User:Narbuddhi/sandbox
Gurung language
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| Gurung | |
|---|---|
| गुरुङ, ཏམུ་ཀི | |
| Tamu Kyi, Manangi, Mustangi and Seke | |
| Native to | Nepal, India, Bhutan |
| Ethnicity | Gurung people |
| Native speakers | 325,622 (2011 census) |
| Language family | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Writing system | Khema (Devanagari) and Tibetan |
| Official status | |
| Official language in | India
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gvr
|
| Glottolog | guru1261
|
| ELP |
|
Gurung language differs from place to place. Gurung of Nepal not only speak Tamu Kyi but also speaks Manangi, Mustangi and Seke. The total number of all Gurung speakers in Nepal was 227,918 (1991 census). Nepal's official language Nepali, is an Indo-European language, whereas Gurung is a Sino-Tibetan language. Gurung is one of the major languages of Nepal, and is also spoken in India, Bhutan, and by diaspora communities in other countries such as Singapore and Hong Kong.
Contents
[edit]- 1 Geographical distribution
- 2 Classification
- 2 Grammar
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 Bibliography
- 6 External links
Geographical distribution
[edit]Gurung is spoken in the following districts of Nepal (Ethnologue):
- Gandaki Province: Kaski District, Syangja District, Lamjung District, Tanahu District, Gorkha District, Manang District and Mustang
- Dhawalagiri Zone: Parbat district
- Sikkim: South Sikkim, West Sikkim
Classification
[edit]At higher levels, Gurung is a member of the Tibeto-Burman (or Trans-Himalayan) family. Based on lexical cognates established by Robert Shafer and updated by van Driem, Shafer constructed the Bodish sub-grouping into three sub-divisions: Western, Central and Southern (a.k.a. “old Bodish”, including Tibetan), and Eastern (containing “archaic” languages like Mönpa) and mainstream languages.[1][2] Noonan referred to this sub-grouping within Bodish as “Tamangic”, and sub-divided this group into the Tamangic Complex (containing Manange/Nyeshangte and Nar-Phu) and Gurungic (containing Gurung, Thakali and Chantyal).[3][4] He noted that Chantyal is structurally deviant due to more extensive contact-induced language change from Nepali. Sten Konow classified Himalayan T-B languages into pronominalized and non-prominalized, where Gurung is located.[5] This classification is similar to Voeglin & Voeglin (1965), but within a "Gyarung-Mishmi" sub-family within Sino-Tibetan.[6] Shafer classified Gurung within the Bodic division, sub-grouping that into Bodish and West Central Himalayish. Within the Bodish "Section", he located "Bodish" languages (including the Tibetan varieties) and also the "Gurung Branch", including Gurung, Tamang (Murmi), and Thakali (Thaksya).
Grammar
[edit]Some miscellaneous grammatical features of the Gurung languages are:
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- ^ Shafer, Robert (1955). "Classification of the Sino-Tibetan Languages". Word. 11: 94–111.
- ^ van Driem, George (1994). Kitamura, Hajime (ed.). East Bodish and Proto-Tibeto-Burman morphosyntax. Osaka: The Organizing Committee of the 26th International Conference on SinoTibetan Languages and Linguistics. pp. 608–617. OCLC 36419031.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ David (Ed.), Bradley; Randy (Ed.), Lapolla; Boyd (Ed.), Michailovsky; Graham (Ed.), Thurgood (2015). "Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff" (PDF). PL-555. CRCL, CRCL, Pacific Linguistics And/Or The Author(S): 22M, xii + 333 pages. doi:10.15144/PL-555.
- ^ Motion, direction and location in languages : in honor of Zygmunt Frajzyngier. Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Erin Shay, Uwe Seibert. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 2003. ISBN 978-90-272-7521-9. OCLC 769188822.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Grierson, George (1909). Linguistic survey of India Vol. III, Part 1. Delhi: Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
- ^ Voeglin, C.F.; Voeglin, F.M. (1965). "Languages of the World: Sino-Tibetan Fascicle Four". Anthropological Linguistics. 7: 1–55.
start typing here. type whatever I want.
SA #25
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Honey bee All aspects of this article are much more well developed--many sources, and many sections with all kinds of content and information
SA #26
History[edit]
[edit]The theater was closed in 2012. However, new owners, Jubilee Group, purchased the building in 2017.[1]
- ^ Barker, Jacob (February 19, 2017). "Who Are the New Owners of the Roberts Orpheum Theater Downtown?". St. Louis Post Dispatch (MO).