/http://www.h2g2.com/approved_entry/A1297721 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Hill, Donald R. (1993) ''Calypso Calaloo: Early Carnival Music in Trinidad''. {{ISBN|0-8130-1221-X}}. [[University Press of Florida]]. 2nd Edition: Temple University Press (2006) {{ISBN|1-59213-463-7}}, pp. 8–10, 203–209. See also p. 284, n. 1.</ref><ref>Quevedo, Raymond (Atilla the Hun), ''Atilla's '''Kaiso''': a short history of Trinidad calypso'' (1983). University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad. pp. 2–14.</ref> Trinidad is also the birthplace of [[soca music]], [[chutney music]], [[chutney-soca]], [[parang]], [[rapso]], [[pichakaree]] and [[chutney parang]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ingram |first=Amy |title=What is Chutney Music? |url=http://aingram.web.wesleyan.edu/chutney.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163511/http://aingram.web.wesleyan.edu/chutney.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=10 September 2018 |publisher=Wesleyan University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parang Music |url=https://www.destinationtnt.com/parang-music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910205933/https://www.destinationtnt.com/parang-music/ |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |work=Destination Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Soca Music History |url=http://www.artdrum.com/ESSAY_SOCA_MUSIC_HISTORY.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919151706/http://artdrum.com/ESSAY_SOCA_MUSIC_HISTORY.htm |archive-date=19 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=Artdrum}}</ref>
===Media and Theatre===
{{main|List of newspapers in Trinidad and Tobago|Radio in Trinidad and Tobago|Television in Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{See also|List of Trinidad and Tobago films}}
[[Geoffrey Holder]] (brother of [[Boscoe Holder]]) and [[Heather Headley]] are two Trinidad-born artists who have won [[Tony Awards]] for theatre. Holder also has a distinguished film career, and Headley has won a [[Grammy Award]] as well.
[[Theatre of India|Indian theatre]] is also popular throughout Trinidad and Tobago. [[Nautanki]]s and dramas such as ''[[Harischandra|Raja Harishchandra]]'', ''[[Nala|Raja Nal]]'', ''Raja Rasalu'', ''[[Shravana Kumara|Sarwaneer (Sharwan Kumar)]]'', ''[[Inder Sabha|Indra Sabha]]'', ''[[Prahlada|Bhakt Prahalad]]'', ''[[Lorikayan]]'', ''Gopichand'', and ''[[Alha-Khand]]'' were brought by Indians to Trinidad and Tobago, however they had largely began to die out, till preservation began by Indian cultural groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLu0dXWslcg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/jLu0dXWslcg |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=TASSA THUNDER : Folk Music from India to the Caribbean|date=25 March 2014 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Ramlila|Ramleela]]'', the drama about the life of the [[Hindu]] deity [[Rama]], is popular during the time between [[Navaratri|Sharad Navaratri]] and [[Vijaydashmi]], and ''[[Rasa Lila|Ras leela (Krishna leela)]]'', the drama about the life of the Hindu deity [[Krishna]], is popular around the time of [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationaltrust.tt/ramleela/|title=Ramleela | National Trust of Trinidad and Tobago|date=8 September 2017|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928055324/https://nationaltrust.tt/ramleela/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrctt.org/brief-history-of-ramleela-in-tt/|title=BRIEF HISTORY OF RAMLEELA IN T&T – NRCTT Inc.|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120170131/http://www.nrctt.org/brief-history-of-ramleela-in-tt/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.453545.298d63012f|title=Ramleela on the rise|first=Trinidad|last=Guardian|website=www.guardian.co.tt}}</ref>
Trinidad and Tobago is also smallest country to have two [[Miss Universe]] titleholders and the first [[black people|black]] woman ever to win: [[Janelle Commissiong]] in 1977, followed by [[Wendy Fitzwilliam]] in 1998; the country has also had one [[Miss World]] titleholder, [[Giselle LaRonde]] who won in 1986.
===Museums & Gardens===
[[File:Trinidad national museum 2006-23-02.JPG|thumb|National Museum]]
{{main|List of museums in Trinidad and Tobago}}
Trinidad and Tobago has a variety of museums, covering everything from classic cars, art, history, to zoology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intriguing Museums |url=https://www.insandoutstt.com/articles/intriguing-museums |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.insandoutstt.com |language=en}}</ref>
===Sports===
====Olympic sports====
{{Main|Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics|Trinidad and Tobago at the Pan American Games}}
[[File:TeamRelay4x100Trinite-TobagoLondon2012.JPG|thumb|left|Trinidad and Tobago won bronze in the [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|Men's 4x400 relay]] at the 2012 London Olympics]]
[[Hasely Crawford]] won the first Olympic [[gold medal]] for Trinidad and Tobago in the men's [[100 metre dash|100-metre dash]] in the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Nine different athletes from Trinidad and Tobago have won twelve medals at the Olympics, beginning with a [[silver medal]] in [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], won by Rodney Wilkes in [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rodney Adolphus Wilkes Biography |url=https://www.caribbeanmemoryproject.com/wilkes-rodney.html |publisher=Caribbean Memory Project |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015160944/https://www.caribbeanmemoryproject.com/wilkes-rodney.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Most recently, a gold medal was won by [[Keshorn Walcott]] in the men's [[javelin throw]] in [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]. [[Ato Boldon]] has won the most Olympic and World Championship medals for Trinidad and Tobago in athletics, with eight in total – four from the Olympics and four from the World Championships. Boldon won the 1997 [[200 metres|200-metre dash]] World Championship in [[Athens]], and was the sole world champion Trinidad and Tobago had produced until [[Jehue Gordon]] in [[2013 World Championships in Athletics|Moscow 2013]]. Swimmer [[George Bovell|George Bovell III]] won a bronze medal in the men's [[200 metres Individual Medley]] in 2004. At the 2017 World Championship in London, the Men's 4x400 relay team captured the title, thus the country now celebrates three world championships titles. The team consisted of [[Jarrin Solomon]], [[Jareem Richards]], [[Machel Cedenio]] and [[Lalonde Gordon]] with [[Renny Quow]] who ran in the heats.[[File:Leah Bertrand Paris 2024.jpg|thumb|Leah Bertrand at the 2024 Paris Olympics]]Also in 2012, [[Lalonde Gordon]] competed in the London Summer Olympics where he won a bronze medal in the [[400 metres|400-metre dash]], being surpassed by [[Luguelin Santos]] of the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Kirani James]] of [[Grenada]]. Keshorn Walcott (as stated above) came first in javelin and earned a gold medal, making him the second Trinidadian in the country's history to receive one. This also makes him the first Western athlete in 40 years to receive a gold medal in the javelin sport, and the first athlete from Trinidad and Tobago to win a gold medal in a field event in the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120812/sports/sports7.html |title=Walcott mines gold in javelin for T&T |date=12 August 2012 |work=Jamaican Gleaner |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206011335/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120812/sports/sports7.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sprinter Richard Thompson is also from Trinidad and Tobago. He came second place to Usain Bolt in the Beijing Olympics in the 100-metre dash with a time of 9.89s.
In 2018, The Court of Arbitration for Sport made its final decision on the failed doping sample from the Jamaican team in the 4 x 100 relay in the 2008 Olympic Games. The team from Trinidad and Tobago will be awarded the gold medal, because of the second rank during the relay run.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wn.de/Sport/Weltsport/Leichtathletik/3323225-CAS-lehnt-Carter-Einspruch-ab-Bolt-verliert-Staffel-Gold-endgueltig|title=Bolt verliert Staffel-Gold endgültig|last=dpa|work=Westfälische Nachrichten|access-date=1 June 2018|language=de|archive-date=15 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042314/https://www.wn.de/Sport/Weltsport/Leichtathletik/3323225-CAS-lehnt-Carter-Einspruch-ab-Bolt-verliert-Staffel-Gold-endgueltig|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2023, Trinidad and Tobago hosted the [[2023 Commonwealth Youth Games]].
In 2024, Trinidadian sprinter [[Leah Bertrand]] competed in the 2024 Paris Olympics for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leah Bertrand {{!}} NBC Olympics |url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/athletes/leah-bertrand-2114697 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.nbcolympics.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moe |first=Cherisse |date=2024-07-27 |title=First-Time Olympian Leah Bertrand: From Volleyball Court to Olympic Track |url=https://trinidadexpress.com/features/first-time-olympian-leah-bertrand-from-volleyball-court-to-olympic-track/article_c48883fc-4c3b-11ef-bd64-afe2fd6b0b1f.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Trinidad Express Newspapers |language=en}}</ref> Overall, TT sent about 17 atheltes to the 2024 games, including noted athletes Michelle-Lee Ahye (springer), Jereem Richards (200m and 400m), Dylan Carter (swimming), Keshorn Walcott (javelin), Nicholas Paul (cyclist). Keshorn Walcott is previous Olympic medal winner, have won Gold and bronze.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sports |title=Trinidad and Tobago's storied Olympic journey and prospects for Paris 2024 |url=https://www.sportsmax.tv/athletics/athletics-international/item/149619-trinidad-and-tobago-s-storied-olympic-journey-and-prospects-for-paris-2024 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.sportsmax.tv |language=en-gb}}</ref>
(see also[[Trinidad and Tobago at the 2024 Summer Olympics]])
====Cricket====
{{See also|Cricket in the West Indies|Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team}}
[[File:BrianLaraUkexpat.jpg|thumb|[[Brian Lara]] batting for the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] against [[India national cricket team|India]]|left]]
Cricket is a popular sport of Trinidad and Tobago, often deemed the national sport, and there is intense inter-island rivalry with its Caribbean neighbours. Trinidad and Tobago is represented at [[Test cricket]], [[One Day International]] as well as [[Twenty20 cricket]] level as a member of the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies team]]. The [[Trinidad and Tobago cricket team|national team]] plays at the [[first-class cricket|first-class]] level in regional competitions such as the [[Regional Four Day Competition]] and [[Regional Super50]]. Meanwhile, the [[Trinbago Knight Riders]] play in the [[Caribbean Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/series_results.html?id=748;type=trophy |title=Caribbean Premier League Series Results |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014654/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/series_results.html?id=748;type=trophy |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Queen's Park Oval]] located in [[Port of Spain]] is the largest cricket ground in the [[West Indies]], having hosted 60 Test matches as of January 2018. Trinidad and Tobago along with other islands from the Caribbean co-hosted the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
[[Brian Lara]], world record holder for the most runs scored both in a Test and in a First Class innings amongst other records, was born in the small town of [[Santa Cruz, Trinidad and Tobago|Santa Cruz]] and is often referred to as the Prince of Port of Spain or simply the Prince. This legendary West Indian batsman is widely regarded.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/brian-lara-52337 |title=Brian Lara |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204162817/https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/brian-lara-52337 |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Football====
{{Main|Association football in Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:2015 Pan American Games, Argentina vs Trinidad and Tobago - Laslovarga (50).jpg|thumb|Woman's team at the 2015 Pan American Games]]
Association football is also a popular sport in Trinidad and Tobago. [[Trinidad and Tobago national football team|The men's national football team]] qualified for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] for the first time by beating [[Bahrain national football team|Bahrain]] in [[Manama]] on 16 November 2005, making them the second smallest country ever (in terms of population) to qualify, after [[Iceland national football team|Iceland]]. The team, coached by [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] [[Leo Beenhakker]], and led by Tobagonian-born captain [[Dwight Yorke]], drew their first group game – against [[Sweden men's national football team|Sweden]] in [[Dortmund]], 0–0, but lost the second game to [[England national football team|England]] on late goals, 0–2. They were eliminated after losing 2–0 to [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]] in the last game of the Group stage. Prior to the 2006 World Cup qualification, Trinidad and Tobago came close in a controversial qualification campaign for the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]]. Following the match, the referee of their critical game against [[Haiti]] was awarded a lifetime ban for his actions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Sport%5CBOLDON_LaraAmes.html |title=Trinidad and Tobago Sport |work=National Library of Trinidad and Tobago |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622115557/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Sport/BOLDON_LaraAmes.html |archive-date=22 June 2007 }}</ref> Trinidad and Tobago again fell just short of qualifying for the World Cup in [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]], needing only a draw at home against the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]] but losing 1–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/archives/2005-11-19/pulse.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421181109/http://www.guardian.co.tt/archives/2005-11-19/pulse.html|archive-date=21 April 2008|title=The Trinidad Guardian -Online Edition Ver 2.0|access-date=30 November 2008}}</ref> They play their home matches at the [[Hasely Crawford Stadium]]. Trinidad and Tobago hosted the [[2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], and hosted the [[2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]].
The [[TT Pro League]] is the country's primary football competition and is the top level of the [[Trinidad and Tobago football league system]]. The Pro League serves as a league for professional football clubs in Trinidad and Tobago. The league began in 1999 as part of a need for a professional league to strengthen the country's [[Trinidad and Tobago national football team|national team]] and improve the development of domestic players. The first season took place in the same year beginning with eight teams.
====Basketball====
{{See also|Trinidad and Tobago national basketball team}}
[[Basketball]] is commonly played in Trinidad and Tobago in colleges, universities and throughout various urban basketball courts. Its national team is one of the most successful teams in the Caribbean. At the [[Caribbean Basketball Championship]] it won four straight gold medals from 1986 to 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Trinidad-and-Tobago |title=National Basketball Federation of Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=FIBA |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014329/https://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Trinidad-and-Tobago |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Other sports====
[[File:Delon Armitage - US Oyonnax vs. Rugby Club Toulonnais, 3rd October 2014.jpg|thumb|Trinidad rugby players of Rugby Club Toulonnais, 2014]]
[[Netball]] has long been a popular sport in Trinidad and Tobago, although it has declined in popularity in recent years. At the [[Netball World Championships]] they co-won the event in 1979, were runners up in 1987, and second runners up in 1983.
[[Rugby union in Trinidad and Tobago|Rugby]] is played in Trinidad and Tobago and continues to be a popular sport, and [[horse racing]] is regularly followed in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-3/lets-go-horse-racing#axzz7K4WxSdhQ |title=Let's Go Horse Racing |work=Caribbean Beat |last=Miller |first=Marlon |date=Autumn 1992 |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014126/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-3/lets-go-horse-racing#axzz7K4WxSdhQ |url-status=live }}</ref>
There is also the Trinidad and Tobago national baseball team which is controlled by the Baseball/Softball Association of Trinidad and Tobago, and represents the nation in international competitions. The team is a provisional member of the [[Pan American Baseball Confederation]].
There are a number of 9 and 18-hole [[golf]] courses on Trinidad and Tobago. The most established is the St Andrews Golf Club, Maraval in Trinidad (commonly referred to as Moka), and there is a newer course at Trincity, near Piarco Airport called Millennium Lakes. There are 18-hole courses at Chaguramas and Point-a-Pierre and nine-hole courses at Couva and St Madeline. Tobago has two 18-hole courses. The older of the two is at Mount Irvine, with the Magdalena Hotel & Golf Club (formerly Tobago Plantations) being built more recently.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.golfpass.com/travel-advisor/course-directory/8559-trinidad-and-tobago/ |title=Trinidad and Tobago Golf Guide |website=Golf Pass |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014127/https://www.golfpass.com/travel-advisor/course-directory/8559-trinidad-and-tobago/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Although a minor sport, bodybuilding is of growing interest in Trinidad and Tobago. [[Darrem Charles]], a former world class body builder, is from Trinidad and Tobago.
Dragonboat is also another water-sport that has been rapidly growing over the years. Introduced in 2006. the fraternity made consistent strides in having more members a part of the TTDBF (Trinidad and Tobago Dragonboat Federation) as well as performing on an international level such as the 10th IDBF World Nations Dragon Boat Championships in Tampa, Florida in the US in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chasing the dragon boat |date=October 2007 |last=Assing |first=Tracy |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-87/chasing-dragon-boat |work=Caribbean Beat |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213034048/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-87/chasing-dragon-boat |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Claude Noel (boxer)|Claude Noel]] is a former world champion in professional boxing. He was born in Tobago.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ringsidereport.com/?p=76589 |title=Ringside Report Looks Back at Former Champion Claude Noel |last=Stewart |first=Donald |website=Ringsiderreport.com |date=29 November 2018 |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014117/https://ringsidereport.com/?p=76589 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Trinidad and Tobago Chess Championship]] was started in 1937, and is an annual national chess championship.
== National symbols ==
{{Main|National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|thumb|The flag of Trinidad and Tobago]]
===Flag===
{{Main|Flag of Trinidad and Tobago}}
The flag was chosen by the Independence committee in 1962. Red, black and white symbolise the warmth of the people, the richness of the earth and water respectively.<ref name=gov>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.tt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000303151544/http://www.gov.tt/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2000 |title=Trinidad and Tobago government website |publisher=Gov.tt |access-date=2 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/NationalSymbols/tabid/215/Default.aspx National Symbols of Trinidad and Tobago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126033611/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/NationalSymbols/tabid/215/Default.aspx |date=26 January 2022 }}. National Library of Trinidad and Tobago</ref>
===Coat of arms===
{{Main|Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|thumb|The coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago]]
The coat of arms was designed by the Independence committee, and features the [[scarlet ibis]] (native to Trinidad), the [[rufous-vented chachalaca|cocrico]] (native to Tobago) and [[hummingbird]]. The shield bears three ships, representing both the Trinity, and the three ships that Columbus sailed.<ref name=gov/>
===Orders and decorations===
There are five categories and thirteen classes of national awards:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepresident.tt/events_and_ceremonies.php?mid=187 |title=Events and Ceremonies – About the Awards |publisher=Office of the President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=28 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112114047/http://www.thepresident.tt/events_and_ceremonies.php?mid=187 |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref>
* The [[Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago]] (formerly The [[Trinity Cross]] Medal of the Order of the Trinity) in Gold only
* The [[Chaconia Medal]], in Gold, Silver and Bronze
* The [[Hummingbird Medal]], in Gold, Silver and Bronze
* The Public Service Medal of Merit, in Gold, Silver and Bronze
* The Medal for the Development of Women, in Gold, Silver and Bronze
=== National anthem and national songs ===
{{main|Forged from the Love of Liberty}}
The national anthem of the twin-island state is "[[Forged from the Love of Liberty]]".<ref>[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?PageContentID=1059&TabId=557 National Songs of Trinidad and Tobago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204181953/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?PageContentID=1059&TabId=557 |date=4 December 2014 }}. National Library of Trinidad and Tobago</ref><ref>[[National anthem of Trinidad and Tobago]]</ref>
Other national songs include "God Bless Our Nation"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ttembassy.org/?page=national-songs|title=Embassy of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago – National Songs|access-date=13 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928191138/http://www.ttembassy.org/?page=national-songs|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> and "Our Nation's Dawning".<ref>[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?TabId=557&PageContentID=1062 National Songs of Trinidad and Tobago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204181942/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?TabId=557&PageContentID=1062 |date=4 December 2014 }}. National Library of Trinidad and Tobago</ref>
=== National flower ===
{{Main|Warszewiczia coccinea}}
[[File:Chaconia UWI 2005b.jpg|left|thumb|The Chaconia (''[[Warszewiczia coccinea]]'') is the national flower of Trinidad and Tobago]]
The national flower of Trinidad and Tobago is the [[Warszewiczia coccinea|chaconia]] flower. It was chosen as the national flower because it is an indigenous flower that has witnessed the history of Trinidad and Tobago. It was also chosen as the national flower because of its red colour that resembles the red of the national flag and coat of arms and because it blooms around the Independence Day of Trinidad and Tobago.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://otp.tt/trinidad-and-tobago/national-emblems/|title=National Emblems – The Office of the President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago|website=otp.tt|access-date=2 September 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712183127/https://otp.tt/trinidad-and-tobago/national-emblems/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Oceanografic Scarlet Ibis 02.jpg|thumb|Scarlet Ibis]]
=== National birds ===
{{Main|Scarlet ibis|Rufous-vented chachalaca}}
The national birds of Trinidad and Tobago are the [[scarlet ibis]] and the [[rufous-vented chachalaca|cocrico]]. The scarlet ibis is kept safe by the government by living in the Caroni Bird Sanctuary which was set up by the government for the protection of these birds. The Cocrico is more indigenous to the island of Tobago and is more likely to be seen in the forest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tntisland.com/tntbirds.html|title=Trinidad & Tobago National Birds|work=tntisland.com|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092238/http://www.tntisland.com/tntbirds.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[hummingbird]] is considered another symbol of Trinidad and Tobago due to its significance to the Indigenous peoples, however, it is not a national bird.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/subject-guide/national-symbols|title=National Symbols|website=www.nalis.gov.tt|access-date=2 September 2018|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013325/https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/subject-guide/national-symbols|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of Trinidad and Tobago–related topics]]
* [[Outline of Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[List of Trinidadians and Tobagonians]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=EBTT>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930100054/https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="EDGAR2022">{{cite report |vauthors= Crippa M, Guizzardi D, Banja M, Solazzo E, Muntean M, Schaaf E, Pagani F, Monforti-Ferrario F, Olivier JG, Quadrelli R, Risquez Martin A, Taghavi-Moharamli P, Grassi G, Rossi S, Oom D, Branco A, San-Miguel J, Vignati E |year=2022 |title= CO2 emissions of all world countries – JRC/IEA/PBL 2022 Report |doi= 10.2760/07904|publisher= Publications Office of the European Union|publication-place= Luxembourg |language=English}}</ref>
<ref name="10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100109">{{cite journal |vauthors = Lee Chan TG, Janes DA |title =Uncovering and Filtering Industrial Symbiosis Networks for Carbon Dioxide Utilization in Trinidad and Tobago |journal = Carbon Capture Science & Technology |volume = 7 |year = 2023 |page =100109 |doi = 10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100109 |doi-access = free |bibcode =2023CCST....700109L }}</ref>
}}
<!--Historical Development. Historical Development of the Steel Band.
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==Cited sources==
[[File:King's Wharf 2, San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago.JPG|thumb|Birds rest on a boat, at King's Warf of San Fernando, Trinidad]]
* {{cite book|last=Carmichael|first=Gertrude |year=1961|title=The History of the West Indian Islands of Trinidad and Tobago, 1498–1900|publisher=Alvin Redman|place= London}}
* {{cite book|last=Kiely|first=Ray |title=The Politics of Labour and Development in Trinidad|year=1996| publisher=Press University of the West Indies| isbn=9789766400170}}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Eric|year=1964|title=History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago |location=New York|publisher=Frederick A. Praeger|lccn=64-13390 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofthepeop006593mbp}}
* {{Cite book|chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|chapter=Caricom |title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|last1=Ramkissoon|first1=Harold|last2=Kahwa|first2=Ishenkumba A. |publisher=UNESCO |year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=156–173}}
* {{cite book|author=Rough Guides|year=2018|title=The Rough Guide to Trinidad and Tobago}}
* {{Free-content attribution|author=Harold Ramkissoon & Ishenkumba A. Kahwa|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|page numbers=156–173|documentURL=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|license=CC BY-SA IGO 3.0}}
==Further reading==
[[File:STAPP 064 Debe S.S.Erin Road.jpg|thumb|Debe, Trinidad, 2016]]
* [[Gérard Besson|Besson, Gérard]], & [[Bridget Brereton|Brereton, Bridget]]. ''The Book of Trinidad'' (2nd edition), [[Port of Spain]]: Paria Publishing Co. Ltd, 1992. {{ISBN|976-8054-36-0}}.
* Brereton, Bridget. ''An Introduction to the History of Trinidad and Tobago'' (Heinemann, 1996).
* [[Julian Kenny]]. [http://www.meppublishers.com/books/index.php?pid=1001&isbn=976-95057-0-6 ''Views from the Ridge''], Port of Spain: Prospect Press, [[Media and Editorial Projects Limited]], 2000/2007. {{ISBN|976-95057-0-6}}.
* Lans, Cheryl. ''Creole Remedies of Trinidad and Tobago''. C. Lans, 2001.
* Mendes, John. ''Côté ci Côté là: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary''. [[Arima]], [[Trinidad]], 1986.
* [[Selwyn Ryan|Ryan, Selwyn D.]] ''Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago'' (University of Toronto Press, 2020).
* Saith, Radhica, and Lyndersay, Mark. ''Why Not a Woman?'' Port of Spain: Paria Publishing Co. Ltd, 1993. {{ISBN|976-8054-42-5}}
* Stuempfle, Stephen. ''The Steelband Movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995).
* [[Jeremy Taylor (writer)|Taylor, Jeremy]]. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0333419855 ''Visitor's Guide to Trinidad & Tobago''], London: Macmillan, 1986, {{ISBN|978-0-333-41985-4}}. 2nd edition as ''Trinidad and Tobago: An Introduction and Guide'', London: Macmillan, 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-333-55607-8}}.
==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago}}
* [https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/ Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago]
* [https://www.visittobago.gov.tt/ Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Company official website]
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/ Trinidad and Tobago]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906080515/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/trinidadtobago.htm Trinidad and Tobago] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1209827.stm Trinidad and Tobago profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TTO/Year/2010/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Trinidad and Tobago]
* {{wikiatlas|Trinidad and Tobago}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|}}
* [https://www.ifs.du.edu/IFs/frm_CountryProfile/TT Key Development Forecasts for Trinidad and Tobago] from [[International Futures]]
{{Trinidad and Tobago topics}}
{{Caribbean topic}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{The Commonwealth}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Trinidad and Tobago|Caribbean|Islands}}
{{Coord|10|36|N|61|6|W|type:country_region:TT|display=title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trinidad And Tobago}}
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:1962 establishments in Trinidad and Tobago|*]]
[[Category:1960s establishments in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:Countries in North America]]
[[Category:Countries in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Small Island Developing States]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1962]]
[[Category:Windward Islands]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Country in the Caribbean}}
{{About|the country|the islands of the sovereign state|Trinidad|and|Tobago|other uses|Trinidad (disambiguation)|and|Tobago (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use Trinidad and Tobago English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| coordinates = {{Coord|10|40|0|N|61|30|27|W|type:city_region:TT-POS|display=inline}}
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
| image_flag = Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago.svg
| national_motto = "Together we aspire, together we achieve"
| national_anthem = "[[Forged from the Love of Liberty]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Forged from the Love of Liberty (instrumental).ogg]]</div>
| common_name = Trinidad
| image_map = Trinidad and Tobago (orthographic projection).svg
| image_map2 = Trinidad and Tobago - Location Map (2013) - TTO - UNOCHA.svg
| capital = [[Port of Spain]]
| largest_city = [[Chaguanas]]<br /> {{coord|10|31|N|61|24|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian English|English]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/gortt/portal/ttconnect/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOK9A40MTD0tjQ38Aw0sDYyCPA1dDUy9jd2DDIEKIlEUBLm7ARW4mhp6eIcZGxgYEKffAAdwJKg_ODVPP1w_Cq8yLwMMBZjOBCvA446C3NCICs9MRwCWELx4/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fgortt%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FGorTT%20Web%20Content%2Fttconnect%2Fhome%2Fabout+t+and+t%2Fgeneral+information%2Flanguage |title=Home |publisher=Ttconnect.gov.tt |access-date=16 March 2019 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191351/https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/gortt/portal/ttconnect/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOK9A40MTD0tjQ38Aw0sDYyCPA1dDUy9jd2DDIEKIlEUBLm7ARW4mhp6eIcZGxgYEKffAAdwJKg_ODVPP1w_Cq8yLwMMBZjOBCvA446C3NCICs9MRwCWELx4/dl5/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fgortt%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FGorTT%20Web%20Content%2Fttconnect%2Fhome%2Fabout+t+and+t%2Fgeneral+information%2Flanguage |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| languages_type = Other languages
| languages = ''See [[Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Language|Languages in Trinidad and Tobago]]''<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TT/languages | title=Trinidad and Tobago – Languages | work=Ethnologue | access-date=20 May 2018 | archive-date=22 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422124732/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/tt/languages | url-status=live }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = {{tree list}}
* 35.4% [[Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Indian]]
* 34.2% [[Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians|African]]
* 22.8% [[Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Mixed ethnicity|Mixed]]
** 7.6% [[Dougla people|Dougla]]
* 1.3% [[Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Ethnic groups|other]]{{efn|incl. [[White Trinidadians and Tobagonians|European]], [[Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Chinese]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]], [[Arabs]]}}
* 6.2% unknown or undeclared
{{tree list/end}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2011
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=2011Census />
| demonym = {{unbulleted list
|[[Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]
|Trini or Trinbagonian (colloquial)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/trinbagonian|title=Trinbagonian|dictionary=Macmillan Dictionary|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620181304/https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/trinbagonian|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Trinidad and Tobago|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Christine Kangaloo]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Keith Rowley]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago|House Speaker]]
| leader_name3 = [[Bridgid Annisette-George]]
| leader_title4 = [[President of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago|Senate President]]
| leader_name4 = [[Nigel de Freitas]]
| leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name5 = [[Ivor Archie]]
| leader_title6 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)|Opposition Leader]]
| leader_name6 = [[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate (Trinidad and Tobago)|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)|House of Representatives]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]]
| established_event1 = Province of the [[West Indies Federation]]
| established_event2 = [[Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962|Independence]]
| established_event3 = Joined the [[Caribbean Community]] at the [[Treaty of Chaguaramas]]
| established_event4 = Republic
| established_date1 = 3 January 1958 – 14 January 1962
| established_date2 = 31 August 1962
| established_date3 = 1 August 1973
| established_date4 = 1 August 1976{{efn|Despite becoming a republic on 1 August, Republic Day is celebrated as a public holiday on 24 September because this is the date when the first Parliament met under the new Republican Constitution.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://visittrinidad.tt/event/republic-day/ | title=Republic Day | access-date=17 September 2022 | archive-date=15 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015160943/https://visittrinidad.tt/event/republic-day/ | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| area_km2 = 5,131
| area_rank = 164th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] -->
| area_sq_mi = 1,981
| percent_water = negligible
| population_estimate = 1,508,635 <ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/trinidad-and-tobago-population |access-date=1 October 2024 |title=Trinidad and Tobago Population (2024) - Worldometer }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 154th
| population_density_km2 = 294
| population_density_rank = 34th
| population_density_sq_mi = 761
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $43.658 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.TT">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=369,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (TT) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031180200/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=369,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 126th
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $30,718<ref name="IMFWEO.TT" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 58th
| GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $27.887 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.TT" />
| GDP_nominal_rank = 107th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $19,621<ref name="IMFWEO.TT" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 47th
| Gini = 39.0 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2012
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite news|first=Carla|last=Bridglal|date=12 March 2013|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/business-magazine/Allowing__govt_to_manage_better-197710671.html|title=Allowing govt to manage better|newspaper=Trinidad Express |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314181759/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/business-magazine/Allowing__govt_to_manage_better-197710671.html|archive-date=14 March 2013|access-date=23 December 2013}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.814
| HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 60th
| currency = [[Trinidad and Tobago dollar]]
| currency_code = TTD
| time_zone = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset = -4
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[North American Numbering Plan|+1]] [[Area code 868|(868)]]
| cctld = [[.tt]]
| footnote_a =
| religion = {{unbulleted list
|{{nowrap|20.4% [[Christianity]]}}|30.3% [[Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Hinduism]]|43.4% [[Islam in Trinidad and Tobago|Islam]]|2.3% [[Irreligion|no religion]]|3.4% [[Religion in Trinidad and Tobago|other]]}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=224c&u=23r|title=National Profiles; World Religion|website=www.thearda.com|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125220438/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?REGION=0&u=224c&u=23r|url-status=live}}</ref>
| footnotes = {{notelist}}
}}
'''Trinidad and Tobago''',{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Trinidad and Tobago.ogg|ˈ|t|r|ɪ|n|ᵻ|d|æ|d|...|t|ə|ˈ|b|eɪ|ɡ|oʊ}}, {{IPAc-en|-|_|t|oʊ|-}}, {{respell|TRIN|ih|dad ... tə|BAY|goh}}, {{respell|-|_|toh-}}}} officially the '''Republic of Trinidad and Tobago''', is the southernmost [[island country]] in the [[Caribbean]]. Consisting of the main islands [[Trinidad]] and [[Tobago]] and numerous much [[List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago|smaller islands]], it is situated {{convert|11|km|nmi|frac=2|abbr=off}} off the coast of northeastern [[Venezuela]] and {{convert|130|km|nmi|round=5|abbr=off}} south of [[Grenada]].<ref name=EBTT/> It shares [[Maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]] with [[Barbados]] to the east, Grenada to the northwest and Venezuela to the south and west.<ref>{{cite web|title = Treaty between the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the Republic of Venezuela on the delimitation of marine and submarine areas, 18 April 1990|publisher = The United Nations|url = https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/TTO-VEN1990SA.PDF|access-date = 13 April 2009|archive-date = 4 September 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080904003335/http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/TTO-VEN1990SA.PDF|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = The 1990 Accord Replaces the 1942 Paris Treaty|publisher = Trinidad and Tobago News|url = http://www.trinidadandtobagonews.com/selfnews/viewnews.cgi?newsid1083159999,34015,.shtml|access-date = 13 April 2009|archive-date = 19 September 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090919023454/http://www.trinidadandtobagonews.com/selfnews/viewnews.cgi?newsid1083159999,34015,.shtml|url-status = live}}</ref> Trinidad and Tobago is generally considered to be part of the [[West Indies]]. The island country's capital is [[Port of Spain]], while its largest and most populous municipality is [[Chaguanas]].
The [[island]] of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]] before becoming a colony in the [[Spanish Empire]], following the arrival of [[Christopher Columbus]], in 1498. Spanish governor [[José María Chacón]] surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]] in 1797.{{sfnp|Carmichael|1961|pp=40–42}} Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the [[Treaty of Amiens]] as separate states and unified in 1889.{{sfnp|Carmichael|1961|p=52}} Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962, and became a republic in 1976.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago">{{cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063840/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=16 August 2019 |work=CIA World Factbook}}</ref><ref name=EBTT/>
Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories, which rely heavily on tourism, the economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and [[petrochemical]]s;<ref>{{cite web| title = Trinidad and Tobago Country brief|publisher = The World Bank|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/TRINIDADANDTOBAGOEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21045974~menuPK:331460~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:331452,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112060138/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/TRINIDADANDTOBAGOEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21045974~menuPK:331460~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:331452,00.html|archive-date=12 January 2007}}</ref> much of the nation's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20072231|title=Trinidad and Tobago profile – Overview|work=BBC News|date=24 October 2012 |access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=13 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913132848/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-20072231|url-status=live}}</ref>
Trinidad and Tobago is well known for its African and Indian cultures, reflected in its large and famous [[Trinidad and Tobago Carnival|Carnival]], [[Diwali]], and [[Hosay]] celebrations, as well as being the birthplace of the [[steelpan]], the [[Limbo (dance)|limbo]], and music styles such as [[Calypso music|calypso]], [[Soca music|soca]], [[rapso]], [[parang]], [[Chutney music|chutney]], and [[chutney soca]] music. The country gets fewer hurricanes than most of the Caribbean because it is farther south.
==Toponymy==
m<!--linked-->
Hhybibiubkjb.gvbjhbh{{Main|History of Trinidad and Tobago}}
===Geological history===
The islands that make up modern-day Trinidad and Tobago lie at the southern end of the [[Lesser Antilles]] group.
===Indigenous peoples===
Both Trinidad and Tobago were originally settled by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous people]] who came through South America.<ref name=EBTT/> Trinidad was first settled by pre-agricultural Archaic people at least 7,000 years ago, making it the earliest settled part of the Caribbean.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} [[Banwari Trace]] in south-west Trinidad is the oldest attested archaeological site in the Caribbean, dating to about 5000 BC. Several waves of migration occurred over the following centuries, which can be identified by differences in their archaeological remains.<ref name="Reid 2008">{{Cite book|title=Archaeology and geoinformatics : case studies from the Caribbean|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologygeoin00reid_533|url-access=limited|last=Reid|first=Basil A.|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=2008|isbn=9780817380533|location=Tuscaloosa|pages=[https://archive.org/details/archaeologygeoin00reid_533/page/n49 33]–73|chapter=Developing Weights-of-Evidence Predictive Models for the Cultural Resource Management of Pre-Columbian Sites in Trinidad|oclc=567999135}}</ref> At the time of European contact, Trinidad was occupied by various [[Arawakan]]-speaking groups including the Nepoya and Suppoya, and [[Cariban languages|Cariban]]-speaking groups such as the [[Yao language (Trinidad)|Yao]], while Tobago was occupied by the [[Island Caribs]] and [[Galibi]].
===European colonization===
{{Main|Columbian Viceroyalty|New Spain|Captaincy General of Cuba}}
Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Trinidad, on his third voyage to the Americas in 1498.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}}{{sfnp|Williams|1964|pp=7–8}} He also reported seeing Tobago on the distant horizon, naming it ''Bellaforma'', but did not land on the island.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Carmichael|1961|p=14}}
[[File:Raleigh at Trinidad.jpg|thumb|left|[[Walter Raleigh|Sir Walter Raleigh]] raiding Spanish settlement in Trinidad in 1595]]
In the 1530s Antonio de Sedeño, a Spanish soldier intent on conquering the island of Trinidad, landed on its southwest coast with a small army of men, intending to subdue the Indigenous population of the island. Sedeño and his men fought the native peoples on many occasions, and subsequently built a fort. The next few decades were generally spent in warfare with the native peoples, until in 1592, the "Cacique" (native chief) Wannawanare (also known as Guanaguanare) granted the area around modern [[Saint Joseph, Trinidad and Tobago|Saint Joseph]] to Domingo de Vera e Ibargüen, and withdrew to another part of the island.<ref name=Boomert/> The settlement of San José de Oruña was later established by [[Antonio de Berrío]] on this land in 1592.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} Shortly thereafter the English sailor [[Sir Walter Raleigh]] arrived in Trinidad on 22 March 1595 [[Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition|in search]] of the long-rumoured "[[El Dorado]]" ("City of Gold") supposedly located in South America.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} He attacked San José, captured and interrogated Antonio de Berrío, and obtained much information from him and from the Cacique Topiawari; Raleigh then went on his way, and Spanish authority was restored.{{sfnp|Williams|1964|pp=11, 18}}
Meanwhile, there were numerous attempts by European powers to settle Tobago during the 1620–40s, with the Dutch, English and Couronians (people from the [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]], now part of [[Latvia]]) all attempting to colonise the island with little success.<ref name="dutch">{{cite web|work=Colonial Voyage|url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/america/tobago/dutch.html|last=Ramerini|first=Marco|title=Dutch and Courlanders on Tobago: A History of the First Settlements, 1628{{ndash}}1677|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110022814/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/america/tobago/dutch.html|archive-date=10 November 2012|access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}} From 1654 the Dutch and Courlanders managed to gain a more secure foothold, later joined by several hundred French settlers.<ref name="dutch"/> A plantation economy developed based on the production of sugar, indigo and rum, worked by large numbers of African slaves who soon came to vastly outnumber the European colonists.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}}<ref name="dutch"/> Large numbers of forts were constructed as Tobago became a source of contention between France, Netherlands and Britain, with the island changing hands some 31 times prior to 1814, a situation exacerbated by widespread piracy.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}} The British managed to hold Tobago from 1762 to 1781, whereupon it was captured by the French, who ruled until 1793 when Britain re-captured the island.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=196}}
The 17th century on Trinidad passed largely without major incident, but sustained attempts by the Spaniards to control and rule over the Indigenous population was often fiercely resisted.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} In 1687 the [[Catholic]] [[Catalan people|Catalan]] [[Capuchin friars]] were given responsibility for [[religious conversion|the conversions]] of the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous people]] of [[Trinidad]] and the [[Guianas]].{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} They founded several missions in Trinidad, supported and richly funded by the state, which also granted ''[[encomienda]]'' right to them over the native peoples, in which the native peoples were forced to provide labour for the Spanish.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} One such mission was ''Santa Rosa de Arima,'' established in 1689, when Indigenous people from the former ''encomiendas'' of [[Tacarigua]] and ''Arauca'' ([[Arouca, Trinidad and Tobago|Arouca]]) were relocated further west.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Escalating tensions between the Spaniards and Indigenous people culminated in violence in 1689, when Indigenous people in the San Rafael encomienda rebelled and killed several priests, attacked a church, and killed the Spanish governor [[José de León y Echales]]. Among those killed in the governor's party was Juan Mazien de Sotomayor, missionary priest to the Nepuyo villages of Caura, Tacarigua and Arauca.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.osargenews.com/history-info/republic-of-trinidad-and-tobago/ |title=Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=osargenews.com |publisher= |access-date=11 March 2021 |quote="Among those killed in the governor's party was Fr.Juan Mazien de Sotomayor, O.P., missionary priest to the Nepuyo villages of Cuara, Tacarigua and Arauca." |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024736/http://www.osargenews.com/history-info/republic-of-trinidad-and-tobago/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Spanish retaliated severely, slaughtering hundreds of native peoples in an event that became known as the [[Arena massacre]].{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}} As a result, continuing Spanish slave-raiding, and the devastating impact of introduced disease to which they had no immunity, the native population was virtually wiped out by the end of the following century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Romero|first1=Aldemaro|title=Death and Taxes: the Case of the Depletion of Pearl Oyster Beds in Sixteenth-Century Venezuela|journal=Conservation Biology|date=2003|volume=17|issue=4|page=1016|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01406.x|bibcode=2003ConBi..17.1013R |s2cid=86335309|url=https://spark.siue.edu/bio_fac/408|access-date=3 September 2019|archive-date=12 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312011430/https://spark.siue.edu/bio_fac/408/|url-status=live | issn = 0888-8892 }}</ref>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=249}}
During this period Trinidad was an island province belonging to the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], together with Central America, present-day [[Mexico]] and what would later become the southwestern [[United States]].<ref name="Besson, 2000">Besson, Gerard (27 August 2000). "Land of Beginnings – A historical digest", ''Newsday Newspaper''.</ref> In 1757 the capital was moved from San José de Oruña to Puerto de España (modern [[Port of Spain]]) following several pirate attacks.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=55}} However the Spanish never made any concerted effort to colonise the islands; Trinidad in this period was still mostly forest, populated by a few Spaniards with a handful of slaves and a few thousand Indigenous people.<ref name="Besson, 2000"/> Indeed, the population in 1777 was only 1,400, and Spanish colonisation in Trinidad remained tenuous.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
====Influx of French settlers====
{{Main|French West Indies}}
In 1777, the captain general [[Luis de Unzaga]] 'le Conciliateur', married to a French Creole, allowed free trade in Trinidad, attracting French settlers and its economy improved notably.<ref>Cazorla, Frank, Baena, Rose, Polo, David, Reder Gadow, Marion (2019). The Governor Louis de Unzaga (1717-1793) Pioneer in the birth of the United States and liberalism, Foundation, Malaga, pages: 21, 154-155, 163-165, 172, 188-191, 199.</ref>
Since Trinidad was considered underpopulated, Roume de St. Laurent, a Frenchman living in [[Grenada]], was able to obtain a [[Cedula of Population|''Cédula de Población'']] from the Spanish king [[Charles III of Spain|Charles III]] on 4 November 1783.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=250}} A ''Cédula de Población'' had previously been granted in 1776 by the king, but had not shown results, and therefore the new Cédula was more generous.<ref name=EBTT/> It granted free land and tax exemption for 10 years to Roman Catholic foreign settlers who were willing to swear allegiance to the King of Spain.<ref name=EBTT/> The land grant was 30 fanegas (13 hectares/32 acres) for each free man, woman and child and half of that for each slave that they brought with them. The Spanish sent a new governor, [[José María Chacón]], to implement the terms of the new ''cédula''.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=250}}
The Cédula was issued only a few years before the [[French Revolution]]. During that period of upheaval, French planters with their slaves, free [[coloureds]] and [[mulattos]] from the neighbouring islands of [[Martinique]], [[Saint Lucia]], Grenada, [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Dominica]] migrated to Trinidad, where they established an agriculture-based economy (sugar and cocoa).<ref name="Besson, 2000"/> These new immigrants established local communities in [[Blanchisseuse]], Champs Fleurs, [[Paramin]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Paramin: a Forgotten World|url=http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Paramin-a-Forgotten-World/169/3/23|website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago|date=22 October 2013|access-date=28 November 2014|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205010830/http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Paramin-a-Forgotten-World/169/3/23|url-status=live}}</ref> Cascade, [[Carenage]] and [[Laventille]].
As a result, Trinidad's population jumped to over 15,000 by the end of 1789, and by 1797 the population of [[Port of Spain]] had increased from under 3,000 to 10,422 in just five years, with a varied population of mixed race individuals, Spaniards, Africans, French republican soldiers, retired pirates and French nobility.<ref name="Besson, 2000"/> The total population of Trinidad was 17,718, of which 2,151 were of European ancestry, 4,476 were "free blacks and people of colour", 10,009 were enslaved people and 1,082 Indigenous people.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} The sparse settlement and slow rate of population-increase during Spanish rule (and even later during British rule) made Trinidad one of the less populated colonies of the West Indies, with the least developed plantation infrastructure.<ref name=Brereton/>
===British rule===
{{Main|British West Indies|British Windward Islands}}
[[File:Trinidad Ralph Abercromby (cropped).JPG|left|thumb|upright|A medallion showing the capture of Trinidad and Tobago by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1797.]]
The British had begun to take a keen interest in Trinidad, and in 1797 a British force led by General [[Ralph Abercromby|Sir Ralph Abercromby]] launched an [[Invasion of Trinidad (1797)|invasion of Trinidad]].<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}} His squadron sailed through the Bocas and anchored off the coast of [[Chaguaramas, Trinidad|Chaguaramas]]. Seriously outnumbered, Chacón decided to capitulate to the British without fighting.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}} Trinidad thus became a British [[crown colony]], with a largely French-speaking population and Spanish laws.<ref name="Besson, 2000"/> British rule was later formalised under the [[Treaty of Amiens]] (1802).<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}} The colony's first British governor was [[Thomas Picton]], however his heavy-handed approach to enforcing British authority, including the use of torture and [[arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrest]], led to his being recalled.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}}
[[File:Plan of the Isle of Trinidad from actual surveys made in the year 1797. RMG K1077.jpg|thumb|Survey map from 1797 of Trinidad]]
British rule led to an influx of settlers from the United Kingdom and the British colonies of the Eastern Caribbean. English, Scots, Irish, German and Italian families arrived, as well as some free blacks known as "[[Merikins]]" who had fought for Britain in the [[War of 1812]] and were granted land in southern Trinidad.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Trinidad Express Newspapers|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/The-Merikens-again-210343861.html|title=The Merikens again|first=Bridget|last=Brereton|author-link=Bridget Brereton|date=5 June 2013|access-date=20 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220044722/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/The-Merikens-again-210343861.html|archive-date=20 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McNish Weiss|first1=John|title=The Merikens: Free Black American settlers in Trinidad 1815-16|date=2002|publisher=McNish & Weiss|location=London|isbn=0-9526460-5-6|edition=2nd}}</ref>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} Under British rule, new states were created and the importation of slaves increased, however by this time support for [[abolitionism]] had vastly increased and in England the slave trade was under attack.<ref name=Brereton>Brereton, Bridget (1981). ''A History of Modern Trinidad 1783–1962''. London: Heinemann Educational Books, {{ISBN|0-435-98116-1}}.</ref>{{sfnp|Williams|1964}} Slavery was [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|abolished in 1833]], after which former slaves served an "[[Slavery Abolition Act 1833#The Act|apprenticeship]]" period. In 1837 Daaga, a West African slave trader who had been captured by Portuguese slavers and later rescued by the British navy, was conscripted into the local regiment. Daaga and a group of his compatriots [[St. Joseph Mutiny|mutinied at the barracks in St Joseph]] and set out eastward in an attempt to return to their homeland. The mutineers were ambushed by a militia unit just outside the town of Arima. The revolt was crushed at the cost of some 40 dead, and Daaga and his party were later executed at St Joseph.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=126}} The apprenticeship system ended on 1 August 1838 with full emancipation.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} An overview of the population statistics in 1838, however, clearly reveals the contrast between Trinidad and its neighbouring islands: upon emancipation of the slaves in 1838, Trinidad had only 17,439 slaves, with 80% of slave owners having enslaved fewer than 10 people each.{{sfnp|Williams|1964|pp=84–85}} In contrast, at twice the size of Trinidad, Jamaica had roughly 360,000 slaves.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Meighoo, Kirk |year=2008|title=Ethnic Mobilisation vs. Ethnic Politics: Understanding Ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago Politics|journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics|volume=46|issue=1|pages= 101–127|doi=10.1080/14662040701838068|s2cid=153587532}}</ref>
====Arrival of Indian indentured labourers====
[[File:Newly arrived coolies in Trinidad.jpg|thumb|left|Newly arrived [[Indian indenture system|indentured Indian labourers]] in Trinidad and Tobago.]]
After the African slaves were emancipated many refused to continue working on the plantations, often moving out to urban areas such as Laventille and [[Belmont, Port of Spain|Belmont]] to the east of Port of Spain.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} As a result, a severe agricultural labour shortage emerged. The British filled this gap by instituting a system of [[indentureship]]. Various nationalities were contracted under this system, including Indians, Chinese, and Portuguese.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=253}} Of these, the East Indians were imported in the largest numbers, starting from 1 May 1845, when 225 Indians were brought in the first ship to Trinidad on the ''[[Fatel Razack]]'', a Muslim-owned vessel.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trinicenter.com/indian/indentureship.htm |title=1845: The East Indians and indentureship |publisher=Trinicenter.com |date=8 August 1999 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=17 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117011017/http://trinicenter.com/indian/indentureship.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Indentureship of the Indians lasted from 1845 to 1917, during which time more than 147,000 Indians came to Trinidad to work on sugarcane plantations.<ref name=EBTT/><ref>Deen, Shamshu (1994). ''Solving East Indian Roots in Trinidad''. Freeport Junction. H.E.M. Enterprise, {{ISBN|976-8136-25-1}}.</ref>
Indentureship contracts were sometimes exploitative, to such an extent that historians such as Hugh Tinker were to call it "a new system of slavery". Despite these descriptions, it was not truly a new form of slavery, as workers were paid, contracts were finite, and the idea of an individual being another's property had been eliminated when slavery was abolished.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indentured labor in the age of imperialism, 1834-1922|last=Northrup, David|date=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521480477|location=Cambridge|oclc=31290367}}</ref> In addition, employers of indentured labour had no legal right to flog or whip their workers; the main legal sanction for the enforcement of the indenture laws was prosecution in the courts, followed by fines or (more likely) jail sentences.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brereton|first=Bridget|date=2010|title=The Historical Background to the Culture of Violence in Trinidad and Tobago|url=http://www2.sta.uwi.edu/crgs/february2010/journals/BridgetBrereton.pdf|journal=Caribbean Review of Gender Studies|issue=4|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109163824/http://www2.sta.uwi.edu/crgs/february2010/journals/BridgetBrereton.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> People were contracted for a period of five years, with a daily wage as low as 25 cents in the early 20th century, and they were guaranteed return passage to India at the end of their contract period. However, [[Coercion|coercive means]] were often used to retain labourers, and the [[Indentured servant|indentureship contracts]] were soon extended to 10 years from 1854 after the planters complained that they were losing their labour too early.<ref name=Brereton/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=252}} In lieu of the return passage, the British authorities soon began offering portions of land to encourage settlement, and by 1902, more than half of the sugar cane in Trinidad was being produced by independent cane farmers; the majority of which were Indians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/themes/waves-of-colonization-and-control-in-the-caribbean/waves-of-colonization/the-experience-of-indian-indenture-in-trinidad-arrival-and-settlement.html|title=THE EXPERIENCE OF INDIAN INDENTURE IN TRINIDAD: ARRIVAL AND SETTLEMENT|website=www.caribbean-atlas.com|access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417023530/http://www.caribbean-atlas.com/en/themes/waves-of-colonization-and-control-in-the-caribbean/waves-of-colonization/the-experience-of-indian-indenture-in-trinidad-arrival-and-settlement.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the trying conditions experienced under the indenture system, about 90% of the Indian immigrants chose, at the end of their contracted periods of indenture, to make Trinidad their permanent home.<ref name="auto"/> Indians entering the colony were also subject to certain crown laws which [[Racial segregation|segregated]] them from the rest of Trinidad and Tobago's population, such as the requirement that they carry a pass with them if they left the plantations, and that if freed, they carry their "Free Papers" or certificate indicating completion of the indenture period.<ref>Mohammed, Patricia (2002). ''Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad 1917–1947''. Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|0-333-96278-8}}.</ref>
[[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago (1889–1958).svg|thumb|Colonial flag of Trinidad and Tobago, 1889–1958]]
{{anchor|Trinidad and Tobago Act 1887}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Trinidad and Tobago Act 1887
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to enable Her Majesty by Order in Council to unite the Colonies of Trinidad and Tobago into one Colony.
| year = 1887
| citation = [[50 & 51 Vict.]] c. 44
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 16 September 1887
| commencement = 16 September 1887
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://archive.org/details/lrpgsv241887/page/n199/
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}
Few Indians settled on Tobago however, and the descendants of African slaves continued to form the majority of the island's population. An ongoing economic slump in the middle-to-late 19th century caused widespread poverty.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}} Discontent erupted into rioting on the [[Roxborough, Trinidad and Tobago|Roxborough]] plantation in 1876, in an event known as the Belmanna Uprising after a policeman who was killed.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}} The British eventually managed to restore control; however, as a result of the disturbances Tobago's Legislative Assembly voted to dissolve itself and the island became a Crown colony in 1877.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}} With the sugar industry in a state of near-collapse and the island no longer profitable, the British attached Tobago to their Trinidad colony in 1889.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}}{{sfnp|Williams|1964|p=149}}
====Early 20th century====
[[File:Stamps of Trinidad and Tobago.jpg|thumb|left|The Queen on 1953 stamps of Trinidad and Tobago]]
In 1903, [[1903 Water Riots|a protest]] against the introduction of new water rates in Port of Spain erupted into rioting; 18 people were shot dead, and the [[Red House (Trinidad and Tobago)|Red House]] (the government headquarters) was damaged by fire.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} A local elected assembly with some limited powers was introduced in 1913.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} Economically Trinidad and Tobago remained a predominantly agricultural colony; alongside sugarcane, the cacao ([[cocoa bean|cocoa]]) crop also contributed greatly to economic earnings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In November 1919, the dockworkers went on strike over bad management practices, low wages compared to a higher cost of living.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=66}} Strikebreakers were brought in to keep a minimum of goods moving through the ports. On 1 December 1919, the striking dockworkers rushed the harbour and chased off the strikebreakers.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=66}} They then proceeded to march on the government buildings in Port of Spain. Other unions and workers, many with the same grievances, joined the dock worker's strike making it a General Strike.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=66}} Violence broke out and was only put down with help from the sailors of British Naval ship {{ship|HMS|Calcutta|D82|6}}. The unity brought upon by the strike was the first time of cooperation between the various ethnic groups of the time.{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=67}} Historian Brinsley Samaroo says that the 1919 strikes "seem to indicate that there was a growing class consciousness after the war and this transcended racial feelings at times."{{sfn|Kiely|1996|p=67}}
However, in the 1920s, the collapse of the sugarcane industry, concomitant with the failure of the cocoa industry, resulted in widespread depression among the rural and agricultural workers in Trinidad, and encouraged the rise of a labour movement. Conditions on the islands worsened in the 1930s with the onset of the [[Great Depression]], with an outbreak of [[British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–39|labour riots]] occurring in 1937 which resulted in several deaths.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=185}} The labour movement aimed to unite the urban working class and agricultural labour class; the key figures being [[Arthur Andrew Cipriani|Arthur Cipriani]], who led the [[Trinidad Labour Party]] (TLP), [[Tubal Uriah Butler|Tubal Uriah "Buzz" Butler]] of the [[Butler Party|British Empire Citizens' and Workers' Home Rule Party]], and [[Adrian Cola Rienzi]], who led the Trinidad Citizens League (TCL), [[Oilfields Workers' Trade Union]], and [[All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union]].{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=185}} As the movement developed calls for greater autonomy from British colonial rule became widespread; this effort was severely undermined by the British Home Office and by the British-educated Trinidadian elite, many of whom were descended from the plantocracy class.
[[File:Waller AFB mess hall sign.jpg|thumb|right|A soldier at [[Waller Air Force Base]], leased by Britain to America in the 1940s]]
Petroleum had been discovered in 1857, but became economically significant only in the 1930s and afterwards as a result of the collapse of sugarcane and cocoa, and increasing industrialization.<ref>''The New Trinidad & Tobago'' – from the original by Jos. A. De Suze (1846–1941), Collins, 1965. Reprint 1972.</ref><ref>''Trinidad and Tobago's Oil: An Illustrated Survey of the Oil Industry in Trinidad and Tobago''. The Petroleum Association of Trinidad and Tobago, 1952.</ref><ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11332/ |title = Railroad Map of Trinidad |website = [[World Digital Library]] |year = 1925 |access-date = 25 October 2013 |archive-date = 11 March 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160311090845/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11332/ |url-status = live }}</ref> By the 1950s petroleum had become a staple in Trinidad's export market, and was responsible for a growing middle class among all sections of the Trinidad population. The collapse of Trinidad's major agricultural commodities, followed by the Depression, and the rise of the oil economy, led to major changes in the country's social structure.
The presence of American [[Destroyers for Bases Agreement|military bases]] in Chaguaramas and [[Cumuto]] in Trinidad during [[World War II]] had a profound effect on society. The Americans vastly improved the infrastructure on Trinidad and provided many locals with well-paying jobs; however, the social effects of having so many young soldiers stationed on the island, as well as their often unconcealed racial prejudice, caused resentment.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} The Americans left in 1961.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=96}}
In the post-war period the British began a process of decolonisation across the British Empire. In 1945 universal suffrage was introduced to Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=255}} Political parties emerged on the island, however these were largely divided along racial lines: Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians primarily supported the [[People's National Movement]] (PNM), formed in 1956 by [[Eric Williams]], with Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians mostly supporting the [[People's Democratic Party (Trinidad and Tobago)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP), formed in 1953 by [[Bhadase Sagan Maraj]],<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LlpuDwAAQBAJ&q=bhadase+sagan+maraj+pdp&pg=PA207|title = Callaloo or Tossed Salad?: East Indians and the Cultural Politics of Identity in Trinidad|isbn = 9781501729041|last1 = Munasinghe|first1 = Viranjini P.|date = 5 September 2018| publisher=Cornell University Press |access-date = 12 October 2020|archive-date = 15 April 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210415043232/https://books.google.com/books?id=LlpuDwAAQBAJ&q=bhadase+sagan+maraj+pdp&pg=PA207|url-status = live}}</ref> which later merged into the [[Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago)|Democratic Labour Party]] (DLP) in 1957.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Britain's Caribbean colonies formed the [[West Indies Federation]] in 1958 as a vehicle for independence, however the Federation dissolved after Jamaica withdrew following a [[Jamaican Federation of the West Indies membership referendum, 1961|membership referendum]] in 1961. The government of Trinidad and Tobago subsequently chose to seek independence from the United Kingdom on its own.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brereton|first1=Bridget|title=An introduction to the history of Trinidad and Tobago|date=1996|publisher=Heinemann Educational Publishers|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-435-98474-8|pages=103–105}}</ref>
===Contemporary era===
{{further|West Indies Federation|Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962|Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg
| caption1 = [[Elizabeth II]]<br /><small>[[List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago|Monarch]]</small>
| image2 = Eric Williams (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Eric Williams]]<br /><small>[[List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister]]</small>
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| caption3 = [[Solomon Hochoy]]<br /><small>[[Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago|Governor-General]]</small>
}}
Trinidad and Tobago gained its [[Trinidad and Tobago Independence Act 1962|independence]] from the [[United Kingdom]] on 31 August 1962.<ref name=EBTT/><ref name="WDL"/> However, [[Elizabeth II]] remained head of state, represented locally by [[List of heads of state of Trinidad and Tobago#Governor-General|Governor-General]] [[Solomon Hochoy]], until the passage of the 1976 Republican Constitution.<ref>[https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Constitution.pdf 1976 Republican Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221142521/https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/Laws2/Constitution.pdf |date=21 December 2023 }}. (Official Copy). Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.</ref>
[[Eric Williams]] of the [[People's National Movement]] became the first [[List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister]], serving in that capacity uninterrupted until 1981.<ref name="EBTT" /> The dominant figure in the opposition in the early independence years was [[Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)|Opposition Leader]] [[Rudranath Capildeo]] of the [[Democratic Labour Party (Trinidad and Tobago)|Democratic Labour Party]]. The first [[List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago|Speaker of the House of Representatives]] was [[Clytus Arnold Thomasos]] and the first [[President of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago|President of the Senate]] was J. Hamilton Maurice. The 1960s saw the rise of a [[Black Power Revolution|Black Power movement]], inspired in part by the [[civil rights movement]] in the United States. Protests and strikes became common, with events coming to head in April 1970 when police shot dead a protester named Basil Davis.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Fearing a breakdown of law and order, Prime Minister Williams declared a state of emergency and ordered that many of the Black Power leaders be arrested. Some army leaders who were sympathetic to the Black Power movement, notably [[Raffique Shah]] and [[Rex Lassalle]], attempted to mutiny; however, this was quashed by the [[Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard]].{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Williams and the PNM retained power, largely due to divisions in the opposition.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}}
In 1963 Tobago was struck by [[Hurricane Flora]], which killed 30 people and resulted in enormous destruction across the island.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=236}} Partly as a result of this, tourism came to replace agriculture as the island's primary source of income in the subsequent decades.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=236}} On 1 May 1968, Trinidad and Tobago joined the [[Caribbean Free Trade Association]] (CARIFTA), which provided a continued economic, rather than political, linkage between the former [[British West Indies]] [[Commonwealth Caribbean|English-speaking countries]] after the [[West Indies Federation]] failed. On 1 August 1973, the country became a founding member state of CARIFTA's successor, the [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM), which is a [[Political union|political]] and [[economic union]] between several [[Caribbean]] countries and territories.
Between the years 1972 and 1983, the country profited greatly from the rising [[price of oil]] and the discovery of vast new oil deposits in its territorial waters, resulting in an economic boom that substantially increased living standards.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} In 1976 the country became a republic within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], though it retained the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] as its final appellate court.<ref name=EBTT/> The position of governor-general was replaced with that of [[President of Trinidad and Tobago|President]]; [[Ellis Clarke]] was the first to hold this largely ceremonial role.<ref>[http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=17567 Paul Donovan, "Obituary: Sir Ellis Clarke"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112226/http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=17567 |date=5 October 2018 }}, ''Independent Catholic News'', 1 February 2011.</ref> Tobago was granted limited self-rule with the creation of the [[Tobago House of Assembly]] in 1980.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=239}}
[[File:Port of Spain Trinidad.jpg|thumb|left|Port of Spain, the capital, in 2008]]
Williams died in 1981, being replaced by [[George Chambers]] who led the country until 1986. By this time a fall in the price of oil had resulted in a recession, causing rising inflation and unemployment.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=257}} The main opposition parties united under the banner of [[National Alliance for Reconstruction]] (NAR) and won the [[1986 Trinidad and Tobago general election]], with NAR leader [[A. N. R. Robinson]] becoming the new Prime Minister.<ref name=N1>[[Dieter Nohlen|Nohlen, D]] (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p. 630, {{ISBN|978-0-19-928357-6}}.</ref>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} Robinson was unable to hold together the fragile NAR coalition, and his economic reforms, such as the implementation of an [[International Monetary Fund]] [[Structural Adjustment Program]] and devaluation of currency led to social unrest.<ref name=EBTT/> In 1990, 114 members of the [[Jamaat al Muslimeen]], led by [[Yasin Abu Bakr]] (formerly known as Lennox Phillip) stormed the [[The Red House (Trinidad and Tobago)|Red House]] (the seat of [[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago|Parliament]]), and [[Trinidad and Tobago Television]], the only television station in the country at the time, [[Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt|holding Robinson and country's government hostage]] for six days before surrendering.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=Selwyn|title=The Muslimeen grab for power : race, religion, and revolution in Trinidad and Tobago|date=1991|publisher=Inprint Caribbean|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad, West Indies|isbn=9789766080310|page=82}}</ref> The coup leaders were promised amnesty, but upon their surrender they were arrested, ultimately being released after protracted legal wrangling.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=253}}
[[File:Steelpan Instruments at Trinidad and Tobago Carnival.jpg|thumb|Steelpan band at Carnival]]
The PNM under [[Patrick Manning]] returned to power following the [[1991 Trinidad and Tobago general election]].<ref name=EBTT/> Hoping to capitalise on an improvement in the economy, Manning called [[1995 Trinidad and Tobago general election|an early election]] in 1995, however, this resulted in a [[hung parliament]]. Two NAR representatives backed the opposition [[United National Congress]] (UNC), which had split off from the NAR in 1989, and they thus took power under [[Basdeo Panday]], who became the country's first Indo-Trinidadian Prime Minister.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=257}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://unctt.org/about-unc/unc-founder/|title=UNC Founder|date=26 February 2013|work=United National Congress|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828231111/http://unctt.org/about-unc/unc-founder/|url-status=live}}</ref> After a period of political confusion caused by a series of inconclusive election results, Patrick Manning returned to power in 2001, retaining that position until 2010.<ref name=EBTT/>
In 2003 the country entered a second oil boom, and petroleum, petrochemicals and natural gas continue to be the backbone of the economy. Tourism and the public service are the mainstay of the economy of Tobago, though authorities have attempted to diversify the island's economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Tobago/Tobago-Business-%2526-Economy/72/4/13|website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710133052/http://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Tobago/Tobago-Business-%2526-Economy/72/4/13|archive-date=10 July 2011|title=Business Branches Out|access-date=13 September 2014|date=22 December 2009}}</ref> A partnership resulted in Manning's defeat by the newly formed [[People's Partnership]] coalition in 2010, with [[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]] becoming the country's first female prime minister.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=258}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ttgapers.com/Article2073.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927150806/http://www.ttgapers.com/Article2073.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 }} PNM lose to Peoples Partnership in Trinidad elections 2010. ''Ttgapers.com'' 24 May 2010.</ref><ref>Skard, Torild (2014) "Kamla Persad-Bissessar" in ''Women of power – half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press {{ISBN|978-1-44731-578-0}}, pp. 271–13.</ref> However, the PP were defeated in 2015 by the PNM under [[Keith Rowley]].{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=259}}<ref>[http://www.stabroeknews.com/2015/news/stories/09/09/rowley-sworn-in-as-tt-pm/ "Rowley sworn in as T&T PM"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150910083245/http://www.stabroeknews.com/2015/news/stories/09/09/rowley-sworn-in-as-tt-pm/ |date=10 September 2015 }}, ''Stabroek News'', 9 September 2015.</ref> In August 2020, the governing People's National Movement won general [[2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election|election]], earning the incumbent Prime Minister Keith Rowley a second term in office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53735408|title=Trinidad and Tobago poll: Governing party claims victory|work=BBC News|date=11 August 2020|access-date=6 April 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415042656/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53735408|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{stack begin}}
{{stack end}}
[[File:td-map.gif|thumb|upright=1.25|left|A map of Trinidad and Tobago]]
Trinidad and Tobago is situated between 10° 2' and 11° 12' N [[latitude]] and 60° 30' and 61° 56' W [[longitude]], with the [[Caribbean Sea]] to the north, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the east and south, and the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the west. It is located in the far south-east of the Caribbean region, with the island of Trinidad being just {{convert|11|km|nmi|frac=2}} off the coast of [[Venezuela]] in mainland [[South America]] across the [[Columbus Channel]].<ref name=EBTT/> The islands are a physiographic extension of [[South America]].<ref name="britannica"/> Covering an area of {{convert|5128|km2|abbr=on}},<ref name=back>{{cite web|date = 16 December 2011|title = Background note Trinidad and Tobago|publisher = US Department of State|url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm|access-date = 21 May 2019|archive-date = 4 June 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192949/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35638.htm|url-status = live}}</ref> the country consists of two main islands, Trinidad and [[Tobago]], separated by a {{convert|20|nmi|km|order=flip|abbr=off|adj=on}} strait, plus a number of much [[List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago|smaller islands]], including [[Chacachacare]], [[Monos]], [[Huevos (island)|Huevos]], [[Gaspar Grande]] (or Gasparee), [[Little Tobago]], and [[Saint Giles Island]].<ref name=EBTT/>
[[File:Trinidad Topography.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Trinidad and Tobago's topography]]
[[File:Trinidad and Tobago OnEarth WMS.png|thumb|T&T from space]]
Trinidad is {{convert|4768|km2|abbr=on}} in area (comprising 93.0% of the country's total area) with an average length of {{convert|80|km}} and an average width of {{convert|59|km}}. Tobago has an area of about {{convert|300|km2|abbr=on}}, or 5.8% of the country's area, is {{convert|41|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|12|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=on}} at its greatest width. Trinidad and Tobago lie on the continental shelf of South America, and are thus geologically considered to lie entirely in South America.<ref name=EBTT/>
The terrain of the islands is a mixture of mountains and plains.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> On Trinidad the [[Northern Range]] runs parallel with the north coast, and contains the country's highest peak ([[El Cerro del Aripo]]), which is {{convert|940|m}} above sea level,<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> and second highest ([[El Tucuche]], {{convert|936|m}}).<ref name=EBTT/> The rest of the island is generally flatter, excluding the [[Central Range, Trinidad and Tobago|Central Range]] and Montserrat Hills in the centre of the island and the [[Southern Range]] and [[Trinity Hills]] in the south. The three mountain ranges determine the drainage pattern of Trinidad.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|title=Trinidad and Tobago|author1=Bridget M. Brereton|author2=Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson|author3=David Watts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago/additional-info#contributors|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210331193519/https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago#contributors|archive-date=31 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The east coast is noted for its beaches, most notably [[Manzanilla Beach, Trinidad and Tobago|Manzanilla Beach]]. The island contains several large swamp areas, such as the [[Caroni Swamp]] and the [[Nariva Swamp]].<ref name=EBTT/> Major bodies of water on Trinidad include the [[Hollis Reservoir]], [[Navet Dam|Navet Reservoir]], [[Caroni–Arena Dam|Caroni Reservoir]]. Trinidad is made up of a variety of soil types, the majority being fine sands and heavy clays. The alluvial valleys of the Northern Range and the soils of the [[East–West Corridor]] are the most fertile.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://u.osu.edu/ockerman.2/files/2014/03/Trinidad-and-Tobago-2hi6bwy.pdf |title=Data |publisher=u.osu.edu |access-date=13 November 2019 |archive-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100619/https://u.osu.edu/ockerman.2/files/2014/03/Trinidad-and-Tobago-2hi6bwy.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date = June 2015}} Trinidad is also notable for containing [[Pitch Lake]], the largest natural reservoir of [[Bitumen|asphalt]] in the world.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref name=EBTT/> Tobago contains a flat plain in its south-west, with the eastern half of the island being more mountainous, culminating in Pigeon Peak, the island's highest point at {{convert|550|m}}.<ref name=Anthony>{{cite book|author=Anthony, Michael|title=Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland, and London, UK|year=2001|isbn=0-8108-3173-2|author-link=Michael Anthony (author)}}</ref> Tobago also contains several coral reefs off its coast.<ref name=EBTT/>
The majority of the population reside on the island of Trinidad, and this is thus the location of largest [[List of cities and towns in Trinidad and Tobago|towns and cities]]. There are four major municipalities in Trinidad: the capital Port of Spain, [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]], [[Arima]] and [[Chaguanas]]. The main town on Tobago is [[Scarborough, Tobago|Scarborough]].
===Geology===
{{Main|Trinidad#Geology}}
[[File:STAPP 114 La Brea Pitch Lake.jpg|thumb|left|Pitch Lake, in south-west Trinidad]]
The Northern Range consists mainly of Upper Jurassic and [[Cretaceous]] [[metamorphic rock]]s. The Northern Lowlands (the [[East–West Corridor]] and [[Caroni Plain]]) consist of younger shallow marine [[clastic sediment]]s. South of this, the [[Central Range, Trinidad|Central Range]] [[fold and thrust belt]] consists of Cretaceous and [[Eocene]] [[sedimentary rock]]s, with [[Miocene]] formations along the southern and eastern flanks. The [[Naparima Plain]] and the [[Nariva Swamp]] form the southern shoulder of this uplift.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
The Southern Lowlands consist of Miocene and [[Pliocene]] sands, clays, and gravels. These overlie oil and natural gas deposits, especially north of the Los Bajos Fault. The Southern Range forms the third [[Anticline|anticlinal]] uplift. The rocks consist of [[sandstone]]s, [[shale]]s, [[siltstone]]s and clays formed in the Miocene and uplifted in the [[Pleistocene]]. [[tar sands|Oil sands]] and [[mud volcano]]es are especially common in this area.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
One of the natural wonders of the island is the [[Pitch lake]] lake, a natural pitch lake on the island of Trinidad. Which is the largest naturally occurring deposit of asphalt on Earth.
===Climate===
[[File:Beryl 2024-07-01 1150Z.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hurricane Beryl]] passes over Trinidad and Tobago in July 2024]]
Trinidad and Tobago has a maritime [[tropical climate]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref name=EBTT/> There are two seasons annually: the [[dry season]] for the first five months of the year, and the [[rainy season]] in the remaining seven of the year. Winds are predominantly from the northeast and are dominated by the northeast [[trade wind]]s. Unlike many Caribbean islands Trinidad and Tobago lies outside the main hurricane alleys; nevertheless, the island of Tobago was struck by [[Hurricane Flora]] on 30 September 1963. In the Northern Range of Trinidad, the climate is often cooler than that of the sweltering heat of the plains below, due to constant cloud and mist cover, and heavy rains in the mountains.
Record temperatures for Trinidad and Tobago are {{convert|39|°C}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=8 |title=August Climate History for Port-of-spain | Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Myweather2.com |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235230/http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=8 |url-status=live }}</ref> for the high in Port of Spain, and a low of {{convert|12|°C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=1 |title=January Climate History for Port-of-spain | Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Myweather2.com |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234839/http://www.myweather2.com/Holiday-Destinations/Trinidad-and-Tobago/Portofspain/climate-profile.aspx?month=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Biodiversity===
{{Further|Environment of Trinidad and Tobago|Biota of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Mayaro Beach; Trinidad & Tobago.jpg|thumb|[[Mayaro, Trinidad|Mayaro]] Beach, in the southeastern area of Trinidad]]
[[File:Trinidad motmots (Momotus bahamensis).jpg|thumb|[[Trinidad Motmot]]s]]
[[File:Channel-billed toucan t t.jpg|thumb|Channel-billed toucan, Trinidad]]
Because the islands of Trinidad and Tobago lie on the continental shelf of South America, and in ancient times were physically connected to the South American mainland, their biological diversity is unlike that of most other Caribbean islands, and has much more in common with that of Venezuela.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=270}} The main ecosystems are: coastal and marine (coral reefs, mangrove swamps, open ocean and seagrass beds); forest; freshwater (rivers and streams); [[karst]]; man-made ecosystems (agricultural land, freshwater dams, secondary forest); and savanna. On 1 August 1996, Trinidad and Tobago ratified the 1992 Rio [[Convention on Biological Diversity]], and it has produced a biodiversity action plan and four reports describing the country's contribution to biodiversity conservation. These reports formally acknowledged the importance of biodiversity to the well-being of the country's people through provision of [[ecosystem service]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/?country=tt |title=Country Profile – Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity |access-date=9 August 2011 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812084723/http://www.cbd.int/countries/?country=tt |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Leatherback sea turtle Tinglar, USVI (5839996547).jpg|thumb|left|Trinidad and Tobago is a major nesting site for [[Leatherback sea turtle|Leatherback Turtles]]]]
Information about vertebrates is rather comprehensive, with 472 bird species (2 endemics), about 100 mammals, about 90 reptiles (a few endemics), about 30 amphibians (including several endemics), 50 freshwater fish and at least 950 marine fish.<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/tt/tt-nr-04-en.pdf |title=Fourth National Report of Trinidad and Tobago to the Convention on Biological Diversity |publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity |access-date=9 August 2011 |archive-date=24 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124043355/http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/tt/tt-nr-04-en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable mammal species include the [[ocelot]], [[West Indian manatee]], [[collared peccary]] (known as the quenk locally), [[red-rumped agouti]], [[Lowland paca|lappe]], [[Red brocket|red brocket deer]], [[Neotropical otter]], [[Wedge-capped capuchin|weeper capuchin]] and [[Guyanan red howler|red howler monkey]]; there are also some 70 species of [[bat]], including the [[vampire bat]] and [[fringe-lipped bat]].<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=273}} The larger reptiles present include 5 species of marine turtles known to nest on the islands' beaches, the [[green anaconda]], the ''[[Boa constrictor]]'' and the [[spectacled caiman]]. There are at least 47 species of snakes, including only four dangerous venomous species (only in Trinidad and not in Tobago), lizards such as the [[green iguana]], the [[Tupinambis cryptus]] and a few species of fresh water turtles and land tortoises.<ref name=EBTT/>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=274}} are present. Of the amphibians, the [[Common tree frog|golden tree frog]] and [[Mannophryne trinitatis|Trinidad poison frog]] are found in the highest peaks of Trinidad's Northern Range and nearby on [[Venezuela]]'s Paria Peninsula.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=274}}<ref>Jowers, M., & Downie, J. (2004). Distribution of the frog Mannophryne trinitatis (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in Trinidad, West Indies. ''Living World'', ''2004''.</ref> Marine life is abundant, with several species of [[sea urchin]], [[coral]], [[lobster]], [[sea anemone]], [[starfish]], [[manta ray]], [[dolphin]], [[porpoise]] and [[whale shark]] present in the islands' waters.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=276}} The introduced [[Pterois]] is viewed as a pest, as it eats many native species of fish and has no natural predators; efforts are currently underway to cull the numbers of this species.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=276}} The country contains five terrestrial ecoregions: [[Trinidad and Tobago moist forests]], [[Lesser Antillean dry forests]], [[Trinidad and Tobago dry forests]], [[Windward Islands xeric scrub]], and [[Trinidad mangroves]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne |first4=Carly|last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke |first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C.|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden |first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel|last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian |last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Trinidad and Tobago is noted particularly for its large number of bird species, and is a popular destination for [[Birdwatching|bird watchers]]. Notable species include the [[scarlet ibis]], [[Rufous-vented chachalaca|cocrico]], [[egret]], [[shiny cowbird]], [[bananaquit]], [[oilbird]] and various species of [[honeycreeper]], [[trogon]], [[toucan]], [[parrot]], [[tanager]], [[woodpecker]], [[antbird]], [[Kite (bird)|kite]]s, [[hawk]]s, [[Booby|boobies]], [[pelican]]s and [[vulture]]s; there are also 17 species of hummingbird, including the [[tufted coquette]] which is the world's third smallest.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|pp=274–275}}
Information about invertebrates is dispersed and very incomplete. About 650 butterflies,<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity"/> at least 672 beetles (from Tobago alone)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Peck, S.B.|author2=Cook, J.|author3=Hardy, J.D. Jr.|name-list-style=amp|title=Beetle fauna of the island of Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies|journal=Insecta Mundi|year=2002|volume=16|pages=9–23|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/533/|access-date=30 May 2012|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234838/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/533/|url-status=live}}</ref> and 40 corals<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity"/> have been recorded.<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity"/> Other notable invertebrates include the [[cockroach]], [[Leafcutter ant|leaf-cutter ant]] and numerous species of [[mosquito]]es, [[termite]]s, [[spider]]s and [[tarantula]]s.
Although the list is far from complete, 1,647 species of fungi, including lichens, have been recorded.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baker|first=R.E.D.|author2=W.T. Dale |title=Fungi of Trinidad and Tobago|journal=Mycological Papers|year=1951|volume=33|pages=1–121}}</ref><ref>Dennis, R.W.G. "Fungus Flora of Venezuela and Adjacent Countries". [[Office of Public Sector Information]], London, 1970.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm |title=Cybertruffle's Robigalia – Observations of fungi and their associated organisms |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920032737/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/robigalia/eng/index.htm |archive-date=20 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The true total number of fungi is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.<ref>Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. (2008), ''Dictionary of the Fungi''. Edn 10. CABI.</ref> A first effort to estimate the number of endemic fungi tentatively listed 407 species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/trinfung/eng/endelist.htm |title=Fungi of Trinidad & Tobago – potential endemics |publisher=cybertruffle.org.uk |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173130/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/trinfung/eng/endelist.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Information about micro-organisms is dispersed and very incomplete. Nearly 200 species of marine algae have been recorded.<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity"/> The true total number of micro-organism species must be much higher.
Thanks to a recently published checklist, plant diversity in Trinidad and Tobago is well documented with about 3,300 species (59 endemic) recorded.<ref name="Convention on Biological Diversity"/> Despite significant felling, forests still cover about 40% of the country, and there are about 350 different species of tree.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=270}} A notable tree is the [[manchineel]] which is extremely poisonous to humans, and even just touching its sap can cause severe blistering of the skin; the tree is often covered with warning signs. The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 6.62/10, ranking it 69th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P. |last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E. |last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi |first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray |first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S. |last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B. |last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor |first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T. |last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter |first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S. |last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications |volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Threats to the country's biodiversity include over-hunting and poaching (see [[Hunting#Trinidad and Tobago]]), habitat loss and fragmentation (particularly due to forest fires and land clearance for quarrying, agriculture, squatting, housing and industrial development and road construction), water pollution, and introduction of invasive species and pathogens.
== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = The Hon Christine Kangaloo.jpg
| caption1 = [[Christine Kangaloo]]<br /><small>[[President of Trinidad and Tobago|President]]<br />since 20 March 2023</small>
| image2 = Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister Keith Rowley on 6 July 2023 - (53027345558) (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Keith Rowley]]<br /><small>[[Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago|Prime Minister]]<br />since 9 September 2015</small>
}}
Trinidad and Tobago is a republic with a [[two-party system]] and a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] parliamentary system based on the [[Westminster System]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/>
The [[head of state]] of Trinidad and Tobago is the president, currently [[Christine Kangaloo]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> This largely ceremonial role replaced that of the governor-general (representing the [[Queen of Trinidad and Tobago|monarch of Trinidad and Tobago]]) upon Trinidad and Tobago's becoming a republic in 1976.<ref name=EBTT/> The [[head of government]] is the [[List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago|prime minister]], currently [[Keith Rowley]].<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> The president is elected by an [[Electoral college]] consisting of the full membership of both houses of [[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago|Parliament]].
Following a general election, which takes place every five years, the president appoints as prime minister the person who has the support of a majority in the [[House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)|House of Representatives]]; this has generally been the leader of the party which won the most seats in the election (except in the case of the [[Trinidad and Tobago general election, 2001|2001 General Elections]]).<ref name=EBTT/>
Since 1980 Tobago has also had its own elections, separate from the general elections. In these elections, members are elected and serve in the unicameral Tobago House of Assembly.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref name=EBTT/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71476.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2006|website=U.S. Department of State — Diplomacy in Action|publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226082634/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71476.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Parliament consists of the [[Senate of Trinidad and Tobago|Senate]] (31 seats) and the [[House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago|House of Representatives]] (41 seats, plus the Speaker).<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Juhel|last=Browne|date=20 September 2007|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161209317|title=November 5 — PM reveals election date at last|newspaper=Trinidad and Tobago Express |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212032115/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/index.pl/article_news?id=161209317|archive-date=12 December 2007}}</ref> The members of the Senate are appointed by the president; 16 government senators are appointed on the advice of the prime minister, six opposition senators are appointed on the advice of the [[Leader of the Opposition (Trinidad and Tobago)|leader of the opposition]], currently [[Kamla Persad-Bissessar]], and nine independent senators are appointed by the president to represent other sectors of civil society. The 41 members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people for a maximum term of five years in a "[[plurality voting system|first past the post]]" system.
=== Administrative divisions ===
{{main|Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Regional corporations and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Regional corporations and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago]]
Trinidad is split into 14 [[Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago|regions and municipalities]], consisting of nine regions and five municipalities, which have a limited level of autonomy.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref name=EBTT/> The various councils are made up of a mixture of elected and appointed members. Elections are held every three years.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Tobago is administered by the [[Tobago House of Assembly]]. The country was formerly divided into [[Counties of Trinidad and Tobago|counties]].
=== Political culture ===
The two main national parties are the [[People's National Movement]] (PNM) and the [[United National Congress]] (UNC). They both are [[Centre-left politics|left of centre]] parties and support for these parties appears to fall along ethnic lines rather than ideology, with the PNM consistently obtaining a majority of Afro-Trinidadian vote, and the UNC gaining a majority of Indo-Trinidadian support. Several smaller parties also exist. As of the August 2020 General Elections, there were 19 registered political parties. These include, the Progressive Empowerment Party, Trinidad Humanity Campaign, New National Vision, Movement for Social Justice, Congress of the People, Movement for National Development, [[Progressive Democratic Patriots]], National Coalition for Transformation, Progressive Party, Independent Liberal Party, Democratic Party of Trinidad and Tobago, National Organisation of We the People, Unrepresented Peoples Party, Trinidad and Tobago Democratic Front, The National Party, One Tobago Voice, and Unity of the Peoples.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020|title=LIST OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND SYMBOLS ASSIGNED TO THEM|url=https://www.ebctt.com/wp-content/uploads/Party-and-Symbol-r.pdf|website=Elections and Boundaries Commission of Trinidad and Tobago|access-date=4 November 2020|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415033737/https://www.ebctt.com/wp-content/uploads/Party-and-Symbol-r.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Military ===
{{Main|Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force}}
[[File:T&T Port of Spain-1-tonal.jpg|thumb|left|Coast Guard vessel in action]]
The Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force (TTDF) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of the twin island Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> It consists of the [[Trinidad and Tobago Regiment|Regiment]], the Coast Guard, the [[Air Force of Trinidad and Tobago|Air Guard]] and the [[Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force#Defence Force Reserves|Defence Force Reserves]]. Established in 1962 after Trinidad and Tobago's independence from the United Kingdom, the TTDF is one of the largest military forces in the Anglophone Caribbean.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
Its mission statement is to "defend the sovereign good of The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, contribute to the development of the national community and support the State in the fulfilment of its national and international objectives". The Defence Force has been engaged in domestic incidents, such as the [[Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt]], and international missions, such as the [[United Nations Mission in Haiti]] between 1993 and 1996.
In 2019, Trinidad and Tobago signed the UN treaty on the [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons|Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live }}</ref>
Trinidad and Tobago is the 87th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Global Peace Index |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf}}</ref>
=== Foreign relations ===
{{Further|Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Diplomatic missions of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|thumb|Diplomatic missions of Trinidad and Tobago]]
Trinidad and Tobago maintains close relations with its [[Caribbean]] neighbours and major North American and European trading partners. As the most industrialised and second-largest country in the Anglophone Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago has taken a leading role in the [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM), and strongly supports CARICOM economic integration efforts. It also is active in the [[Summit of the Americas]] process and supports the establishment of the [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]], lobbying other nations for seating the Secretariat in Port of Spain.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
As a member of CARICOM, Trinidad and Tobago strongly backed efforts by the United States to bring political stability to [[Haiti]], contributing personnel to the Multinational Force in 1994. After its 1962 independence from the United Kingdom, Trinidad and Tobago joined the [[United Nations]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. In 1967 it became the first Commonwealth country to join the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS).<ref name="oas.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=TRI|title=OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development|last=OAS|date=1 August 2009|website=oas.org|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=7 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707211728/http://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=TRI|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1995 Trinidad played host to the inaugural meeting of the [[Association of Caribbean States]] and has become the seat of this 35-member grouping, which seeks to further economic progress and integration among its states. In international forums, Trinidad and Tobago has defined itself as having an independent voting record, but often supports US and EU positions.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
===Law enforcement and crime===
{{Main|Crime in Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Police car of Tobago 03.jpg|thumb|Trinidad Police vehicle on Tobago]]
Trinidad and Tobago has in recent decades suffered from a relatively high crime rate;<ref name="smartraveller1">{{cite web |url=https://smartraveller.gov.au/Countries/americas/caribbean/Pages/trinidad_and_tobago.aspx |title=Australian Foreign travel advice - Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820120011/https://smartraveller.gov.au/Countries/americas/caribbean/Pages/trinidad_and_tobago.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/trinidad-and-tobago/terrorism |title=UK Foreign travel advice - Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820115158/https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/trinidad-and-tobago/terrorism |url-status=live }}</ref> there are currently roughly 500 murders per year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2017-12-26/murder-rate%E2%80%9440-killings-month|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226131257/http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2017-12-26/murder-rate%E2%80%9440-killings-month|archive-date = 26 December 2017|title = Murder rate—40 killings a month | the Trinidad Guardian Newspaper}}</ref>{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=256}} The country is a noted transshipment centre for the trafficking of illegal drugs from South America to the rest of the Caribbean and beyond to North America.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/600-million-in-cocaine-from-TT-seized-at-US-port-240786121.html|work=Saturday Express by Trinidad Express Newspapers|title=$600 million in cocaine from T&T seized at U.S port|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074431/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/600-million-in-cocaine-from-TT-seized-at-US-port-240786121.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|date=17 January 2014|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> Some estimates put the size of the "[[Black market|hidden economy]]" as high as 20–30% of measured GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sta.uwi.edu/salises/pubs/workingpapers/3.pdf|title=Measuring the Size of the Hidden Economy in Trinidad & Tobago, 1973–1999|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084929/http://sta.uwi.edu/salises/pubs/workingpapers/3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Terrorism====
Though there have been no terrorism-related incidents in the country since the [[Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt]] in 1990, Trinidad and Tobago remains a potential target and it is estimated that roughly 100 citizens of the country have traveled to the [[Middle East]] to fight for the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]].<ref name="smartraveller1"/><ref name="autogenerated1"/> In 2017, the government adopted a counter-terrorism and extremism strategy.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> In 2018, a terror threat at the [[Trinidad and Tobago Carnival]] was thwarted by law enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Browne |first1=Ryan |last2=Starr |first2=Barbara |date=9 February 2018 |title=US military helps thwart Trinidad carnival terror attack {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/09/politics/trinidad-carnival-terror-attack-thwarted/index.html |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616011925/https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/09/politics/trinidad-carnival-terror-attack-thwarted/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service ====
[[File:Carrera Island, Trinidad and Tobago.JPG|thumb|Trinidad prison on Carrera Island]]
The country's prison administration is the Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service (TTPS), it is under the control of the Commissioner of Prisons (Ag.) Dennis Pulchan, located in Port-of-Spain.<ref name="prisonstudies.org">{{cite web|url=http://prisonstudies.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago|title=Trinidad and Tobago {{!}} World Prison Brief|website=prisonstudies.org|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424154404/http://prisonstudies.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago|url-status=live}}</ref> The prison population rate is 292 people per 100,000. The total prison population, including pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners, is 3,999 prisoners. The population rate of pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners is 174 per 100,000 of the national population (59.7% of the prison population). In 2018, the female prison population rate is 8.5 per 100,000 of the national population (2.9% of the prison population). Prisoners that are minors makes up 1.9% of the prison population and foreigners prisoners make 0.8% of the prison population.
The occupancy level of Trinidad and Tobago's prison system is at 81.8% capacity as of 2019.<ref name="prisonstudies.org" /> Trinidad and Tobago has nine prison establishments; Golden Grove Prison, Maximum Security Prison, Port of Spain Prison, Eastern Correctional Rehabilitation Centre, Remand Prison, Tobago Convict Prison, Carrera Convict Island Prison, Women's Prison and Youth Training and Rehabilitation Centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ttprisons.com/180/programmes/|title=Programmes – Trinidad and Tobago Prison Service|access-date=10 April 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424152849/https://ttprisons.com/180/programmes/|url-status=live}}</ref> Trinidad and Tobago also use labour yards as prisons, or means of punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legalaffairs.gov.tt/|title=Laws of Trinidad and Tobago Prisons Act|last=Ministry of the Attorney General and Legal Affairs|date=31 December 2015|website=www.legalaffairs.gov.tt|access-date=13 February 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424152848/http://www.legalaffairs.gov.tt/|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago}}
The population of the country estimated at between 1.4 to 1.5 million by the mid 2020s.<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Trinidad and Tobago |date=2024-08-07 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago Population (2024) - Worldometer |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/trinidad-and-tobago-population/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref>
=== Ethnic groups ===
{{main|Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Ethnic groups}}
{{bar box
|title=Ethnic groups of Trinidad and Tobago <ref name="CIAPAPUANEWGUINEA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/|title= Central America and Caribbean :: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO|publisher= CIA The World Factbook|access-date= 24 January 2021|archive-date= 17 January 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210117071723/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/|url-status= live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Ethnic groups
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Indo-Trinidadians|Indian]] |Blue|35.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|African]] |Orange| 34.2}}
{{bar percent|Mixed |Yellow|15.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Dougla]] (Mixed African/Indian) |Green|7.7}}
{{bar percent|Unspecified |Red|6.2}}
{{bar percent|Other|Black| 1.3}}
}}
The ethnic composition of Trinidad and Tobago reflects a history of conquest and immigration.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/1959567.stm Trouble in paradise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028212539/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/1959567.stm |date=28 October 2020 }}". BBC News. (1 May 2002).</ref> While the earliest inhabitants were of indigenous heritage, the two dominant groups in the country are now those of India-South Asian heritage and those of African heritage. [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]s make up the country's largest ethnic group (approximately 35.4%);<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> they are primarily the descendants of [[Indian indenture system|indentured workers from India]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.364323.1822635050|title=Twists and turns in search for ancestry|website=Trinidad and Tobago Guardian|access-date=13 May 2015|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925130403/https://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.364323.1822635050|url-status=live}}</ref> brought to replace freed African slaves who refused to continue working on the sugar plantations. Through cultural preservation many residents of Indian descent continue to maintain traditions from their ancestral homeland. Indo-Trinidadians reside primarily on Trinidad; as of the 2011 census only 2.5% of Tobago's population was of Indian descent.<ref name=":2">{{cite report|title=Non-Institutional Population by Sex, Age Group, Ethnic Group and Municipality|publisher=Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office|url=http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf|access-date=20 August 2019|date=|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305151408/http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians]] make up the country's second largest ethnic group, with approximately 34.2% of the population identifying as being of African descent.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> The majority of people of an African background are the descendants of slaves forcibly transported to the islands from as early as the 16th century. This group constitute the majority on Tobago, at 85.2%.<ref name=":2"/>
The bulk of the rest of the population are those who identify as being of mixed heritage.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> There are also small but significant minorities of people of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]], [[White Trinidadian|European]], [[Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Portuguese]], [[Venezuelan]], [[Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Chinese]], and [[Arab]] descent.
[[Arima]] in Trinidad is a noted centre of First Peoples' culture, including as the headquarters of the [[Carib Queen]] and the location of the [[Santa Rosa First Peoples Community]].<ref name=EBTT/>
There is a [[Cocoa panyols|Cocoa Panyol]] community in Trinidad and Tobago whose ancestors were migrant labourers of mixed Spanish, indigenous, and African descent who came from Venezuela between the late 19th and early 20th century to work on the cocoa estates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago/|title=Trinidad and Tobago - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples|date=2 November 2023|access-date=22 September 2023|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210022332/https://minorityrights.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Languages===
{{main|Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago#Language}}English is the official language, additional languages on the islands are [[Trinidadian Creole|Triniadian Creole English]], [[Tobagonian Creole|Tobagonian Creole English]], [[Caribbean Hindustani]] (dialect of Hindi), [[Trinidadian Creole French]], Spanish, and Chinese.<ref name=":6" />
====English and English creoles====
{{further|Trinidadian and Tobagonian English|Trinidadian Creole|Tobagonian Creole}}
[[File:Roti Shop, Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago.jpg|thumb|left|Roti ship sign in English in Port of Spain, ''buss up shut'' (paratha) is a type of roti]]
English is the country's official language (the local variety of standard English is [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian English]] or more properly, Trinidad and Tobago Standard English, abbreviated as "TTSE"), but the main spoken language is either of two [[English-based creole languages]] ([[Trinidadian Creole]] or [[Tobagonian Creole]]), which reflects the Indigenous, European, African, and Asian heritage of the nation. Both creoles contain elements from a variety of African languages; Trinidadian English Creole, however, is also influenced by French and [[Antillean Creole French|French Creole]] (Patois).<ref>Jo-Anne Sharon Ferreira. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162817/http://vsites.unb.br/il/liv/crioul/textos/ferreira.htm THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO]. University of the West Indies. unb.br</ref>
====Hindustani====
{{further|Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani}}
''Trinidadian Hindustani'', ''Trinidadian Bhojpuri'', ''Trinidadian Hindi'', ''Indian'', ''Plantation Hindustani'', or ''Gaon ke Bolee (Village Speech)'' are names for the variety of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] spoken in Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDRjfwtJgBMC&q=hindi+in+trinidad&pg=PA155 |title = The Indian Diaspora: Dynamics of Migration|isbn = 9780761932185|last1 = Jayaram|first1 = N.|last2 = Atal|first2 = Yogesh|date = 24 May 2004}}</ref> A majority of the early [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Indian]] indentured immigrants spoke the [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] dialects, which later formed into Trinidadian Hindustani. In 1935, Indian movies began showing to audiences in Trinidad. Most of the Indian movies were in the [[Hindustani language|Standard Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) dialect]] and this modified Trinidadian Hindustani slightly by adding Standard [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] phrases and vocabulary to Trinidadian Hindustani. Indian movies also revitalized Hindustani among Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MNVnQAACAAJ |title = Bala Joban: The First Indian Movie in Trinidad (1935)|isbn = 9789766483227|last1 = Gooptar|first1 = Primnath|year = 2014| publisher=Caribbean Educational Publishers }}</ref> The British colonial government and estate owners had disdain and contempt for Hindustani and Indian languages in Trinidad. Due to this, many Indians saw it as a broken language keeping them in poverty and bound to the cane fields, and did not pass it on as a [[first language]], but rather as a [[heritage language]], as they favored English as a way out.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZJqwHqFYzI | title=The Hindustani language as an element of Caribbean identity | website=[[YouTube]] | date=4 May 2020 | access-date=1 October 2022 | archive-date=15 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015171016/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZJqwHqFYzI | url-status=live }}</ref> Around the mid to late 1960s the ''lingua franca'' of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians switched from Trinidadian Hindustani to a sort of ''Hindinized'' version of English. Today Hindustani survives on through [[Indo-Caribbean music|Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian musical forms]] such as, [[Bhajan]], Indian classical music, Indian folk music, [[Filmi]], [[Pichakaree]], [[Chutney music|Chutney]], [[Chutney soca]], and [[Chutney parang]]. As of 2003, there are about 15,633 Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians who speak Trinidadian Hindustani and as of 2011, there are about 10,000 who speak Standard Hindi. Many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians today speak a type of [[Hinglish]] that consists of Trinidadian and Tobagonian English that is heavily laced with Trinidadian Hindustani vocabulary and phrases and many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians can recite phrases or prayers in Hindustani today. There are many places in Trinidad and Tobago that have names of Hindustani origin. Some phrases and vocabulary have even made their way into the mainstream English and English Creole dialect of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hns/ |title=Hindustani, Sarnami |website=Ethnologue.com |access-date=2 August 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802165023/http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hns/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.studycountry.com/guide/TT-language.htm | title=The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago | access-date=24 September 2020 | archive-date=20 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230931/https://www.studycountry.com/guide/TT-language.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/10000-students-graduate-hindi-6.2.449105.73f9770ef7 | title=10,000 students graduate in Hindi | access-date=24 September 2020 | archive-date=8 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108190248/https://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/10000-students-graduate-hindi-6.2.449105.73f9770ef7 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahabir|first1=Kumar |date=December 1999 |title=The Impact of Hindi on Trinidadian English |journal=Caribbean Quarterly|volume=45 |issue=4|pages= 13–34|doi= 10.1080/00086495.1999.11671866}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=caribbean+hindustani+165%2C600&pg=PA481|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set|last=Frawley|first=William|access-date=15 April 2020|publisher=Oxford University Press, US|isbn=9780195139778|language=en|date=May 2003}}</ref> [[World Hindi Conference|World Hindi Day]] is celebrated each year on 10 January with events organized by the National Council of Indian Culture, Hindi Nidhi Foundation, Indian High Commission, Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Cultural Co-operation, and the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsday.co.tt/2020/01/19/tt-celebrates-world-hindi-day/|title=TT celebrates World Hindi Day|date=19 January 2020|website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009023312/https://newsday.co.tt/2020/01/19/tt-celebrates-world-hindi-day/|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Spanish====
{{further|Spanish language in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian Spanish}}
[[File:STAPP 013 San Fernando Harris Promenade.jpg|thumb|Spanish can be found in many place names, shown here the city of San Fernando]]
{{Excerpt|Spanish language in Trinidad and Tobago|paragraphs=1|references=https://globalvoices.org/2019/06/04/trinidad-and-tobago-registers-venezuelan-asylum-seekers-to-legalise-their-status/|hat=no|only=paragraphs}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-04 |title=Trinidad and Tobago registers Venezuelan asylum-seekers to legalise their status |url=https://globalvoices.org/2019/06/04/trinidad-and-tobago-registers-venezuelan-asylum-seekers-to-legalise-their-status/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Global Voices |language=en}}</ref>
====Tamil====
{{further|Tamil language|Tamil diaspora#Trinidad and Tobago}}
The Tamil language is spoken by some of the older [[Tamils|Tamil (Madrasi)]] Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian population. It is mostly spoken by the few remaining children of indentured Indian labourers from the present-day state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. Other speakers of the language are recent immigrants from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH2RQiJOkRg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/TH2RQiJOkRg |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=PART ONE: Interview with 97 yr old Mansee Subiah on Tamil Heritage in Trinidad|website=YouTube|date=9 January 2017 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
====Chinese====
{{further|Chinese language}}
A majority of the people who immigrated in the 19th century were from [[South China|southern China]] and spoke the [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] and [[Yue Chinese|Yue]] dialects of Chinese. In the 20th century after the years of indentureship up to the present-day more Chinese people have immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago for business and they speak the dialects of the indenturees along with other Chinese dialects, such as [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and [[Min Chinese|Min]].<ref name="studycountry.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.studycountry.com/|title=The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago|website=Studycountry|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811144650/http://www.studycountry.com/guide/KZ-language.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/Resources/Subject-Guide/Chinese-Arrival|title=Chinese Arrival|website=www.nalis.gov.tt|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208050743/https://www.nalis.gov.tt/Resources/Subject-Guide/Chinese-Arrival|url-status=live}}</ref> J. Dyer Ball, writing in 1906, says: "In Trinidad there were, about twenty years ago, 4,000 or 5,000 Chinese, but they have decreased to probably about 2,000 or 3,000, [2,200 in 1900]. They used to work in sugar plantations, but are now principally shopkeepers, as well as general merchants, miners and railway builders,
etc."<ref>J. Dyer Ball, ''Things Chinese or Notes Connected with China''. Fourth Edition Revised and enlarged. New York: Charles Scribner's sons, 1906, p. 144.</ref>
====Indigenous languages====
The indigenous languages were [[Yaio language|Yao]] on Trinidad and [[Karina language|Karina]] on Tobago, both Cariban, and [[Shebaya language|Shebaya]] on Trinidad, which was Arawakan.<ref name="studycountry.com"/>
===Religion===
{{main|Religion in Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{further|Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha|Arya Samaj in Trinidad and Tobago|Islam in Trinidad and Tobago|Catholic Church in Trinidad and Tobago|Diocese of Trinidad and Tobago|Presbyterian Church of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad Orisha|Spiritual Baptist}}
[[File:TnT Hanuman Statue 1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The 26-meter [[Hanuman]] murti in [[Carapichaima]], a noted centre of Hindu and Indo-Trinidadian culture; it is one of the largest statue of Hanuman outside of [[India]]]]
According to the 2011 census,<ref name=2011Census>{{cite report|title=Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report|publisher=Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office|url=http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf|access-date=20 August 2019|date=|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305151408/http://www.tt.undp.org/content/dam/trinidad_tobago/docs/DemocraticGovernance/Publications/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Christianity]] is the largest religion of the country, claimed as the faith of 55.2% of the population. [[Roman Catholics]] were the largest single Christian denomination, with 21.60% of the total population. The [[Pentecostal]]/[[Evangelical]]/[[Full Gospel]] denominations were the second largest Christian group with 12.02% of the population. Various other Christian denominations include [[Spiritual Baptist]] (5.67%), [[Anglicans]] (5.67%), [[Seventh-day Adventists]] (4.09%), [[Presbyterians]] or [[Congregationalists]] (2.49%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (1.47%), [[Baptists]] (1.21%), [[Methodists]] (0.65%) and the [[Moravian Church]] (0.27%).
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Trinidad and Tobago (2011 census)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cso.gov.tt/census/2011-census-data/|title=2011 Census Data|first=Central Statistical Office|last=(CSO)|access-date=18 April 2021|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425045611/https://cso.gov.tt/census/2011-census-data/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar = #ddd
|left1 = Religion
|right1 = Percent
|float = right
|width = 200px
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|55.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|18.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|5.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Orisha]]|crimson|0.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Rastafari]]|yellow|0.3}}
{{bar percent|Other Religion|black|7.0}}
{{bar percent|None/not shared|grey|13.3}}
}}
[[Hinduism]] was the second largest religion in the country, adhered to by 18.2% of the population in 2011.<ref name=2011Census/> Hinduism is practised throughout the country, [[Diwali]] is a public holiday, and other [[Hindu holidays]] are also widely celebrated. The largest Hindu organization in Trinidad and Tobago is the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]], which was formed in 1952 after the merging of the two main Hindu organizations. Most Hindus in Trinidad and Tobago are [[Sanātanī|Sanātanī (Sanatanist/Orthodox Hindu)]]. Other sects and organizations include the [[Arya Samaj]], [[Kabir panth|Kabir Panth]], Seunariani (Sieunarini/Siewnaraini/Shiv Narayani), [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]], [[Aghor Yoga|Aughar (Aghor)]], [[Kali|Kali Mai (Madrasi)]], [[Sathya Sai Baba movement]], Shirdi Sai Baba movement, [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON (Hare Krishna)]], [[Chinmaya Mission]], [[Bharat Sevashram Sangha]], [[Divine Life Society]], [[Kaumaram|Murugan (Kaumaram)]], [[Ganapathi Sachchidananda|Ganapathi Sachchidananda movement]], [[Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat|Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat (Radha Madhav)]] and [[Brahma Kumaris]].<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/gsdl/collect/news3/index/assoc/HASH52ed.dir/doc.pdf |title=Reconstructing the Identity: Hindu Organization in Trinidad During First Their Century |last1=Samaroo |first1=Brinsley |date=October 2002 |publisher=The University of the West Indies |location=St Augustine |conference=The Hindu presence in Trinidad and Tobago |id= |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024510/http://library2.nalis.gov.tt/gsdl/collect/news3/index/assoc/HASH52ed.dir/doc.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Mahabir |first1=Kumar |title=Hindu sects in Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://indocaribbeanpublications.com/2010/11/21/divali-festival-souvenir-magazine-2010/ |access-date=30 July 2021 |magazine=Divali festival souvenir magazine 2010 |volume=11 |issue=2 |publisher=Indo-Caribbean Publications |date=2010 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814101324/https://indocaribbeanpublications.com/2010/11/21/divali-festival-souvenir-magazine-2010/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Muslim]]s represented 4.97% of the population in 2011.<ref name=2011Census/> [[Eid al-Fitr]] is a public holiday and [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Mawlid]], [[Hosay]], [[Shab-e-barat]], and other [[Islamic holidays|Muslim holidays]] are also celebrated.
African-derived or Afrocentric religions are also practised, notably [[Trinidad Orisha]] ([[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]]) believers (0.9%) and [[Rastafarians]] (0.27%).<ref name=2011Census/> Various aspects of traditional [[obeah]] beliefs are still commonly practised on the islands.{{sfnp|Rough Guides|2018|p=251}}
There has been a Jewish community on the islands for many centuries. However, their numbers have never been large, with a 2007 estimate putting the Jewish population at 55 individuals.<ref name="Luxner2007">{{cite web|last1=Luxner|first1=Larry|title=Trinidad's Jews stick together|url=http://www.jta.org/2007/09/16/news-opinion/world/trinidads-jews-stick-together|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|access-date=23 June 2016|date=16 September 2007|archive-date=15 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915202650/http://www.jta.org/2007/09/16/news-opinion/world/trinidads-jews-stick-together|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Siegel2015">{{cite book|last1=Siegel|first1=Alisa|editor1-last=Taylor|editor1-first=Patrick|title=The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions|date=2015|publisher=University of Illinois Press|pages=459–461|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&q=judaism+in+trinidad&pg=PA459|chapter=Judaism - Trinidad|isbn=9780252094330|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415032002/https://books.google.com/books?id=XOyYCgAAQBAJ&q=judaism+in+trinidad&pg=PA459|url-status=live}}</ref>
Respondents who did not state a religious affiliation represented 11.1% of the population, with 2.18% declaring themselves [[irreligious]].
Two [[African culture|African]] [[syncretic]] faiths, the Shouter or [[Spiritual Baptist]]s and the [[Trinidad Orisha|Orisha]] faith (formerly called [[Shango]]s) are among the fastest growing religious groups. Similarly, there is a noticeable increase in numbers of [[Evangelical Protestant]] and [[Fundamentalist Christian|Fundamentalist]] churches usually lumped as "[[Pentecostal]]" by most Trinidadians, although this designation is often inaccurate. [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Zoroastrianism]], and [[Buddhism]] are practiced by a minority of [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]]s, mostly by recent immigrants from India. Several eastern religions such as [[Buddhism]], [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]] are followed by a minority of [[Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian]], with most being Christians.
===Urban centres===
{{Largest cities of Trinidad and Tobago}}
===Education===
{{Main|Education in Trinidad and Tobago}}
Children generally start pre-school at two and a half years but this is not mandatory. They are, however, expected to have basic reading and writing skills when they commence primary school. Students begin primary school at age five and move on to secondary after seven years. The seven classes of primary school consists of First Year and Second Year, followed by Standard One through Standard Five. During the final year of primary school, students prepare for and sit the Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) which determines the secondary school the child will attend.<ref>Norrel A. London, "Ideology and politics in English-language education in Trinidad and Tobago: The colonial experience and a postcolonial critique." ''Comparative Education Review'' 47.3 (2003): 287-320.</ref>
[[File:TnT St. Augustine UWI Campus.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of the West Indies]], [[Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago|St. Augustine]]]]
Students attend secondary school for a minimum of five years, leading to the CSEC (Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate) examinations, which is the equivalent of the British GCSE O levels. Children with satisfactory grades may opt to continue high school for a further two-year period, leading to the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examinations (CAPE), the equivalent of GCE A levels. Both CSEC and CAPE examinations are held by the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). Public Primary and Secondary education is free for all, although private and religious schooling is available for a fee.
Tertiary education for tuition costs are provided for via GATE (The Government Assistance for Tuition Expenses), up to the level of the bachelor's degree, at the University of the West Indies (UWI), the [[University of Trinidad and Tobago]] (UTT), the [[University of the Southern Caribbean]] (USC), the [[College of Science, Technology and Applied Arts of Trinidad and Tobago]] (COSTAATT) and certain other local accredited institutions. Government also currently subsidises some Masters programmes. Both the Government and the private sector also provide financial assistance in the form of academic scholarships to gifted or needy students for study at local, regional or international universities. Trinidad and Tobago was ranked 108th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024, down from 91st in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship|access-date=2024-10-22|author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|year=2024|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2|doi= 10.34667/tind.50062|website=www.wipo.int|location=Geneva|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2013|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2 September 2021|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/|title=Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship|access-date=2024-10-22|author=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|year=2024|isbn=978-92-805-3681-2|doi= 10.34667/tind.50062|website=www.wipo.int|location=Geneva|page=18}}</ref>
===Women===
{{Main|Women in Trinidad and Tobago}}
While women account for only 49% of the population, they constitute nearly 55% of the workforce in the country.<ref>"The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13.</ref>
== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Piarco International Airport, 2010.jpg|thumb|Piarco International Airport]]
Trinidad and Tobago is the most developed nation and one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean and is listed in the top 40 (2010 information) of the 70 [[List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita|high-income countries]] in the world.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Its gross national income per capita of US$20,070<ref>Planning, Family. (30 September 2015) [http://data.worldbank.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago Trinidad and Tobago | Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517050254/http://data.worldbank.org/country/trinidad-and-tobago |date=17 May 2015 }}. World Bank. Retrieved 5 November 2015.</ref> (2014 gross national income at Atlas Method) is one of the highest in the Caribbean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html|title=Country Comparison :: GDP – per capita (PPP)|access-date=13 September 2014|archive-date=24 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In November 2011, the [[OECD]] removed Trinidad and Tobago from its list of [[developing countries]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gopie|first=Rajiv|date=3 November 2011|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/Are_we_developed_-133214738.html|title=Are we developed?|newspaper=Trinidad Express Newspapers|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106133126/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/commentaries/Are_we_developed_-133214738.html|archive-date=6 January 2012|access-date=30 May 2012}}</ref> Trinidad's economy is strongly influenced by the [[petroleum]] industry. Tourism and manufacturing are also important to the local economy. Tourism is a growing sector, particularly on Tobago, although proportionately it is much less important than in many other Caribbean islands. Agricultural products include citrus and cocoa. It also supplies manufactured goods, notably food, beverages, and cement, to the Caribbean region.
===Oil and gas===
[[File:refinerypointeapierre.JPG|thumb|The oil refinery at [[Pointe-à-Pierre]]. A strong petrochemical and oil industry has boosted the economy and the country is less reliant on tourism or agriculture]]
Trinidad and Tobago is the leading Caribbean producer of oil and gas, and its economy is heavily dependent upon these resources.<ref name=EBTT/> Oil and gas account for about 40% of GDP and 80% of exports, but only 5% of employment.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> Recent growth has been fuelled by investments in liquefied natural gas (LNG), petrochemicals, and steel. Additional petrochemical, aluminium, and plastics projects are in various stages of planning.
The country is also a regional financial centre, and the economy has a growing trade surplus.<ref name=back/> The expansion of [[Atlantic LNG]] over the past six years created the largest single-sustained phase of economic growth in Trinidad and Tobago. The nation is an exporter of LNG and supplied a total of 13.4 billion m<sup>3</sup> in 2017. The largest markets for Trinidad and Tobago's LNG exports are Chile and the United States.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/natural-gas.html|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy – Natural Gas|publisher=BP.com|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109100916/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/natural-gas.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Trinidad and Tobago has transitioned from an oil-based economy to a natural gas based economy. In 2017, natural gas production totalled 18.5 billion m<sup>3</sup>, a decrease of 0.4% from 2016 with 18.6 billion m<sup>3</sup> of production.<ref name=":1" /> Oil production has decreased over the past decade from 7.1 million metric tonnes per year in 2007 to 4.4 million metric tonnes per year in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/oil.html|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy – Oil|year=2018|access-date=15 November 2018|archive-date=9 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109062005/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/oil.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2005, the Atlantic LNG's fourth production module or "train" for liquefied natural gas (LNG) began production. Train four has increased Atlantic LNG's overall output capacity by almost 50% and is the largest LNG train in the world at 5.2 million tons/year of LNG.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
===Tourism===
[[File:Pigeon Point beach.jpg|thumb|left|Tourists at [[Pigeon Point, Tobago|Pigeon Point]] beach, Tobago]]
Trinidad and Tobago is far less dependent on tourism than many other Caribbean countries and territories, with the bulk of tourist activity occurring on Tobago.<ref name=EBTT/> The government has made efforts to boost this sector in recent years.<ref name=EBTT/>
Some of the attractions of the island are its street food culture and cultural events, and Aripita Avenue in Port of Spain is one noted place for this.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tobago |first=Discover Trinidad & |date=2014-08-14 |title=Trinidad's Ariapita Avenue: liming & dining |url=https://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Ariapita-Avenue |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:TnT Maracas Falls 3.jpg|thumb|Maracas falls, is over 90 meter falls the tallest in the country (see [[Maracas Valley]])]]
===Agriculture===
Historically agricultural production (for example, sugar and coffee) dominated the economy. Sugar cane is the most important crop for Trinidad, earning the most amount of money, and providing work for many people. Some of the sugar produced is eaten in Trinidad but most of it is sold to [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], and [[United States]]. Cocoa is the second most valuable crop, even covering greater areas than sugar cane. Most farmers grow cocoa to sell to other countries that cannot grow it themselves. Trinidad was once the second biggest producer of cocoa after [[Ecuador]], but this would not last long. As countries in [[West Africa]] and [[South America]] began growing cocoa at a lower price, Trinidad lost many of its customers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=F.C. |title=A First Geography of Trinidad & Tobago |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1968 |isbn=9780521049511 |pages=6 |language=English}}</ref> This sector has been in steep decline since the 20th century and now forms just 0.4% of the country's GDP and employing 3.1% of the workforce.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/><ref name=EBTT/> Various fruits and vegetables are grown, such as cucumbers, eggplant, cassava, pumpkin, dasheen (taro) and coconut, and fishing is still also commonly practised.<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/>
===Economic diversification===
Trinidad and Tobago, in an effort to undergo economic transformation through diversification,<ref name="CIA World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago"/> formed [[InvesTT]] in 2012 to serve as the country's sole investment promotion agency. This agency is aligned to the Ministry of Trade and Industry and is to be the key agent in growing the country's non-oil and gas sectors significantly and sustainably.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Agency Focus |date=January 2013 |journal=Tradelinks |page=10 |url=http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/Portals/0/Documents/TRADELINKS-jan-mar2013%20%282%29.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707033818/http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/Portals/0/Documents/TRADELINKS-jan-mar2013%20%282%29.pdf|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Food and Beverage industry ===
[[File:Deen's Doubles Menu - Santa Cruz, Trinidad, West Indies.jpg|thumb|left|Many restaurants serve Trinidad and Tobago dishes such as Roti or doubles. Fresh cut coconut water and jelly is another popular item]]
TT is home to the largest brewery company in [[CARICOM]], the [[Carib Brewery]]. It also has a number of food production facilities including a Nestle plant. Because the island has less land and a higher income then average there is a tendency to import food, nevertheless there is local production of many products including milk, chocolate, coconuts, and alcoholic beverages among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago's food and beverage sector offers new potential - The Americas 2016 - Oxford Business Group |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/trinidad-tobago/2016-report/economy/bon-appetit-the-countrys-food-and-beverage-sector-offers-new-potential |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=oxfordbusinessgroup.com}}</ref> In 2022, the output of the Food, Beverage, and Tobacco industry was almost 8 billion Trinidian dollars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trade Minister assures: TT economy remains buoyant {{!}} Loop Trinidad & Tobago |url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/trade-minister-assures-tt-economy-remains-buoyant |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Loop News |language=en}}</ref>
An example of a restaurant chain in Trinidad and Tobago is [[Royal Castle (restaurant)|Royal Castle]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thedailymeal.com/travel/24-fast-food-restaurants-we-wish-were-us-slideshow/slide-19 | title=24 Fast-Food Restaurants We Wish Were in the U.S. | date=19 June 2014 | publisher=TheDailyMeal.com | accessdate=2017-01-21}}</ref>
See also [[:Category:Food and drink companies of Trinidad and Tobago]]
===Communications infrastructure===
Trinidad and Tobago has a well developed communications sector. The telecommunications and broadcasting sectors generated an estimated TT$5.63 billion (US$0.88 billion) in 2014, which as a percentage of GDP equates to 3.1 percent. This represented a 1.9 percent increase in total revenues generated by this industry compared to last year. Of total telecommunications and broadcasting revenues, mobile voice services accounted for the majority of revenues with TT$2.20 billion (39.2 percent). This was followed by internet services which contributed TT$1.18 billion or 21.1 percent. The next highest revenue earners for the industry were fixed voice services and paid television services whose contributions totalled TT$0.76 billion and TT$0.70 billion respectively (13.4 percent and 12.4 percent). International voice services was next in line, generating TT$0.27 billion (4.7 percent) in revenues. Free-to Air radio and television services contributed TT$0.18 billion and TT$0.13 billion respectively (3.2 percent and 2.4 percent). Finally, other contributors included "other revenues" and "leased line services" with earnings of TT$0.16 billion and TT$0.05 billion respectively, with 2.8 percent and 0.9 percent.<ref>[http://tatt.org.tt/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?Command=Core_Download&EntryId=507&PortalId=0&TabId=222 Annual Market Report 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709123951/http://tatt.org.tt/DesktopModules/Bring2mind/DMX/Download.aspx?Command=Core_Download&EntryId=507&PortalId=0&TabId=222 |date=9 July 2015 }}. Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago</ref>
There are several providers for each segment of the telecommunications market. Fixed Lines Telephone service is provided by [[Digicel]], [[TSTT]] (operating as [[bmobile]]) and [[Cable & Wireless Communications]] operating as [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]]; cellular service is provided by [[TSTT]] (operating as bmobile) and Digicel whilst internet service is provided by [[TSTT]], [[Flow (brand)|FLOW]], [[Digicel]], Green Dot and Lisa Communications.
=== Creative industries ===
The Government of Trinidad and Tobago has recognised the creative industries as a pathway to economic growth and development. It is one of the newest, most dynamic sectors where creativity, knowledge and intangibles serve as the basic productive resource. In 2015, the [[Trinidad and Tobago Creative Industries Company]] Limited (CreativeTT) was established as a state agency under the Ministry of Trade and Industry with a mandate to stimulate and facilitate the business development and export activities of the Creative Industries in Trinidad and Tobago to generate national wealth, and, as such, the company is responsible for the strategic and business development of the three niche areas and sub sectors currently under its purview – [[Music of Trinidad and Tobago|Music]], Film and Fashion. [[Trinidad and Tobago Music Company|MusicTT]], [[Trinidad and Tobago Film Company|FilmTT]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago Fashion Company|FashionTT]] are the subsidiaries established to fulfil this mandate.
===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:CRHUBH intersection.JPG|thumb|An intersection of [[Churchill–Roosevelt Highway]] and [[Uriah Butler Highway]], 2009]]
[[File:TnT Tunapuna Eastern Main Road.jpg|thumb|Traffic drives on the left side of road]]
The transport system in Trinidad and Tobago consists of a dense network of highways and roads across both major islands, ferries connecting Port of Spain with Scarborough and [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]], and international airports on both islands.<ref name=EBTT/> The [[Uriah Butler Highway]], [[Churchill Roosevelt Highway]] and the [[Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway]] links the island of Trinidad together, whereas the [[Claude Noel Highway]] is the only major highway in Tobago. Public transportation options on land are public buses, private taxis and minibuses. By sea, the options are inter-island ferries and inter-city water taxis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.gov.tt/index.php?news=863 |title=Government of Trinidad and Tobago Information Services press release on water taxis |publisher=News.gov.tt |date=30 December 2008 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=10 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510093631/http://www.news.gov.tt/index.php?news=863 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The island of Trinidad is served by [[Piarco International Airport]] located in [[Piarco]], which opened on 8 January 1931.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Sitting at an elevation of {{convert|17.4|m|ft|0}} [[above sea level]], it comprises an area of {{convert|680|ha|acre}} and has a runway of {{convert|3200|m}}. The airport consists of two terminals, the North Terminal and the South Terminal. The older South Terminal underwent renovations in 2009 for use as a VIP entrance point during the fifth Summit of the Americas. The North Terminal was completed in 2001, and consists of<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tntairports.com/piarco_about.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503210532/http://www.tntairports.com/piarco_about.html|archive-date=3 May 2011|title=Airport Authority of Trinidad and Tobago – Welcome to Piarco Airport}}</ref> 14-second-level aircraft gates with jetways for international flights, two ground-level domestic gates and 82 ticket counter positions.
[[File:Caribbean Airlines Boeing 737-800 9Y-TAB (8504733249).jpg|thumb|left|The state-owned [[Caribbean Airlines]] is the largest in the region.]]
In 2008 the passenger throughput at Piarco International Airport was approximately 2.6 million. It is the seventh busiest airport in the Caribbean and the third busiest in the English-speaking Caribbean, after [[Sangster International Airport]] and [[Lynden Pindling International Airport]].{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Caribbean Airlines, the national airline, operates its main hub at the Piarco International Airport and services the Caribbean, the United States, Canada and South America. The airline is wholly owned by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. After an additional cash injection of US$50 million, the Trinidad and Tobago government acquired the Jamaican airline [[Air Jamaica]] on 1 May 2010, with a 6–12-month transition period to follow.<ref>Daraine Luton, [http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100429/lead/lead1.html Caribbean Airlines to re-hire 1,000 workers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126033610/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100429/lead/lead1.html |date=26 January 2022 }}. The Jamaica Gleaner, (29 April 2010). Retrieved 30 May 2012.</ref>
The Island of Tobago is served by the [[A.N.R. Robinson International Airport]] in [[Crown Point, Tobago|Crown Point]].<ref name=EBTT/> This airport has regular services to North America and Europe. There are regular flights between the two islands, with fares being heavily subsidised by the Government.
Trinidad was formerly home to a [[Trinidad Government Railway|railway network]], however this was closed down in 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ptsc.co.tt/about-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410075955/http://www.ptsc.co.tt/about-us.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=History |publisher=Public Transport Service Corporation on |access-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref> There have been talks to build a new railway on the islands, though nothing yet has come of this.<ref>{{cite news | work=[[Railway Gazette International]] | date=11 April 2008 | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//trinidad-rapid-rail-consortium-confirmed.html | title=Trinidad rapid rail consortium confirmed | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616081058/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/trinidad-rapid-rail-consortium-confirmed.html | archive-date=16 June 2011 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Energy policy and climate change===
Trinidad and Tobago is the region's leading exporter of oil and gas but imports of fossil fuels provided over 90% of the energy consumed by its CARICOM neighbours in 2008. This vulnerability led CARICOM to develop an Energy Policy which was approved in 2013. This policy is accompanied by the CARICOM Sustainable Energy Roadmap and Strategy (C-SERMS). Under the policy, renewable energy sources are to contribute 20% of the total electricity generation mix in member states by 2017, 28% by 2022 and 47% by 2027.<ref name=":0">{{harvp|Ramkissoon|Kahwa|2015}}</ref>
In 2014 Trinidad and Tobago was the third country in the world which emitted the most {{CO2}} per capita after [[Qatar]] and [[Curacao]] according to the World Bank.<ref name="test">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC|title=CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)|publisher=World Bank Group|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=1 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001220436/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC|url-status=live}}</ref> On average, each inhabitant produced 34.2 metric tons of {{CO2}} in the atmosphere. In comparison, the world average was 5.0 tons per capita the same year. Over recent years {{CO2}} emissions have declined, so that in 2021 at 21.01 tonnes per capita,<ref name="EDGAR2022"/> Trinidad and Tobago ranked fourth, after the tiny countries smaller than half a million, such as [[Curacao]], are excluded, and is the only non-Middle East country in the remaining worst seven [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita|{{CO2}} emitters on a per capita basis]].<ref name="10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100109"/>
[[File:Top 20 intensity of economy emitters.png|thumb|upright=2|Activity sectoral profile of worst 20 {{CO2}} [[emissions intensity|intensity emitters]]. (Data available from <ref name="EDGAR2022"/>)]]
In terms of [[emissions intensity]] of economy (defined as {{CO2}} emissions per unit of [[gross domestic product|GDP]]), Trinidad and Tobago ranked third globally.<ref name="EDGAR2022"/> Its emissions-source profile is unique amongst the worst {{CO2}} intensity emitters as the so-called "other sectors", which includes: industrial process emissions, agricultural soils and waste, accounts for more than fifty per cent of fossil {{CO2}} emissions, rather than the power industry, other industrial combustion, transport and buildings sectors.<ref name="10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100109"/>
The Caribbean Industrial Research Institute in Trinidad and Tobago facilitates climate change research and provides industrial support for R&D related to food security. It also carries out equipment testing and calibration for major industries.<ref name=":0" />
==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Trinidad and Tobago}}
Trinidad and Tobago has a diverse culture with African, Indian, Creole, European, Chinese, Indigenous, Latino-Hispanic, and Arab influences, reflecting the various communities who have migrated to the islands over the centuries.
Steelpan music, the limbo dance competition, and carnival with its elaborate costumes, and Caribbean street foods are some of the famous cultures of the islands.
===Art and design===
{{See also|List of Trinidad and Tobago artists}}
Trinidadian designer [[Peter Minshall]] is renowned not only for his Carnival costumes but also for his role in opening ceremonies of the [[1992 Summer Olympics|Barcelona Olympics]], the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]], the [[1996 Summer Olympics]], and the [[2002 Winter Olympics]], for which he won an [[Emmy Award]].<ref>[http://www.niherst.gov.tt/icons/tt-icons-2/37-peter-minshall.htm "Peter Minshall – Mas Innovator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002000717/http://www.niherst.gov.tt/icons/tt-icons-2/37-peter-minshall.htm |date=2 October 2017 }}, Caribbean Icons.</ref>
===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:FOOD Callaloo.jpg|thumb|left| [[Callaloo]]]]
[[File:FOOD Doubles 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Doubles (food)|Doubles]]]]
[[File:Aloo Pie.jpg|thumb|Aloo pie]]
Diversity is also reflected the culinary culture, which bears witness to a variety of influences, including African, Indian, and colonial traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=Eleonora |title=Food Across Cultures. |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-030-11153-3 |editor-last=Balirano |editor-first=Giuseppe |location=Cham |pages=43–70 |chapter=Callaloo or Pelau? Food, identity and politics in Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref> Street food is popular, and some examples are Doubles, [[Aloo pie]], [[Saheena]], [[Pholourie|Phoulourie]], [[Bake and shark]], grilled pigtails, chow, and others.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Latchu |first=Rhea Hadley |date=2021-04-22 |title=Top 25 Foods in Trinidad and Tobago (With Pictures!) |url=https://www.chefspencil.com/top-25-foods-in-trinidad-and-tobago-with-pictures/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Chef's Pencil |language=en-US}}</ref> Some main and/or side dishes are curry crab with dumpling, [[Pelau]], Oil down, [[Pasteles|Pastelles]], Bujol, Coo-Coo (cornmeal and okra cake), Trinidadian [[Callaloo]], Dhal, [[Roti]], and many others.<ref name=":3" /> Some noted soups are Cowheel, Fish Broth, and Corn soup, and some deserts include [[Pone (food)|Pone]], Kurma, [[Gulab jamun|Goolab jamon]], Sawine, and [[Soursop]] ice cream.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Trinidadian Food: Top 35 Dishes |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/best-rated-dishes-in-trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref>
Of these one of the most famous is ''Doubles'', which is two ''bara'' (fried flatbread) with ''channa'' (curried chickpeas) with various condiments like Trini [[chutney]]s, [[tamarind]], pepper sauce, cilantro sauce, and others; this is thought to be the most popular one on the islands.<ref name="Latchu">{{Cite web |last=Latchu |first=Rhea Hadley |date=2021-04-22 |title=Top 25 Foods in Trinidad and Tobago (With Pictures!) |url=https://www.chefspencil.com/top-25-foods-in-trinidad-and-tobago-with-pictures/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Chef's Pencil |language=en-US}}</ref> Doubles are popular late-night snack or breakfast, are thought to have been invented in 1936 on Trinidad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Best Street Foods in Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/best-rated-street-foods-in-trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref>
A food like Aloo pie, another popular street food reflects an interesting history that Aloo is the Hindo word for potato. Aloo pie is a torpedo shape of spicy mashed potatoes that is baked, then sliced open and filled with channa (curry chickpeas), tamarind, and other toppings.<ref name="Latchu"/>
Types of food that are popular are street food, celebration foods, deserts, and condiments like various chutneys.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=What is Trinidadian Food? |url=https://trinciti.com/what-is-trinidadian-food/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Trinciti Roti Shop |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Fresh coconut water, rum, [[Mauby]], are some examples.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Nation">{{Cite web |last=Nation |first=Foodie |date=2023-02-13 |title=10 Must-Try Drinks In Trinidad & Tobago 🇹🇹 |url=https://www.foodienationtt.com/single-post/10-must-try-drinks-in-trinidad-tobago |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=foodie-nation |language=en}}</ref> Having a fresh coconut water with "jelly", bitters, various mixed drinks, sorrel, are among noted beverages of the islands.<ref name="Nation"/>
Trinidadian gyros are another noted food item, which was popularized by Lebanese migrants to the islands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnarine |first=Davindra |date=2019-04-05 |title=15 Dishes For You To Discover The Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago |url=https://www.goatrotichronicles.ca/trini-food-cuisine-of-trinidad-and-tobago/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Goat Roti Chronicles |language=en-US}}</ref> Trini [[macaroni]] pie is another dish that is popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria |date=2021-07-11 |title=Trinidad Macaroni Pie |url=https://mission-food.com/trinidad-macaroni-pie/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Mission Food Adventure |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Dance===
The [[Limbo (dance)|limbo]] dance originated in Trinidad as an event that took place at [[wake (ceremony)|wakes]] in Trinidad. The limbo has African roots. It was popularized in the 1950s by dance pioneer [[Julia Edwards (dancer)|Julia Edwards]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Julia Edwards|author = Emrit, Ronald C.|url = http://www.bestoftrinidad.com/profiles/edwardsJ.html|website = www.bestoftrinidad.com|access-date = 29 April 2015|archive-date = 1 December 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191201043543/http://www.bestoftrinidad.com/profiles/edwardsJ.html|url-status = live}}</ref> (known as the "First Lady of Limbo") and her company which appeared in several films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tntisland.com/limbo.html|title=Limbo Dance|website=www.tntisland.com|access-date=2 December 2019|archive-date=1 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201204053/http://www.tntisland.com/limbo.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bélé]], Bongo, and whining are also dance forms with African roots.<ref name="discovertnt.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Trinidad-Arts-Culture-An-Overview/60/3/19|title=Trinidad's arts & culture: an overview|date=2 January 2010|website=Discover Trinidad & Tobago|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=30 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730113509/https://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Trinidad-Arts-Culture-An-Overview/60/3/19|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Jazz dance|Jazz]], [[Ballroom dance|ballroom]], [[ballet]], [[Modern dance|modern]], and [[Salsa (dance)|salsa]] dancing are also popular.<ref name="discovertnt.com"/>
[[Dance in India|Indian dance forms]] are also prevalent in Trinidad and Tobago.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-93/rhythms-our-people|title=Rhythms of our people|first=Lisa|last=Allen-Agostini|author-link=Lisa Allen-Agostini|journal=Caribbean Beat|issue=93|date=1 September 2008|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=9 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809155237/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-93/rhythms-our-people|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kathak]], [[Odissi]], and [[Bharatanatyam]] are the most popular [[Indian classical dance|Indian classical dance forms]] in Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/20207141|title=THE FILMI INFLUENCE ON EAST INDIAN DRESS AND DANCE IN TRINIDAD|first=Primnath|last=Gooptar|website=www.academia.edu|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814101717/https://www.academia.edu/20207141|url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of Indian folk dances|Indian folk dance]]s, such as [[Lavanda Naach|launda ke naach]], [[Bollywood dance]]s, and [[Chutney music|chutney]] dancing are also popular.<ref name="academia.edu"/>
===Festivals and holidays===
{{further|Public holidays in Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Orange Carnival Masqueraders in Trinidad.jpg|thumb|left|Masqueraders parading during [[Trinidad and Tobago Carnival|Carnival]]]]
[[File:Divalinagar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Divali Nagar]] entrance in [[Chaguanas]]; Divali Nagar is one of the largest Diwali celebration outside [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deshvidesh.com/divali-nagar-city-of-lights-in-trinidad-and-tobago-by-raj-shah/|title=Divali Nagar, City of Lights in Trinidad and Tobago By Raj Shah ||date=28 September 2018 |access-date=2 December 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202233126/https://www.deshvidesh.com/divali-nagar-city-of-lights-in-trinidad-and-tobago-by-raj-shah/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Divali in Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=British Council |website=caribbean.britishcouncil.org |url=https://caribbean.britishcouncil.org/programmes/society/divali-trinidad-tobago |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202233135/https://caribbean.britishcouncil.org/programmes/society/divali-trinidad-tobago |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The island is particularly renowned for its annual [[Trinidad and Tobago Carnival|Carnival]] celebrations.<ref name=EBTT/> Festivals rooted in various religions and cultures practiced on the islands are also popular. [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivals]] include [[Diwali]], [[Phagwah|Phagwah (Holi)]], [[Navaratri|Nauratri]], [[Vijayadashami]], [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Shivratri]], [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Rama Navami|Ram Naumi]], [[Hanuman Jayanti]], [[Ganesh Utsav]], [[Vasant Panchami|Saraswati Jayanti]], [[Kartik Purnima|Kartik Nahan]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Pitru Paksha]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], [[Mesha Sankranti]], [[Guru Purnima]], [[Tulasi Vivaha]], [[Vivaha Panchami]], [[Bhairava Ashtami|Kalbhairo Jayanti]], [[Datta Jayanti]], and [[Gita Mahotsav|Gita Jayanti]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calendar 2023|date=2023|url=https://www.swahainternational.org/calendar/|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408161043/https://www.swahainternational.org/calendar/|url-status=live}}</ref> Christian holidays and observances include [[Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day]], [[Lent]], [[Palm Sunday]], [[Easter]], [[Maundy Thursday]], [[Good Friday]], [[Ash Wednesday]], [[Holy Week]], [[Easter Monday]], [[Octave of Easter]], [[Pentecost]], [[Whit Monday]], [[New Year's Eve|Old Year's Day]], [[New Year's Day]], [[Christmas]], [[Boxing Day]], [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]], [[Assumption of Mary]], [[Feast of Corpus Christi]], [[All Souls' Day]], [[All Saints' Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-64/remembrance-friends-past|title = All Souls' Day: Remembrance of friends past|date = November 2003|access-date = 28 November 2020|archive-date = 4 December 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201204144451/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-64/remembrance-friends-past|url-status = live}}</ref> Muslim holidays include [[Hosay]] ([[Ashura]]), [[Eid al-Fitr]], [[Eid al-Adha]], [[Day of Arafah]], [[Mawlid]], [[Ramadan]], [[Chaand Raat]], and [[Shab-e-barat]]. People of [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Indian descent]] celebrate [[Indian Arrival Day]] to commemorate the arrival of their [[Indian indenture system|indentured Indian ancestors]] beginning in 1845 and people of [[Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians|African descent]] celebrate [[Emancipation Day]] to commemorate the day their African ancestors were emancipated from [[Slavery in the British and French Caribbean|slavery]]. Trinidad and Tobago was the first country in the world to recognize both of these holiday and make them public holidays. The [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous Amerindians]] have their [[Santa Rosa First Peoples Community|Santa Rosa Indigenous Festival]] and the [[Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians]] have the [[Chinese New Year]], although they are not public national holidays.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese New Year, Trinidad-Style|website=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/02/02/133406659/chinese-new-year-trinidad-style|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527022953/https://www.npr.org/2011/02/02/133406659/chinese-new-year-trinidad-style|url-status=live}}</ref> National holidays such as [[Independence Day]], [[Republic Day]] and [[Labour Day]] are celebrated as well.
===Literature===
{{Main|Trinidad and Tobago literature}}
<!-- [[File:VS Naipaul 2016 Dhaka.jpg|thumb|left|[[V. S. Naipaul]] in 2016.]]-->
Trinidad and Tobago claims two [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]]-winning authors, [[V. S. Naipaul]] and [[Saint Lucia|St Lucian]]-born [[Derek Walcott]] (who also founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop). Other notable writers include [[Michael Anthony (author)|Michael Anthony]], [[Neil Bissoondath]], [[Vahni Capildeo]], [[Merle Hodge]], [[C. L. R. James]], [[Earl Lovelace]], [[Rabindranath Maharaj]], [[Kenneth Ramchand]] and [[Samuel Selvon]].
=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{further|Indo-Caribbean music|Afro-Caribbean music}}
[[File:Nicki Minaj interview 2016.jpg|thumb|left|upright|International superstar [[Nicki Minaj]] is a Trinidadian-born rapper based in the United States, is now the best-selling female rapper of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2021 |title=Who Are the Top 5 Female Rappers of All-Time? |url=https://iamcru.com/who-are-the-top-5-female-rappers-of-all-time/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=iamCrü |language=en-GB |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015160944/https://iamcru.com/who-are-the-top-5-female-rappers-of-all-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Theaterspektakel (2010) 2010-09-04 19-02-50.JPG|thumb|[[Steelpan]] was invented in Trinidad.]]
[[File:Trinidad and Tobago Sweet Tassa.jpg|thumb|[[Tassa]] is a percussion ensemble of Indian origin that is popular in Trinidad and Tobago.]]
Trinidad and Tobago is the birthplace of [[calypso music]] and the [[steelpan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.h2g2.com/approved_entry/A1297721 |title=20th Century Percussion |publisher=h2g2.com |date=24 November 2011 |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234824/http://www.h2g2.com/approved_entry/A1297721 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Hill, Donald R. (1993) ''Calypso Calaloo: Early Carnival Music in Trinidad''. {{ISBN|0-8130-1221-X}}. [[University Press of Florida]]. 2nd Edition: Temple University Press (2006) {{ISBN|1-59213-463-7}}, pp. 8–10, 203–209. See also p. 284, n. 1.</ref><ref>Quevedo, Raymond (Atilla the Hun), ''Atilla's '''Kaiso''': a short history of Trinidad calypso'' (1983). University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad. pp. 2–14.</ref> Trinidad is also the birthplace of [[soca music]], [[chutney music]], [[chutney-soca]], [[parang]], [[rapso]], [[pichakaree]] and [[chutney parang]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ingram |first=Amy |title=What is Chutney Music? |url=http://aingram.web.wesleyan.edu/chutney.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163511/http://aingram.web.wesleyan.edu/chutney.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=10 September 2018 |publisher=Wesleyan University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parang Music |url=https://www.destinationtnt.com/parang-music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910205933/https://www.destinationtnt.com/parang-music/ |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |work=Destination Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Soca Music History |url=http://www.artdrum.com/ESSAY_SOCA_MUSIC_HISTORY.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919151706/http://artdrum.com/ESSAY_SOCA_MUSIC_HISTORY.htm |archive-date=19 September 2018 |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=Artdrum}}</ref>
===Media and Theatre===
{{main|List of newspapers in Trinidad and Tobago|Radio in Trinidad and Tobago|Television in Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{See also|List of Trinidad and Tobago films}}
[[Geoffrey Holder]] (brother of [[Boscoe Holder]]) and [[Heather Headley]] are two Trinidad-born artists who have won [[Tony Awards]] for theatre. Holder also has a distinguished film career, and Headley has won a [[Grammy Award]] as well.
[[Theatre of India|Indian theatre]] is also popular throughout Trinidad and Tobago. [[Nautanki]]s and dramas such as ''[[Harischandra|Raja Harishchandra]]'', ''[[Nala|Raja Nal]]'', ''Raja Rasalu'', ''[[Shravana Kumara|Sarwaneer (Sharwan Kumar)]]'', ''[[Inder Sabha|Indra Sabha]]'', ''[[Prahlada|Bhakt Prahalad]]'', ''[[Lorikayan]]'', ''Gopichand'', and ''[[Alha-Khand]]'' were brought by Indians to Trinidad and Tobago, however they had largely began to die out, till preservation began by Indian cultural groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLu0dXWslcg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/jLu0dXWslcg |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=TASSA THUNDER : Folk Music from India to the Caribbean|date=25 March 2014 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Ramlila|Ramleela]]'', the drama about the life of the [[Hindu]] deity [[Rama]], is popular during the time between [[Navaratri|Sharad Navaratri]] and [[Vijaydashmi]], and ''[[Rasa Lila|Ras leela (Krishna leela)]]'', the drama about the life of the Hindu deity [[Krishna]], is popular around the time of [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationaltrust.tt/ramleela/|title=Ramleela | National Trust of Trinidad and Tobago|date=8 September 2017|access-date=3 December 2019|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928055324/https://nationaltrust.tt/ramleela/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrctt.org/brief-history-of-ramleela-in-tt/|title=BRIEF HISTORY OF RAMLEELA IN T&T – NRCTT Inc.|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120170131/http://www.nrctt.org/brief-history-of-ramleela-in-tt/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/article-6.2.453545.298d63012f|title=Ramleela on the rise|first=Trinidad|last=Guardian|website=www.guardian.co.tt}}</ref>
Trinidad and Tobago is also smallest country to have two [[Miss Universe]] titleholders and the first [[black people|black]] woman ever to win: [[Janelle Commissiong]] in 1977, followed by [[Wendy Fitzwilliam]] in 1998; the country has also had one [[Miss World]] titleholder, [[Giselle LaRonde]] who won in 1986.
===Museums & Gardens===
[[File:Trinidad national museum 2006-23-02.JPG|thumb|National Museum]]
{{main|List of museums in Trinidad and Tobago}}
Trinidad and Tobago has a variety of museums, covering everything from classic cars, art, history, to zoology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intriguing Museums |url=https://www.insandoutstt.com/articles/intriguing-museums |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.insandoutstt.com |language=en}}</ref>
===Sports===
====Olympic sports====
{{Main|Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics|Trinidad and Tobago at the Pan American Games}}
[[File:TeamRelay4x100Trinite-TobagoLondon2012.JPG|thumb|left|Trinidad and Tobago won bronze in the [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|Men's 4x400 relay]] at the 2012 London Olympics]]
[[Hasely Crawford]] won the first Olympic [[gold medal]] for Trinidad and Tobago in the men's [[100 metre dash|100-metre dash]] in the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Nine different athletes from Trinidad and Tobago have won twelve medals at the Olympics, beginning with a [[silver medal]] in [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]], won by Rodney Wilkes in [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rodney Adolphus Wilkes Biography |url=https://www.caribbeanmemoryproject.com/wilkes-rodney.html |publisher=Caribbean Memory Project |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015160944/https://www.caribbeanmemoryproject.com/wilkes-rodney.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Most recently, a gold medal was won by [[Keshorn Walcott]] in the men's [[javelin throw]] in [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]. [[Ato Boldon]] has won the most Olympic and World Championship medals for Trinidad and Tobago in athletics, with eight in total – four from the Olympics and four from the World Championships. Boldon won the 1997 [[200 metres|200-metre dash]] World Championship in [[Athens]], and was the sole world champion Trinidad and Tobago had produced until [[Jehue Gordon]] in [[2013 World Championships in Athletics|Moscow 2013]]. Swimmer [[George Bovell|George Bovell III]] won a bronze medal in the men's [[200 metres Individual Medley]] in 2004. At the 2017 World Championship in London, the Men's 4x400 relay team captured the title, thus the country now celebrates three world championships titles. The team consisted of [[Jarrin Solomon]], [[Jareem Richards]], [[Machel Cedenio]] and [[Lalonde Gordon]] with [[Renny Quow]] who ran in the heats.[[File:Leah Bertrand Paris 2024.jpg|thumb|Leah Bertrand at the 2024 Paris Olympics]]Also in 2012, [[Lalonde Gordon]] competed in the London Summer Olympics where he won a bronze medal in the [[400 metres|400-metre dash]], being surpassed by [[Luguelin Santos]] of the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Kirani James]] of [[Grenada]]. Keshorn Walcott (as stated above) came first in javelin and earned a gold medal, making him the second Trinidadian in the country's history to receive one. This also makes him the first Western athlete in 40 years to receive a gold medal in the javelin sport, and the first athlete from Trinidad and Tobago to win a gold medal in a field event in the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120812/sports/sports7.html |title=Walcott mines gold in javelin for T&T |date=12 August 2012 |work=Jamaican Gleaner |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206011335/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120812/sports/sports7.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sprinter Richard Thompson is also from Trinidad and Tobago. He came second place to Usain Bolt in the Beijing Olympics in the 100-metre dash with a time of 9.89s.
In 2018, The Court of Arbitration for Sport made its final decision on the failed doping sample from the Jamaican team in the 4 x 100 relay in the 2008 Olympic Games. The team from Trinidad and Tobago will be awarded the gold medal, because of the second rank during the relay run.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wn.de/Sport/Weltsport/Leichtathletik/3323225-CAS-lehnt-Carter-Einspruch-ab-Bolt-verliert-Staffel-Gold-endgueltig|title=Bolt verliert Staffel-Gold endgültig|last=dpa|work=Westfälische Nachrichten|access-date=1 June 2018|language=de|archive-date=15 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042314/https://www.wn.de/Sport/Weltsport/Leichtathletik/3323225-CAS-lehnt-Carter-Einspruch-ab-Bolt-verliert-Staffel-Gold-endgueltig|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2023, Trinidad and Tobago hosted the [[2023 Commonwealth Youth Games]].
In 2024, Trinidadian sprinter [[Leah Bertrand]] competed in the 2024 Paris Olympics for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leah Bertrand {{!}} NBC Olympics |url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/athletes/leah-bertrand-2114697 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.nbcolympics.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moe |first=Cherisse |date=2024-07-27 |title=First-Time Olympian Leah Bertrand: From Volleyball Court to Olympic Track |url=https://trinidadexpress.com/features/first-time-olympian-leah-bertrand-from-volleyball-court-to-olympic-track/article_c48883fc-4c3b-11ef-bd64-afe2fd6b0b1f.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=Trinidad Express Newspapers |language=en}}</ref> Overall, TT sent about 17 atheltes to the 2024 games, including noted athletes Michelle-Lee Ahye (springer), Jereem Richards (200m and 400m), Dylan Carter (swimming), Keshorn Walcott (javelin), Nicholas Paul (cyclist). Keshorn Walcott is previous Olympic medal winner, have won Gold and bronze.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sports |title=Trinidad and Tobago's storied Olympic journey and prospects for Paris 2024 |url=https://www.sportsmax.tv/athletics/athletics-international/item/149619-trinidad-and-tobago-s-storied-olympic-journey-and-prospects-for-paris-2024 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.sportsmax.tv |language=en-gb}}</ref>
(see also[[Trinidad and Tobago at the 2024 Summer Olympics]])
====Cricket====
{{See also|Cricket in the West Indies|Trinidad and Tobago national cricket team}}
[[File:BrianLaraUkexpat.jpg|thumb|[[Brian Lara]] batting for the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] against [[India national cricket team|India]]|left]]
Cricket is a popular sport of Trinidad and Tobago, often deemed the national sport, and there is intense inter-island rivalry with its Caribbean neighbours. Trinidad and Tobago is represented at [[Test cricket]], [[One Day International]] as well as [[Twenty20 cricket]] level as a member of the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies team]]. The [[Trinidad and Tobago cricket team|national team]] plays at the [[first-class cricket|first-class]] level in regional competitions such as the [[Regional Four Day Competition]] and [[Regional Super50]]. Meanwhile, the [[Trinbago Knight Riders]] play in the [[Caribbean Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/series_results.html?id=748;type=trophy |title=Caribbean Premier League Series Results |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014654/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/series_results.html?id=748;type=trophy |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Queen's Park Oval]] located in [[Port of Spain]] is the largest cricket ground in the [[West Indies]], having hosted 60 Test matches as of January 2018. Trinidad and Tobago along with other islands from the Caribbean co-hosted the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].
[[Brian Lara]], world record holder for the most runs scored both in a Test and in a First Class innings amongst other records, was born in the small town of [[Santa Cruz, Trinidad and Tobago|Santa Cruz]] and is often referred to as the Prince of Port of Spain or simply the Prince. This legendary West Indian batsman is widely regarded.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/brian-lara-52337 |title=Brian Lara |website=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204162817/https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/brian-lara-52337 |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Football====
{{Main|Association football in Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:2015 Pan American Games, Argentina vs Trinidad and Tobago - Laslovarga (50).jpg|thumb|Woman's team at the 2015 Pan American Games]]
Association football is also a popular sport in Trinidad and Tobago. [[Trinidad and Tobago national football team|The men's national football team]] qualified for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] for the first time by beating [[Bahrain national football team|Bahrain]] in [[Manama]] on 16 November 2005, making them the second smallest country ever (in terms of population) to qualify, after [[Iceland national football team|Iceland]]. The team, coached by [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] [[Leo Beenhakker]], and led by Tobagonian-born captain [[Dwight Yorke]], drew their first group game – against [[Sweden men's national football team|Sweden]] in [[Dortmund]], 0–0, but lost the second game to [[England national football team|England]] on late goals, 0–2. They were eliminated after losing 2–0 to [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]] in the last game of the Group stage. Prior to the 2006 World Cup qualification, Trinidad and Tobago came close in a controversial qualification campaign for the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]]. Following the match, the referee of their critical game against [[Haiti]] was awarded a lifetime ban for his actions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Sport%5CBOLDON_LaraAmes.html |title=Trinidad and Tobago Sport |work=National Library of Trinidad and Tobago |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622115557/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Sport/BOLDON_LaraAmes.html |archive-date=22 June 2007 }}</ref> Trinidad and Tobago again fell just short of qualifying for the World Cup in [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]], needing only a draw at home against the [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]] but losing 1–0.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/archives/2005-11-19/pulse.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421181109/http://www.guardian.co.tt/archives/2005-11-19/pulse.html|archive-date=21 April 2008|title=The Trinidad Guardian -Online Edition Ver 2.0|access-date=30 November 2008}}</ref> They play their home matches at the [[Hasely Crawford Stadium]]. Trinidad and Tobago hosted the [[2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship]], and hosted the [[2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]].
The [[TT Pro League]] is the country's primary football competition and is the top level of the [[Trinidad and Tobago football league system]]. The Pro League serves as a league for professional football clubs in Trinidad and Tobago. The league began in 1999 as part of a need for a professional league to strengthen the country's [[Trinidad and Tobago national football team|national team]] and improve the development of domestic players. The first season took place in the same year beginning with eight teams.
====Basketball====
{{See also|Trinidad and Tobago national basketball team}}
[[Basketball]] is commonly played in Trinidad and Tobago in colleges, universities and throughout various urban basketball courts. Its national team is one of the most successful teams in the Caribbean. At the [[Caribbean Basketball Championship]] it won four straight gold medals from 1986 to 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Trinidad-and-Tobago |title=National Basketball Federation of Trinidad and Tobago |publisher=FIBA |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014329/https://www.fiba.basketball/federation/Trinidad-and-Tobago |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Other sports====
[[File:Delon Armitage - US Oyonnax vs. Rugby Club Toulonnais, 3rd October 2014.jpg|thumb|Trinidad rugby players of Rugby Club Toulonnais, 2014]]
[[Netball]] has long been a popular sport in Trinidad and Tobago, although it has declined in popularity in recent years. At the [[Netball World Championships]] they co-won the event in 1979, were runners up in 1987, and second runners up in 1983.
[[Rugby union in Trinidad and Tobago|Rugby]] is played in Trinidad and Tobago and continues to be a popular sport, and [[horse racing]] is regularly followed in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-3/lets-go-horse-racing#axzz7K4WxSdhQ |title=Let's Go Horse Racing |work=Caribbean Beat |last=Miller |first=Marlon |date=Autumn 1992 |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014126/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-3/lets-go-horse-racing#axzz7K4WxSdhQ |url-status=live }}</ref>
There is also the Trinidad and Tobago national baseball team which is controlled by the Baseball/Softball Association of Trinidad and Tobago, and represents the nation in international competitions. The team is a provisional member of the [[Pan American Baseball Confederation]].
There are a number of 9 and 18-hole [[golf]] courses on Trinidad and Tobago. The most established is the St Andrews Golf Club, Maraval in Trinidad (commonly referred to as Moka), and there is a newer course at Trincity, near Piarco Airport called Millennium Lakes. There are 18-hole courses at Chaguramas and Point-a-Pierre and nine-hole courses at Couva and St Madeline. Tobago has two 18-hole courses. The older of the two is at Mount Irvine, with the Magdalena Hotel & Golf Club (formerly Tobago Plantations) being built more recently.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.golfpass.com/travel-advisor/course-directory/8559-trinidad-and-tobago/ |title=Trinidad and Tobago Golf Guide |website=Golf Pass |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014127/https://www.golfpass.com/travel-advisor/course-directory/8559-trinidad-and-tobago/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Although a minor sport, bodybuilding is of growing interest in Trinidad and Tobago. [[Darrem Charles]], a former world class body builder, is from Trinidad and Tobago.
Dragonboat is also another water-sport that has been rapidly growing over the years. Introduced in 2006. the fraternity made consistent strides in having more members a part of the TTDBF (Trinidad and Tobago Dragonboat Federation) as well as performing on an international level such as the 10th IDBF World Nations Dragon Boat Championships in Tampa, Florida in the US in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chasing the dragon boat |date=October 2007 |last=Assing |first=Tracy |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-87/chasing-dragon-boat |work=Caribbean Beat |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213034048/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-87/chasing-dragon-boat |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Claude Noel (boxer)|Claude Noel]] is a former world champion in professional boxing. He was born in Tobago.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ringsidereport.com/?p=76589 |title=Ringside Report Looks Back at Former Champion Claude Noel |last=Stewart |first=Donald |website=Ringsiderreport.com |date=29 November 2018 |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206014117/https://ringsidereport.com/?p=76589 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Trinidad and Tobago Chess Championship]] was started in 1937, and is an annual national chess championship.
== National symbols ==
{{Main|National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|thumb|The flag of Trinidad and Tobago]]
===Flag===
{{Main|Flag of Trinidad and Tobago}}
The flag was chosen by the Independence committee in 1962. Red, black and white symbolise the warmth of the people, the richness of the earth and water respectively.<ref name=gov>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.tt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000303151544/http://www.gov.tt/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2000 |title=Trinidad and Tobago government website |publisher=Gov.tt |access-date=2 May 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/NationalSymbols/tabid/215/Default.aspx National Symbols of Trinidad and Tobago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126033611/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/NationalSymbols/tabid/215/Default.aspx |date=26 January 2022 }}. National Library of Trinidad and Tobago</ref>
===Coat of arms===
{{Main|Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago}}
[[File:Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|thumb|The coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago]]
The coat of arms was designed by the Independence committee, and features the [[scarlet ibis]] (native to Trinidad), the [[rufous-vented chachalaca|cocrico]] (native to Tobago) and [[hummingbird]]. The shield bears three ships, representing both the Trinity, and the three ships that Columbus sailed.<ref name=gov/>
===Orders and decorations===
There are five categories and thirteen classes of national awards:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepresident.tt/events_and_ceremonies.php?mid=187 |title=Events and Ceremonies – About the Awards |publisher=Office of the President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=28 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112114047/http://www.thepresident.tt/events_and_ceremonies.php?mid=187 |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref>
* The [[Order of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago]] (formerly The [[Trinity Cross]] Medal of the Order of the Trinity) in Gold only
* The [[Chaconia Medal]], in Gold, Silver and Bronze
* The [[Hummingbird Medal]], in Gold, Silver and Bronze
* The Public Service Medal of Merit, in Gold, Silver and Bronze
* The Medal for the Development of Women, in Gold, Silver and Bronze
=== National anthem and national songs ===
{{main|Forged from the Love of Liberty}}
The national anthem of the twin-island state is "[[Forged from the Love of Liberty]]".<ref>[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?PageContentID=1059&TabId=557 National Songs of Trinidad and Tobago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204181953/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?PageContentID=1059&TabId=557 |date=4 December 2014 }}. National Library of Trinidad and Tobago</ref><ref>[[National anthem of Trinidad and Tobago]]</ref>
Other national songs include "God Bless Our Nation"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ttembassy.org/?page=national-songs|title=Embassy of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago – National Songs|access-date=13 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928191138/http://www.ttembassy.org/?page=national-songs|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> and "Our Nation's Dawning".<ref>[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?TabId=557&PageContentID=1062 National Songs of Trinidad and Tobago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204181942/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Default.aspx?TabId=557&PageContentID=1062 |date=4 December 2014 }}. National Library of Trinidad and Tobago</ref>
=== National flower ===
{{Main|Warszewiczia coccinea}}
[[File:Chaconia UWI 2005b.jpg|left|thumb|The Chaconia (''[[Warszewiczia coccinea]]'') is the national flower of Trinidad and Tobago]]
The national flower of Trinidad and Tobago is the [[Warszewiczia coccinea|chaconia]] flower. It was chosen as the national flower because it is an indigenous flower that has witnessed the history of Trinidad and Tobago. It was also chosen as the national flower because of its red colour that resembles the red of the national flag and coat of arms and because it blooms around the Independence Day of Trinidad and Tobago.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://otp.tt/trinidad-and-tobago/national-emblems/|title=National Emblems – The Office of the President of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago|website=otp.tt|access-date=2 September 2018|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712183127/https://otp.tt/trinidad-and-tobago/national-emblems/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Oceanografic Scarlet Ibis 02.jpg|thumb|Scarlet Ibis]]
=== National birds ===
{{Main|Scarlet ibis|Rufous-vented chachalaca}}
The national birds of Trinidad and Tobago are the [[scarlet ibis]] and the [[rufous-vented chachalaca|cocrico]]. The scarlet ibis is kept safe by the government by living in the Caroni Bird Sanctuary which was set up by the government for the protection of these birds. The Cocrico is more indigenous to the island of Tobago and is more likely to be seen in the forest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tntisland.com/tntbirds.html|title=Trinidad & Tobago National Birds|work=tntisland.com|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092238/http://www.tntisland.com/tntbirds.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[hummingbird]] is considered another symbol of Trinidad and Tobago due to its significance to the Indigenous peoples, however, it is not a national bird.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/subject-guide/national-symbols|title=National Symbols|website=www.nalis.gov.tt|access-date=2 September 2018|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013325/https://www.nalis.gov.tt/resources/subject-guide/national-symbols|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[List of Trinidad and Tobago–related topics]]
* [[Outline of Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[List of Trinidadians and Tobagonians]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=EBTT>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930100054/https://www.britannica.com/place/Trinidad-and-Tobago |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="EDGAR2022">{{cite report |vauthors= Crippa M, Guizzardi D, Banja M, Solazzo E, Muntean M, Schaaf E, Pagani F, Monforti-Ferrario F, Olivier JG, Quadrelli R, Risquez Martin A, Taghavi-Moharamli P, Grassi G, Rossi S, Oom D, Branco A, San-Miguel J, Vignati E |year=2022 |title= CO2 emissions of all world countries – JRC/IEA/PBL 2022 Report |doi= 10.2760/07904|publisher= Publications Office of the European Union|publication-place= Luxembourg |language=English}}</ref>
<ref name="10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100109">{{cite journal |vauthors = Lee Chan TG, Janes DA |title =Uncovering and Filtering Industrial Symbiosis Networks for Carbon Dioxide Utilization in Trinidad and Tobago |journal = Carbon Capture Science & Technology |volume = 7 |year = 2023 |page =100109 |doi = 10.1016/j.ccst.2023.100109 |doi-access = free |bibcode =2023CCST....700109L }}</ref>
}}
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==Cited sources==
[[File:King's Wharf 2, San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago.JPG|thumb|Birds rest on a boat, at King's Warf of San Fernando, Trinidad]]
* {{cite book|last=Carmichael|first=Gertrude |year=1961|title=The History of the West Indian Islands of Trinidad and Tobago, 1498–1900|publisher=Alvin Redman|place= London}}
* {{cite book|last=Kiely|first=Ray |title=The Politics of Labour and Development in Trinidad|year=1996| publisher=Press University of the West Indies| isbn=9789766400170}}
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Eric|year=1964|title=History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago |location=New York|publisher=Frederick A. Praeger|lccn=64-13390 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofthepeop006593mbp}}
* {{Cite book|chapter-url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|chapter=Caricom |title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|last1=Ramkissoon|first1=Harold|last2=Kahwa|first2=Ishenkumba A. |publisher=UNESCO |year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=156–173}}
* {{cite book|author=Rough Guides|year=2018|title=The Rough Guide to Trinidad and Tobago}}
* {{Free-content attribution|author=Harold Ramkissoon & Ishenkumba A. Kahwa|title=UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|page numbers=156–173|documentURL=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|license=CC BY-SA IGO 3.0}}
==Further reading==
[[File:STAPP 064 Debe S.S.Erin Road.jpg|thumb|Debe, Trinidad, 2016]]
* [[Gérard Besson|Besson, Gérard]], & [[Bridget Brereton|Brereton, Bridget]]. ''The Book of Trinidad'' (2nd edition), [[Port of Spain]]: Paria Publishing Co. Ltd, 1992. {{ISBN|976-8054-36-0}}.
* Brereton, Bridget. ''An Introduction to the History of Trinidad and Tobago'' (Heinemann, 1996).
* [[Julian Kenny]]. [http://www.meppublishers.com/books/index.php?pid=1001&isbn=976-95057-0-6 ''Views from the Ridge''], Port of Spain: Prospect Press, [[Media and Editorial Projects Limited]], 2000/2007. {{ISBN|976-95057-0-6}}.
* Lans, Cheryl. ''Creole Remedies of Trinidad and Tobago''. C. Lans, 2001.
* Mendes, John. ''Côté ci Côté là: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary''. [[Arima]], [[Trinidad]], 1986.
* [[Selwyn Ryan|Ryan, Selwyn D.]] ''Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago'' (University of Toronto Press, 2020).
* Saith, Radhica, and Lyndersay, Mark. ''Why Not a Woman?'' Port of Spain: Paria Publishing Co. Ltd, 1993. {{ISBN|976-8054-42-5}}
* Stuempfle, Stephen. ''The Steelband Movement: The forging of a national art in Trinidad and Tobago'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995).
* [[Jeremy Taylor (writer)|Taylor, Jeremy]]. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0333419855 ''Visitor's Guide to Trinidad & Tobago''], London: Macmillan, 1986, {{ISBN|978-0-333-41985-4}}. 2nd edition as ''Trinidad and Tobago: An Introduction and Guide'', London: Macmillan, 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-333-55607-8}}.
==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago}}
* [https://www.ttconnect.gov.tt/ Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago]
* [https://www.visittobago.gov.tt/ Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Company official website]
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/ Trinidad and Tobago]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906080515/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/trinidadtobago.htm Trinidad and Tobago] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1209827.stm Trinidad and Tobago profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TTO/Year/2010/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Trinidad and Tobago]
* {{wikiatlas|Trinidad and Tobago}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|}}
* [https://www.ifs.du.edu/IFs/frm_CountryProfile/TT Key Development Forecasts for Trinidad and Tobago] from [[International Futures]]
{{Trinidad and Tobago topics}}
{{Caribbean topic}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{The Commonwealth}}
{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Trinidad And Tobago}}
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[[Category:1962 establishments in Trinidad and Tobago|*]]
[[Category:1960s establishments in the Caribbean]]
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[[Category:Countries in North America]]
[[Category:Countries in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Small Island Developing States]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1962]]
[[Category:Windward Islands]]' |
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312 => 'http://www.trinidadexpress.com/business-magazine/Allowing__govt_to_manage_better-197710671.html',
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325 => 'https://archive.org/details/archaeologygeoin00reid_533',
326 => 'https://archive.org/details/archaeologygeoin00reid_533/page/n49',
327 => 'http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/america/tobago/dutch.html',
328 => 'https://globalvoices.org/2019/06/04/trinidad-and-tobago-registers-venezuelan-asylum-seekers-to-legalise-their-status/',
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338 => 'https://www.foodienationtt.com/single-post/10-must-try-drinks-in-trinidad-tobago',
339 => 'https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/trinidad-and-tobago-population/',
340 => 'https://www.goatrotichronicles.ca/trini-food-cuisine-of-trinidad-and-tobago/',
341 => 'https://mission-food.com/trinidad-macaroni-pie/',
342 => 'https://www.tasteatlas.com/best-rated-street-foods-in-trinidad-and-tobago',
343 => 'https://www.insandoutstt.com/articles/intriguing-museums',
344 => 'https://www.nbcolympics.com/athletes/leah-bertrand-2114697',
345 => 'https://trinidadexpress.com/features/first-time-olympian-leah-bertrand-from-volleyball-court-to-olympic-track/article_c48883fc-4c3b-11ef-bd64-afe2fd6b0b1f.html',
346 => 'https://www.sportsmax.tv/athletics/athletics-international/item/149619-trinidad-and-tobago-s-storied-olympic-journey-and-prospects-for-paris-2024',
347 => 'https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/trinidad-tobago/2016-report/economy/bon-appetit-the-countrys-food-and-beverage-sector-offers-new-potential',
348 => 'https://tt.loopnews.com/content/trade-minister-assures-tt-economy-remains-buoyant',
349 => 'http://www.thedailymeal.com/travel/24-fast-food-restaurants-we-wish-were-us-slideshow/slide-19',
350 => 'https://www.discovertnt.com/articles/Trinidad/Ariapita-Avenue',
351 => 'https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/trinidad-and-tobago-population',
352 => 'https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062',
353 => 'https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/'
] |
