User:Netherzone/sandbox/Springs (notes)

Notes on Springs

Types of springs

 Done

• Perennial or permanent
• Intermittent or temporary
• Periodic (as in geysers)

Mineral springs

 DoneTypes: sulphur springs; borax springs; gypsum springs; saline springs; radium springs (or radioactive springs); iron springs; Petrifying well

Carbonated springs

 Done Sometimes called bubbling springs or boiling springs

Spring-fed lakes

• pool springs, swimming holes

Cavern springs

 Done Solution tubular springs; Lava tubular springs

Fault dam springs

Rock dam springs; Fracture springs

Thermal springs

Grand Prismatic Spring at Yellowstone, Wyoming

Classification of hot spring and warm spring per NOAA. Hot springs; spa towns; Mud volcanoes; Volcanic springs; Geysers

Flora and fauna

Diatoms, bacteria, fungal mats, microorganisms, aquatic insects, extremophiles, molluscs

Springs and settlements

archaeological record, artifacts, etc.

Alternate names

Water hole; ojo; spa; well head; fount; Cenote - are all cenotes classified as sinkholes or are some springs?

Cultural representations

 Done Springs have been represented in culture through art, mythology and folklore throughout history. The Fountain of Youth is a mythical spring, which was said to restore youth to anyone who drank from it. It has been claimed that the fountain is located in St. Augustine, Florida, and was discovered by Juan Ponce de León in 1513, though it has not demonstrated the power to restore youth and most historians dispute the veracity of Ponce de León's discovery.

Pythia, also known as the Oracle at Delphi was the high priestess of the Temple of Apollo. She delivered prophesies in a frenzied state of divine possession that were "induced by vapours rising from a chasm in the rock". It is beleived that the vapors were emitted from the Kerna spring at Delphi.

The Greek myth of Narcissus describes a young man who fell in love with his reflection in the still pool of a spring. Narcissus gazed into "an unmuddied spring, silvery from its glittering waters, which neither shepherds nor she-goats grazing on the mountain nor any other cattle had touched, which neither bird nor beast nor branch fallen from a tree had disturbed." (Ovid)

The early 20th c. American photographer, James Reuel Smith created a comprehensive series of photographs documenting the historical springs of New York City before they were capped by the city after the advent of the municipal water system. Smith later photographed springs in Europe leading to his book, Springs and Wells in Greek and Roman Literature, Their Legends and Locations (1922). The book covered various regions in Italy and Greece including Peloponnesus, Central Greece, Magna Graecia, Greek Islands and Asia Minor, as well as other countriesEurope, Africa and the Middle East.[1]

The 19th c. Japanese artists Utagawa Hiroshige and Utagawa Toyokuni III created a series of wood-block prints, Two Artists Tour the Seven Hot Springs (Sōhitsu shichitō meguri) in 1854.

• 
  John William Waterhouse Echo And Narcissus (1903)
• 
  Lucas Cranach, Der Jungbrunnen (Fountain of Youth), (1546)
• 
  Japanese woodblock print (1854), Sokokura, from the series Two Artists Tour the Seven Hot Springs (Sōhitsu shichitō meguri) by Utagawa Toyokuni III and Utagawa Hiroshige, 1854
• 
  Oracle of Delphi, red-figure kylix, 440-430 BC, Kodros Painter, depicting Pythia with a cup presumably holding water from a spring]]
• 
  A Woman Drinks at the Carmen Spring, on West 175th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, New York City, by James Reuel Smith, C. 1897-1902

Sources

• Bryan, Kirk. “Classification of Springs.” The Journal of Geology, vol. 27, no. 7, The University of Chicago Press, 1919, pp. 522–61, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30058415.
• Vashisht, A. K., and H. C. Sharma. “Study on Hydrological Behaviour of a Natural Spring.” Current Science, vol. 93, no. 6, Temporary Publisher, 2007, pp. 837–40, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24099131.